VITAL SIGNS INDICATOR Migration (EQ4)

FULL MEASURE NAME Migration flows

LAST UPDATED December 2018

DESCRIPTION Migration refers to the movement of people from one location to another, typically crossing a county or regional boundary. Migration captures both voluntary relocation – for example, moving to another region for a better job or lower home prices – and involuntary relocation as a result of displacement. The dataset includes metropolitan area, regional, and county tables.

DATA SOURCE American Community Survey County-to-County Migration Flows 2012-2015 5-year rolling average http://www.census.gov/topics/population/migration/data/tables.All.html

CONTACT INFORMATION vitalsigns.info@bayareametro.gov

METHODOLOGY NOTES (across all datasets for this indicator) Data for migration comes from the American Community Survey; county-to-county flow datasets experience a longer lag time than other standard datasets available in FactFinder. 5-year rolling average data was used for migration for all geographies, as the Census Bureau does not release 1-year annual data. Data is not available at any geography below the county level; note that flows that are relatively small on the county level are often within the margin of error. The metropolitan area comparison was performed for the nine-county San Francisco Bay Area, in addition to the primary MSAs for the nine other major metropolitan areas, by aggregating county data based on current metropolitan area boundaries. Data prior to 2011 is not available on Vital Signs due to inconsistent Census formats and a lack of net migration statistics for prior years. Only counties with a non-negligible flow are shown in the data; all other pairs can be assumed to have zero migration.

Given that the vast majority of migration out of the region was to other counties in California, California counties were bundled into the following regions for simplicity: Bay Area: Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, Sonoma Central Coast: Monterey, San Benito, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz Central Valley: Fresno, Kern, Kings, Madera, Merced, Tulare Los Angeles + Inland Empire: Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, Ventura Sacramento: El Dorado, Placer, Sacramento, Sutter, Yolo, Yuba San Diego: San Diego San Joaquin Valley: San Joaquin, Stanislaus Rural: all other counties (23)

One key limitation of the American Community Survey migration data is that it is not able to track emigration (movement of current U.S. residents to other countries). This is despite the fact that it is able to quantify immigration (movement of foreign residents to the U.S.), generally by continent of origin. Thus the Vital Signs analysis focuses primarily on net domestic migration, while still specifically citing in-migration flows from countries abroad based on data availability.

This graph shows the percentage of movers in the United States in 2018, by geographical region. In 2018, about 7.7 percent of the northeast population in the United States had moved house. The national average is about 10.2 percent.

In a survey conducted in March 2023 among residents of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, more than one-third were at least somewhat interested in moving to rural areas. While the majority of respondents expressed no interest in relocating to rural districts, the level of interest in moving away has generally increased compared to December 2019.

Population migration registration data in Keelung City in November 2023

Number of persons in the labour force (employment and unemployment) and not in the labour force, unemployment rate, participation rate, and employment rate, by census metropolitan area, gender and age group, three-month-moving average, unadjusted for seasonality.

Reasons for moving and location of previous dwelling for households that moved in the past five years, and intentions to move in less than five years for all households, Canada, provinces and territories.

Number of employees by census metropolitain area and National Occupational Classification (NOC), last 5 months.

According to a survey among Hong Kong respondents, around 60 percent of respondents above 65 years said they were interested in moving to mainland cities in the Greater Bay Area. In comparison, about 25.9 percent of respondents between 25 and 34 years old would be interested in moving to GBA mainland cities. Overall, approximately 38.1 percent of respondents showed interest in relocating.

In 2020, about 82.66 percent of the total population in the United States lived in cities and urban areas. As the United States was one of the earliest nations to industrialize, it has had a comparatively high rate of urbanization over the past two centuries. The urban population became larger than the rural population during the 1910s, and by the middle of the century it is expected that almost 90 percent of the population will live in an urban setting. Regional development of urbanization in the U.S. The United States began to urbanize on a larger scale in the 1830s, as technological advancements reduced the labor demand in agriculture, and as European migration began to rise. One major difference between early urbanization in the U.S. and other industrializing economies, such as the UK or Germany, was population distribution. Throughout the 1800s, the Northeastern U.S. became the most industrious and urban region of the country, as this was the main point of arrival for migrants. Disparities in industrialization and urbanization was a key contributor to the Union's victory in the Civil War, not only due to population sizes, but also through production capabilities and transport infrastructure. The Northeast's population reached an urban majority in the 1870s, whereas this did not occur in the South until the 1950s. As more people moved westward in the late 1800s, not only did their population growth increase, but the share of the urban population also rose, with an urban majority established in both the West and Midwest regions in the 1910s. The West would eventually become the most urbanized region in the 1960s, and over 90 percent of the West's population is urbanized today. Urbanization today New York City is the most populous city in the United States, with a population of 8.3 million, while California has the largest urban population of any state. California also has the highest urbanization rate, although the District of Columbia is considered 100 percent urban. Only four U.S. states still have a rural majority, these are Maine, Mississippi, Montana, and West Virginia.

Abstract

The main purpose of the Viet Nam Migration Survey 2004 is to supplement the lack of current understanding about the migration relating to migration decision and results of the different types of moves by migration streams and their relations to regional and national development schemes. Information collected from the survey will form a supplement information source to other available sources (censuses, surveys), and at the same time, provide detailed data on other aspects of the migration process, which are not available at other sources.

The survey focuses on: (a). Model, some streams and types of migration; (b). Cause and results of those moves; (c). Characteristics, including attitude, awareness of the surveyed population in relation to their moves; (d). Characteristics on reproductive health; (e). Those information will be collected for non-migrants in order to find out social-economic differences between migrants and non-migrants. Specifically, the survey aims to the collection of the following data: · Process of migration including decision of move, number of moves, and process of settling their life in and looking jobs; · Socio-economic and demographic factors and facilitating factors of migration; · Consequences of movement of migrants and their family in terms of: - income and employment - living conditions and housing - remittance - access to social and health services - life satisfactions and recreation - adaptation and attitude change · Comparison of situation of migrants and non-migrants in the destination areas · Develop policy recommendations on rural development to prevent out-migration, on regional development to divert migration streams to other regions, on information programs to assist those who wish to move, and on health and social services to assist migrants in their adjustment and integration at destination areas.

Geographic coverage

The survey covered the following areas: Area 1: Hanoi Area 2: Northeast economic zone, including Hai Phong, Hai Duong, and Quang Ninh Area 3: Central Highlands, including Gia Lai, Dak Lak, Dak Nong, and Lam Dong Ho Chi Minh City Industrial zone of Binh Duong, and Dong Nai

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual

Universe

Household: includes one or more than one persons, having common dwelling and sharing food. Usual residents: are persons who usually live and have food in the household; or persons recently have moved into the household and stayed stably there for one month or more, regardless of the fact that they have or have not been registered by police office.

Definition of migrants:
Including those who are in the age group 15-59 and moved from one district to another within the five years before the survey, and not less than one month. For 3 cities: Hanoi, Hai Phong and Ho Chi Minh, those who moved from one quarter to another within a city are not covered by this definition.

Migration here is the internal migration of the Vietnamese people.

Non-migrants: Including those who are in the age group 15-59 and not determined as migrants.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

In total, about 10,000 individual interviews will be conducted, including 5,000 migrants and 5,000 non-migrants. All of them will be in the age group 15-59. To ensure a complete obtainment of the above-targeted number of interviews, it is important to have a good preparation, helping in the determination of enumeration areas with highest migration rates.

The extent to which the sample can be generalized is limited. The main objective of the survey was to understand migration and differentials among migration types, and the survey was not intended to provide estimates that were representative of any clearly defined geographical area. For the five main areas including in the sample design, selection of respondents was not undertaken on the basis of equal probability of selection, either between or within the areas. Furthermore, information is not available to construct sampling weights that would adjust for the unequal probability of selection. Therefore the results for each area should not be interpreted as representing the populations of those areas.

To ensure sufficient representation of different types of migrants, defined here in terms of household registration status, the sampling scheme concentrated on those areas that had the highest proportions of temporary migrants. This means that the results are most likely to represent the areas that are the destinations of high numbers of temporary migrants. Because the non-migrant sample was drawn from the same areas as the migrants, the non-migrants do not represent a cross-section of non-migrants. Rather, they represent non-migrants living in areas that attract large numbers of temporary migrants.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The survey uses 3 kinds of questionnaire: 1) A household questionnaire was administered in each household, which collected various information on household members including - Identification information - Information on each of household members: relationship to household head, sex, age and questions used to identify household with migrants or non-migrants; - Questions for the household as a whole: housing, electricity for lighting, possession of TV, radio, toilet facility, expenses for food, main income source, time to the nearest primary school, secondary school and hospital.

2) A Migrant questionnaire includes: - Part 1: Used to collect information on characteristics of the respondent, such as age, sex, marital status, education level and access to mass media; - Part 2: Used to collect information on the migration history, such as place of birth, place of residence at age 15, number of moves, and access to urban centre; - Part 3: Used to collect information on last move, such as the place of residence before the move, reasons of move, decision making process to move, persons accompanying migrant, assistance received, knowledge and utilization of job introduction agency, time for looking for work, difficulties faced, residence registration, and remittances; - Part 4: Used to collect information on current activity and living conditions, such as: activity status, occupation, industry, time of work, income, expenses, savings, access and use of health services, access to education of children, participation in mass organization activity, and security; - Part 5: Used to collect information on health, health care, cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking; - Part 6: Used to collect information on HIV/AIDS, sexual transmitted infections and family planning. 3) A Non - migrant questionnaire: - Except for the exclusion of Part 3, the content of the Form C questionnaire was similar to that of Form B.

Cleaning operations

The data-entry programme was developed in CSPRO25 to ensure proper validation of the entered data. The program provided value and range checks of the variables, skip patterns, and relationship checks among designated variables. During data entry, the programme prompted data entry personnel to check the entered value against the value in the questionnaire when inconsistencies were located. Two kinds of prompts were programmed: i). A warning prompt that meant that if the entered value was confirmed the warning could be ignored; ii). A confirmatory prompt that would not allow data to be entered. In the case of a confirmatory prompt, data entry personnel were required to discuss the problem with staff of the Department of Population and Labour Statistics before the prompt could be over-ridden. The migrant household and non-migrant household used the same data-entry programme and have the same data structure.

The data-entry management programme was written in Visual FoxPro. It ensured that data entry and editing worked smoothly and efficiently. This programme was used to monitor survey units and quality of questionnaires; to manage the user data-entry programme; to provide authorization for use of data; to protect against duplication or missing questionnaires in comparison with the selected sample; and to manage data in the LAN environment. It is the interface between the system, data entry personnel and users.

In 2022, the number of passengers who entered the New York City Subway system amounted to almost 1.2 billion, a year-over-year increase of around 14 percent. During the same year, the busiest station of the subway network, serving 54.3 million passengers, was Time Square-42nd Street, located under Times Square and the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan. The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) is the corporation responsible for public transit in the New York City metropolitan area and is the largest transit authority in the United States. The MTA operates a commuter rail service combined with local and express bus lines, a bus rapid transit system, and the NYC Subway. Prior to the pandemic, the MTA transported approximately 2.6 billion passengers, of which around 66 percent traveled on the underground network. In 2020, MTA ridership suffered a considerable decrease of almost 63 percent compared to the previous year, falling to 960 million paid passengers amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Passenger numbers rose to 1.3 billion in 2022, but ridership remained low compared to pre-pandemic figures. U.S. public transportation From coast to coast, the public transit networks in the United States move billions of passengers every year. In 2020 alone, the number of people transported by public transportation amounted to 9.9 billion. A year later, transit ridership dropped sharply to 4.6 billion passengers, a year-on-year decrease of 53.2 percent directly corresponding with the movement and travel restrictions imposed by the federal and state governments. By 2023, the number of passenger trips had recovered to 7.11 billion, which was still 28 percent below levels in 2019.

In 2023, Northern America was the region with the highest level of net immigration, while Asia was the region with the highest level of net emigration. There is a clear trend of people moving from poorer regions of the Global South to more affluent regions, however it must be noted that these figures do not reflect internal migration within continents, such as the large number of migrants from South Asia to the Middle East, or movement from Eastern to Western Europe.

In Northern America, the United States was the largest recipient of immigrants, receiving one million more immigrants than emigrants lost. In contrast, in Asia, India and China had the largest number of net emigrants, totalling roughly 500,000 and 300,000 people respectively.

In 2023, there were almost 17,000 businesses in the U.S. moving services market providing relocation services for businesses and people to move their goods from one place to another. Between 2019 and 2022, the number of moving services businesses in the U.S. increased annually, but this number decreased by more than 1,600 in 2023.

In 2024, the net migration rate in France reached 152,000. In recent years Europe and France have seen more people arrive than depart. The net migration rate is the difference between the number of immigrants (people coming into an area) and the number of emigrants (people leaving an area) throughout the year. France's highest net migration rate was reached in 2018 when it amounted to 201,000. Armed conflicts and economic migration are some of the reasons for immigration in Europe. The refugee crisis Studies have shown that there were 331,000 immigrant arrivals in France in 2022, which has risen since 2014. The migrant crisis, which began in 2015 in Europe, had an impact on the migration entry flows not only in France but in all European countries. The number of illegal border crossings to the EU over the Eastern Mediterranean route reached a record number of 885,386 crossings in 2015. Immigration in France Since the middle of the 19th century, France has attracted immigrants, first from European countries (like Poland, Spain, and Italy), and then from the former French colonies. In 2023, there were approximately 8.9 million people foreign-born in France. Most of them were living in the Ile-de-France region, which contains Paris, and in Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur in the Southeastern part of the country. In 2022, the majority of immigrants arriving in France were from Africa and Europe.

Between July 1, 2021 and June 30, 2022, approximately 493 thousand people settled in metropolitan areas in Canada from abroad, while around 49.8 thousand Canadians left those same areas. This statistic breaks down these figures by metropolitan areas. The city that welcomed the most immigrants was Toronto, where more than 159 thousand individuals arrived over the period under consideration.

While the use of remote work is progressively becoming more common, the source was interested in knowing the opinion of people in France regarding the incentive nature of the use of telework on geographical mobility in 2021. Thus, 22 percent of people living in the Paris area agreed with this statement, compared to 20 percent of people from provincial urban municipalities, and 24 percent of people living in rural cities.

The net migration rate is the total sum of residents moving in and out of an area. When the figure is positive, more residents have moved into the region than inhabitants moving out. In 2023, the north-east of Italy had the greatest increase in inhabitants nationwide, with a net internal migration rate of 2.3 per 1,000 inhabitants, followed by the north-west. On the contrary, the south recorded a negative net migration rate of -3.4. Hence, this area is loosing inhabitants in favor of the northern regions. Similarly, the islands registered a negative rate of -2.6 per 1,000 residents.

The coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis has impacted people in various ways such as job or income loss. According to a survey among 2,000 people in the United Kingdom (UK), four percent moved because of COVID-19, while 14 percent were still only planning to move. North West was the region with the highest potential share of people who consider moving or already moved at 21 percent.

As of 2023, 27.3 percent of California's population were born in a country other than the United States. New Jersey, New York, Florida, and Nevada rounded out the top five states with the largest population of foreign born residents in that year. For the country as a whole, 14.3 percent of residents were foreign born.

In 2022, about 212 thousand people moved to the Shanghai municipality and got registered there, while 24 thousand registered inhabitants left the city. The growth rate by migration of the registered population in the Shanghai municipality was 1.25 percent in 2022.