In 2023, Spain had the highest rate of deceased donors in Europe. The rate of organ donation, including donation after brain death (DBD) and after cardiac death (DCD), was 49.4 per million population. Portugal had the second highest rate of deceased organ donation in Europe after increasing to a rate of 36.8 per million population. Sweden experienced the largest increase in the rate of organ donation between 2021 and 2022, going from 10.2 to 25.2 donors per million population. Waiting times for organs Among the Eurotransplant community (composed of Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Slovenia) over 1.2 thousand individuals died while on the transplant waiting list in 2022. Almost half of those that died on the list were waiting for a kidney, followed by around a quarter waiting for a liver. Situation in the UK In the period 2021/22, over 3.4 thousand organ donations were carried out in the UK, this figure had generally increased prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. There were over 6.2 thousand patients on the transplant waiting list in the UK in 2022, indicating that although the number of transplants is increasing, the amount is still not enough to match the demand for organs.
The demand for organ transplants in the United States continues to outpace supply, with over 105,000 individuals awaiting life-saving procedures as of May 2025. Kidneys remain the most sought-after organ, accounting for nearly 87 percent of all transplant candidates. This significant need underscores the ongoing challenges in organ donation and allocation across the country. Trends in transplantation rates While the waiting list for organs remains long, there have been notable improvements in transplantation rates for certain organs. For instance, the rate of lung transplants per million inhabitants in the United States nearly doubled from 4.9 in 2008 to 9.1 in 2023. This increase reflects advancements in medical technology and improved organ procurement processes. Liver transplants Liver transplants are the second most common type after kidney transplants. In 2024, individuals aged 50-64 received the highest number of liver transplants, with 4,949 procedures performed for this age group. California led the nation in liver transplants performed in 2024, followed by Texas, highlighting regional variations in organ availability and medical capabilities.
The kidney is the most transplanted organ worldwide, followed by the liver and the heart. In 2023, there were a total of 172,397 organ transplants worldwide. Organ transplantation is frequently the best or only treatment for end stage organ failure, although transplantation can be challenging and complex. Kidney transplantation Kidney transplantation, or renal transplantation, is by far the most common type of organ transplantation worldwide. Although end stage renal disease can be treated through other means, such as dialysis, kidney transplantation is largely viewed as the best treatment option. Most kidney transplants are done in the Americas and in Europe, where there are a larger number of donors and better access to such procedures. Organ donors Organs can be donated either from a living donor or a deceased donor, depending on the type of organ. Organ donation frequency is different from country to country, as laws that permit or refuse donation vary. Spain, the United States, and Portugal have the highest rates of deceased organ donors worldwide; however, there are still high numbers of patients waiting for organ transplants. In the United States alone, there are almost 105 thousand candidates waiting for organ donations, the majority of which require a kidney transplantation.
In 2023, Spain had the highest rate of deceased organ donors among select OECD countries with ** people per million population. Organ donation is an important life-saving method for people with organ failure and late-stage disease. Organ Donation Organs can be donated from either living or deceased persons, depending on the type and supply of select organs. Each country is responsible for organizing its own organ transplant systems. In the United States, for example, organ donors are required to register to a national database. A lack of organs available for transplant remains a problem in many countries around the world. In the United States, there are over *** thousand people currently waiting for an organ transplant. Global organ donations The total number of transplants performed each year has been on the rise. Organ donations globally reached over *** thousand in the year 2023, with kidneys accounting for a majority of the organs transplanted. The Americas and Europe make up the largest proportion of global kidney transplants, while Africa has the lowest number. The Americans and Europe also have the highest proportions of global liver transplants.
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This fileset includes data from multiple sources about state populations, organ donor registries, and the number of deceased donors by state over time.
In 2024, there were 11,097 female organ donors in the United States. Organ donation can be given through both a deceased and living donor if blood and oxygen are flowing through the organs until the time of recovery to ensure viability. There are over 100,000 people in the country waiting for an organ transplant. This statistic displays the number of organ donors in the United States by gender, from 1988 to 2025.
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The global organ transplantation market size was valued at approximately USD 10.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 18.7 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 6.7% during the forecast period. This significant growth is driven by advancements in medical technology, increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, and improved post-transplant outcomes. Notably, the growing demand for organ transplants is paralleled by an increase in organ donation awareness and governmental initiatives aimed at promoting organ donation and transplantation.
The primary growth factor for the organ transplantation market is the rising incidence of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease, which often lead to organ failure. Organ transplantation is increasingly seen as a viable treatment option for end-stage organ failure, leading to higher demand for transplantation procedures. Additionally, medical advancements, such as improved surgical techniques and better immunosuppressive drugs, have significantly increased the success rates of organ transplants, thus bolstering market growth.
Another major growth driver is the increasing awareness and initiatives around organ donation. Governments and non-government organizations worldwide are actively promoting organ donation through various campaigns and educational programs. These efforts aim to alleviate the chronic shortage of donor organs by encouraging more people to register as donors. The implementation of policies and laws facilitating organ donation and procurement processes has also played a crucial role in increasing the availability of donor organs, thereby positively impacting the market.
Technological advancements in organ preservation and transplantation techniques are also contributing to the market growth. Innovations such as hypothermic machine perfusion for organ preservation and the development of bioengineered organs have opened new possibilities in organ transplantation. These advancements not only improve the viability and success rates of transplanted organs but also extend the preservation time, allowing for better matching and planning of transplantation procedures. Consequently, these technological breakthroughs are expected to fuel the growth of the organ transplantation market in the coming years.
The role of Transplantation Diagnostics has become increasingly vital in the organ transplantation market. These diagnostics are crucial for assessing donor-recipient compatibility, which is a key factor in the success of transplantation procedures. Advanced diagnostic tools, such as molecular assays and genetic testing, enable precise matching and reduce the risk of organ rejection. As the demand for organ transplants continues to rise, the need for accurate and efficient transplantation diagnostics is more important than ever. These diagnostics not only help in pre-transplant evaluations but also play a significant role in post-transplant monitoring, ensuring the long-term health and functionality of the transplanted organ. The integration of innovative diagnostic technologies is expected to enhance transplantation outcomes and drive growth in this segment.
Regionally, North America holds the largest share in the organ transplantation market, primarily due to the high prevalence of chronic diseases, advanced healthcare infrastructure, and supportive government policies. However, Asia Pacific is expected to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period, driven by increasing healthcare expenditure, growing awareness about organ donation, and improving healthcare facilities. The rising number of organ transplant procedures and the establishment of transplant centers in emerging economies like India and China are anticipated to further propel the market growth in this region.
The kidney segment dominates the organ transplantation market due to the high incidence of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease worldwide. Kidney transplantation is considered the most effective treatment for patients with severe kidney failure, providing better quality of life and survival rates compared to dialysis. The increasing prevalence of diabetes and hypertension, which are major risk factors for kidney disease, further drives the demand for kidney transplants. Additionally, advancements in surgical techniques and immunosuppressive therapies have significantly improved the success rates of kidney
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This dataset provides information on the number of organ transplants and organ donors in India, categorized by year, organ, and type of organ donation - whether deceased or live. NB: Data is unavailable for the number of kidney-pancreas donations, total living & deceased transplants in 2024.
The only national patient waiting list and an online database system, called UNet, that links all of the professionals involved in the donation and transplantation system for the collection, storage, analysis, and publication of all OPTN data pertaining to the patient waiting list, organ matching, and transplants. The system contains data regarding every organ donation and transplant event occurring in the U.S. since October 1, 1987. UNet is a fail-safe, 24/7, secure Internet-based transplant information database created to enable the nation''''s organ transplant institutions to: * register patients for transplants * match donated organs to waiting patients * manage the time-sensitive, life-critical data of all patients, before and after their transplants Data reports are available by type: National Data, Regional Data, State Data, Center Data, Build Advanced Report, and Annual Report Data. UNet is being used right now by all of the nation''''s organ transplant programs, organ procurement organizations, and histocompatibility (tissue typing) laboratories working cooperatively to efficiently share a limited number of donated organs among thousands of patients.
Organ donation in the United States has seen remarkable growth over the past few decades, with the number of donors increasing from ***** in 1988 to ****** in 2024. This significant rise reflects a growing awareness of the importance of organ donation and improved medical capabilities. However, despite this progress, the demand for organs continues to outpace supply, with over ******* people still waiting for life-saving transplants. Demographics of organ donors The composition of organ donors in the United States is diverse, reflecting the country's population. In 2024, there were ****** female donors and ****** male donors in the United States. Additionally, Hispanic donors make a significant contribution, with ***** deceased Hispanic organ donors in 2024. These figures underscore the importance of diversity in the donor pool to meet the needs of all patients awaiting transplants. Heart transplantations Among the various organs recovered from donors, hearts play a vital role in saving lives. In 2024, an estimated ***** hearts were recovered from donors in the United States. Heart transplants, while less common than other organ transplants, have increased over time. Heart transplant recipients face the second-longest average hospital stay with about ** days post-surgery. This extended recovery period highlights the complexity and significance of heart transplantation procedures.
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This Dataset contains state and organ wise data related to total number of organs transplanted in India. NB: Data for 2024 is tentative.
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The global organ transplantation market, valued at $6.81 billion in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by a rising prevalence of organ failure due to lifestyle diseases like diabetes and hypertension, an aging global population increasing the demand for transplants, and advancements in surgical techniques and immunosuppressant drugs minimizing rejection rates. The market's Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8.93% from 2025 to 2033 indicates significant expansion. Key growth segments include allogenic transplants (due to higher demand compared to autologous), kidney transplants (representing a substantial portion of the overall market), and immunosuppressant drugs (critical for post-transplant patient care). North America currently holds a significant market share due to advanced healthcare infrastructure and higher adoption rates of organ transplantation procedures. However, the Asia-Pacific region is expected to witness substantial growth in the forecast period fueled by increasing healthcare expenditure and rising awareness. The market also faces challenges, including the critical shortage of donor organs, high costs associated with transplantation procedures, and potential risks of organ rejection and infection. Companies like Novartis, AbbVie, and Medtronic are key players, driving innovation in organ preservation, diagnostics, and immunosuppressants. Growth is further spurred by technological advancements in areas like organ preservation solutions extending the viability of donated organs and minimally invasive surgical techniques resulting in faster recovery times and reduced complications. Despite regulatory hurdles and ethical considerations surrounding organ donation and allocation, the overall market trajectory suggests continued expansion. Competition among major pharmaceutical and medical device companies is likely to intensify, fostering further innovation and potential market consolidation. Furthermore, the increasing focus on improving organ allocation systems and promoting public awareness campaigns to increase organ donations is expected to positively impact market growth in the coming years. The market segmentation by organ type, transplant type, product type and end-user allows for targeted strategies by various stakeholders. Recent developments include: August 2024: Getinge signed an agreement to acquire 100% of Paragonix Technologies Inc., a premier US-based company specializing in organ transport products and services, for USD 477 million. By acquiring Paragonix Technologies, Getinge stepped into a rapidly evolving domain spurred by increasing transplant volumes, technological advancements, and changing clinical practices. The acquisition aligned with Getinge's overarching strategy to broaden its portfolio in high-growth markets. These markets not only complement but also bolster Getinge's existing acute heart and lung support offerings.July 2024: The State Government of Kerala, India, established an Institute of Organ and Tissue Transplant as an Apex Institute for research, training, and patient care in the area of organ transplantation and allied activities at Kozhikode.. Key drivers for this market are: Increasing Number of Organ Transplants Due to Chronic Diseases, Technological Advancements in Tissue Engineering and Organ Transplantations; Rising Awareness and Government Initiatives for Organ Donation and Transplantation. Potential restraints include: Increasing Number of Organ Transplants Due to Chronic Diseases, Technological Advancements in Tissue Engineering and Organ Transplantations; Rising Awareness and Government Initiatives for Organ Donation and Transplantation. Notable trends are: Immunosuppressant Drugs Segment Expected to Witness Significant Growth Over the Forecast Period.
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BackgroundDespite the importance of organ donation and transplantation in improving the quality of life, still, there is a shortage of organ donations, worldwide. Lack of knowledge among the public could be the reason. In previous studies, the focus was predominantly on medical students at universities. The aim of this study was to assess university students’ knowledge and attitude about organ donation and transplantation among different colleges at the university.MethodA cross-sectional study was conducted among university students between August 2021 and February 2022 using a validated self-designed questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of five sections. The first section was about the research information. The second section was informed consent. The third section was about sociodemographic information. The fourth section was about the knowledge of organ donation. The last section was about the attitude toward organ donation. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and chi-square tests.ResultsThe study included 2,125 students. 68.1% were females, and 93.1% were in the age group 17–24 years old. Only 34.1% had good knowledge about organ donation, 70.2% had a low attitude, and 7.53% had adequate information about brain death. The most common reason for supporting donating organs among university students was to save a life (76.8%) and the most common reason for refusing organs, was I am still unaware. In addition, only 25.66% of the participants had a high attitude toward people with poor knowledge about organ donation. The majority of the students (84.13%) used online sources and social networks as the primary sources of information about organ donation.ConclusionThe knowledge and attitudes of university students toward organ donation and transplantation were low. Saving a life was the most common reason for supporting organ donation, and knowledge was the biggest obstacle. Online sources and social networks were the primary sources of knowledge. The attitude was greatly influenced by knowledge. Organizing campaigns, and events, and incorporating organ donation and transplantation into university curricula will increase university students’ knowledge and attitudes.
Organ donations from deceased donors provide the majority of transplanted organs in the United States, and one deceased donor can save numerous lives by providing multiple organs. Nevertheless, most Americans are not registered organ donors despite the relative ease of becoming one. We study in the laboratory an experimental game modeled on the decision to register as an organ donor and investigate how changes in the management of organ waiting lists might impact donations. We find that an organ allocation policy giving priority on waiting lists to those who previously registered as donors has a significant positive impact on registration. (JEL C91, D64, I11)
In 2023/24, the organ donation rate in Northern Ireland was 33.5 per million population, the highest rate in the United Kingdom. With 20.9 organ donations per million population, England had the second-highest rate. Wales had the lowest rate of the countries of the UK. Most common organs donated The most common organ offered for donation in the UK were kidneys, at over 3.4 thousand offers in 2021/22. The second most common organ offer in this year were the lungs with approximately 1.7 thousand offerings. This corresponded into the kidney having the highest rate of organ transplants in the UK (both from alive and deceased donors) at 37.8 procedures per million population. Not all organs can be used In 2017, over 35 percent of families in the UK refused permission for organs from their deceased family member to be used for donation. This was one of the highest refusal rates in Europe. Additionally. there is cases of organs that have been donated that cannot be used for various reasons. For example, in 2021/22 over 30 kidneys donated in the UK could not be used as they were deemed clinically unsuitable for organ donation.
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Background: Organ shortage is still a world-wide problem, resulting in long waiting lists for kidney, liver, and heart transplant candidates across many transplant centers globally. This has resulted in the move toward presumed consent to increase deceased organ donation rates. However, there remains a paucity of literature on public attitude and barriers regarding the opt-out system, with existing studies limited to Western nations. Therefore, this study aimed to understand public sentiment and different barriers toward organ donation from the perspective of Singapore, a highly diverse and multiethnic Asian society.Methods: A cross-sectional community semi-structured interview was conducted in a public housing estate in Singapore. Pilot test was undertaken before participants were interviewed face-to-face by trained personnel. All statistical evaluations were conducted using Stata. The χ2-test compared subgroups based on patient characteristics while multivariable logistic regression identified predictors of willingness to donate/ assent. Effect estimates were quantified using odds ratio (OR).Findings: Out of 799 individuals, 85% were agreeable to organ donation after death and 81% were willing to assent to donations of family members' organs, which declined by 16% (p < 0.001) after a clinical scenario was presented. Demographic factors including ethnicity, education, marital, and employment status affected willingness to donate and assent. Knowledge correlated significantly with willingness to donate and assent. In particular, knowledge regarding brain death irreversibility had the strongest correlation (AOR 2.15; 95% CI 1.60–2.89).Conclusions: Organ donation rates remain low albeit presumed consent legislation, due to patient-level barriers, including but not limited to knowledge gaps, cultural values, religious backgrounds, and emotional impact at relatives' death. To effectively boost donor rates, it is crucial for policy makers to invest in public education and improve transplant provisions and family protocols.
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The global organ preservation technology market size was valued at approximately USD 290 million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 550 million by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 7.1% during the forecast period. Several growth factors, such as increasing organ donation rates, advancements in preservation techniques, and rising incidences of organ failure, are driving this market. The growing elderly population and the prevalence of chronic diseases further propel the demand for effective organ preservation technologies.
The increasing rate of organ donations, both from deceased and living donors, is a significant growth factor for the organ preservation technology market. With advancements in medical science, awareness campaigns, and supportive government policies, organ donation rates have seen a considerable rise. For instance, initiatives like the National Organ Transplant Act in the United States and similar regulations in other countries have created a positive environment for organ donation. This increase in organ availability directly influences the demand for advanced organ preservation technologies to ensure the viability of organs until transplantation.
Another crucial growth factor is the continuous advancement in preservation techniques. Traditional methods like static cold storage are now being supplemented and, in some cases, replaced by more sophisticated techniques such as hypothermic machine perfusion and normothermic machine perfusion. These advanced methods improve the quality and longevity of preserved organs, reducing complications and improving transplantation outcomes. The advent of innovative solutions like the University of Wisconsin Solution and Custodiol HTK has further enhanced the efficiency of organ preservation, driving market growth.
In the realm of organ preservation, the role of a Pathological Tissue Dehydrator cannot be understated. This sophisticated equipment is pivotal in the preparation and preservation of tissue samples, ensuring that they remain viable for extended periods. By effectively removing moisture, the Pathological Tissue Dehydrator helps in maintaining the structural integrity and biochemical properties of tissues, which is crucial for accurate diagnostics and research. As the demand for advanced preservation techniques grows, the integration of such dehydrators into laboratory settings is becoming increasingly common. This not only enhances the efficiency of tissue preservation but also supports the broader goals of medical research and organ transplantation by providing high-quality samples for study.
The rising incidence of organ failure due to chronic diseases is also a pivotal growth factor. Conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and liver cirrhosis, which are prevalent in the aging population, lead to organ failure, necessitating transplants. This trend has spurred the demand for organ preservation technologies to maintain the health of donated organs until they are transplanted. Additionally, the advancement in healthcare infrastructure in developing regions has facilitated better management of organ transplantation, further driving market growth.
From a regional outlook, North America leads the organ preservation technology market, primarily due to the significant number of organ transplants performed annually and favorable healthcare policies. Europe follows closely, with substantial investments in healthcare and organ donation initiatives. The Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the highest growth rate due to improving healthcare infrastructure, increased awareness about organ donation, and supportive government initiatives. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa, although currently smaller markets, show promising potential due to improving medical facilities and rising awareness about organ donation and transplantation.
The organ preservation technology market offers various solutions, including the University of Wisconsin Solution, Custodiol HTK, Perfadex, and others. The University of Wisconsin Solution is one of the most widely used preservation solutions due to its efficacy in improving the viability of organs, particularly the liver and kidneys, during the preservation period. This solution has set a benchmark in the industry, leading to its dominant position in the market. It provides an optimal environment that minimizes cellular metabolism and damage, thereby extending the preservatio
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The Australian Organ Donor Register (AODR) is the national register for people to record their decision about becoming an organ and tissue donor. People must be 16 years or older to register. \r \r The AODR is administered by the Australian Government Department of Human Services. Read more about the Australian Organ Donor Register on the Department of Human Services website. \r \r AODR statistics are published monthly. The statistics provide the number of people who have registered their decision in regards to organ and tissue donation on the AODR by age group, state and gender. These statistics are further provided as a percentage of the Australian population using ABS Statistics. \r \r \r \r \r Two reports are provided: \r \r Consent registrations: A legally valid consent registration refers to people who have registered by a signed consent form. Only people aged 18 years and over can register their legally valid consent on the Australian Organ Donor Register. Those aged 16-17 years can still register their intention to donate. \r \r Intent registrations: Intent registrations refers to people or have registered their intent to donate or their objection online or by phone, they have not signed a consent form.\r \r Data is provided in the following formats: \r \r Excel/ XLS/ XLSX: The human readable data for the current year (2016) is provided in an individual excel file for consent registrations and an individual excel file for intent registrations. Historical registration data (2007-2015) may be found in the relevant zipped excel files. \r \r CSV: Due to the volume of data, the current (2016) and historical (2007-2015) machine readable files for consent registrations and intent registrations may be found in the relevant zipped files. \r \r If you require statistics at a more detailed level, please contact statistics@humanservices.gov.au detailing your request. The Department of Human Services charges on a cost recovery basis for providing more detailed statistics and their provision is subject to privacy considerations. \r \r \r \r \r \r \r \r Disclaimer:\r \r This data is provided by the Department of Human Services (Human Services) for general information purposes only. While Human Services has taken care to ensure the information is as correct and accurate as possible, we do not guarantee, or accept legal liability whatsoever arising from, or connected to its use.\r \r We recommend that users exercise their own skill and care with respect to the use of this data and that users carefully evaluate the accuracy, currency, completeness and relevance of the data for their needs. \r \r
Financial overview and grant giving statistics of International Association for Organ Donation and Related Activities
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The size of the Organ Transplantation Industry market was valued at USD 7.1 Billion. in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 21.5 Billion by 2032, with an expected CAGR of 6.30% during the forecast period. Organ transplants refer to the surgical operations in which organs or organ segments are taken from one body and transplanted onto a different body for a purpose of replacing organs that have either been impaired or are close to failing such as kidneys, liver, heart and lungs. Such a procedure is compulsory when a person has diseases, injuries, or birth defects that lead to the failure of the organs. These drugs have benefited the patient since better immune suppressants have made the rates of organ rejection to be low. These it may include; the increase in requirement of organs because of growth in diseases that have a slow rate of healing, enhancement of the preservation of organs, development of 3D bio printing, and artificial organs. Nevertheless, there are more subjects that make problems for transplantation: the absence of donors and the critical opinion about the trafficking of organs. Recent developments include: January 2023: Transplant surgeons at MedStar Georgetown University Hospital in the Washington Metropolitan area of the United States successfully utilized a new FDA-approved technology, the OrganOx metra, which simulates connecting a liver to its recipient, allowing the donated liver to be preserved for up to 12 hours before being transplanted into the recipient, August 2022: Paragonix Technologies, Inc. announced a significant milestone of preserving over 2,000 donor organs while providing transplant hospitals with Advanced Organ Preservation (AOPT) technology and a statewide clinical support network. Each of these technologies employs first-of-their-kind preservation methods and has significantly improved conventional ice and cooler practices., January 2022: A university spinoff, OrganOx, a global pioneer in normothermic machine perfusion (NMP), announced that the Food and Drug Administration has awarded premarket clearance (PMA) for their metra system. OrganOx metra is a revolutionary organ preservation device created by researchers in Biomedical Engineering and Surgery.. Key drivers for this market are: Rising Cases of Multiple Organ Failure in Ageing Population, Technological Advancements; Increasing Government and Non-profit Organisation Initiatives to Encourage Organ Donation. Potential restraints include: High Cost of Organ Transplantation, Limited Medical Reimbursements for Organ Donation and Transplantation. Notable trends are: Liver Segment holds Significant Share of the Organ Preservation Market.
In 2023, Spain had the highest rate of deceased donors in Europe. The rate of organ donation, including donation after brain death (DBD) and after cardiac death (DCD), was 49.4 per million population. Portugal had the second highest rate of deceased organ donation in Europe after increasing to a rate of 36.8 per million population. Sweden experienced the largest increase in the rate of organ donation between 2021 and 2022, going from 10.2 to 25.2 donors per million population. Waiting times for organs Among the Eurotransplant community (composed of Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Slovenia) over 1.2 thousand individuals died while on the transplant waiting list in 2022. Almost half of those that died on the list were waiting for a kidney, followed by around a quarter waiting for a liver. Situation in the UK In the period 2021/22, over 3.4 thousand organ donations were carried out in the UK, this figure had generally increased prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. There were over 6.2 thousand patients on the transplant waiting list in the UK in 2022, indicating that although the number of transplants is increasing, the amount is still not enough to match the demand for organs.