The Standard & Poor’s (S&P) 500 Index is an index of 500 leading publicly traded companies in the United States. In 2021, the index value closed at 4,766.18 points, which was the second highest value on record despite the economic effects of the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. In 2023, the index values closed at 4,769.83, the highest value ever recorded. What is the S&P 500? The S&P 500 was established in 1860 and expanded to its present form of 500 stocks in 1957. It tracks the price of stocks on the major stock exchanges in the United States, distilling their performance down to a single number that investors can use as a snapshot of the economy’s performance at a given moment. This snapshot can be explored further. For example, the index can be examined by industry sector, which gives a more detailed illustration of the economy. Other measures Being a stock market index, the S&P 500 only measures equities performance. In addition to other stock market indices, analysts will look to other indicators such as GDP growth, unemployment rates, and projected inflation. Similarly, since these indicators say something about the economic future, stock market investors will use these indicators to speculate on the stocks in the S&P 500.

The S&P 500, an index of 500 publicly traded companies in the United States, closed at 5,881.63 points on the last trading day of December 2024. What is the S&P 500? The S&P 500 is a stock market index that tracks the evolution of 500 companies. In contrast to the Dow Jones Industrial Index, which measures the performance of thirty large U.S. companies, the S&P 500 shows the sentiments in the broader market. Publicly traded companies Companies on the S&P 500 are publicly traded, meaning that anyone can invest in them. A large share of adults in the United States invest in the stock market, though many of these are through a retirement account or mutual fund. While most people make a modest return, the most successful investors have made billions of U.S. dollars through investing.

Dataset

This dataset was created by Ahmed M Mahrous

Contents

The Dow Jones Composite Index finished the year 2024 at 13,391.71 points, an increase compared to the previous year. Even with the economic effects of the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, 2021 had the highest point of the index in the past two decades. What is Dow Jones Composite Index? The Dow Jones Composite Index is one of the indices from the Dow Jones index family. It is composed of 65 leading U.S. companies: 30 stocks forming the Dow Jones Industrial Average index, 20 stocks from the Dow Jones Transportation index and 15 stocks from the Dow Jones Utility Average index. Importance of stock indices A stock market index shows an average performance of companies from a given section of the market. It is usually a weighted average, meaning that such factors as price of companies or their market capitalization are taken into consideration when calculating the index value. Stock indices are very useful for the financial market participants, as they instantly show the sentiments prevailing on a given market. They are also commonly used as a benchmark against portfolio performance, showing if a given portfolio has outperformed, or underperformed the market.

Indexes included in the Russell U.S. Index Series Russell 3000®: The Russell 3000 Index measures the performance of the largest 3,000 U.S. companies representing approximately 98% of the investable U.S. equity market. Russell 1000®: The Russell 1000 Index measures the performance of the large-cap segment of the U.S. equity universe. It is a subset of the Russell 3000 Index and includes approximately 1,000 of the largest securities based on a combination of their market cap and current index membership. The Russell 1000 represents approximately 91% of the U.S. market. Russell 2000®: The Russell 2000 Index measures the performance of the small-cap segment of the U.S. equity universe. The Russell 2000 Index is a subset of the Russell 3000 Index representing approximately 9% of the total market capitalization of that index. It includes approximately 2,000 of the smallest securities based on a combination of their market cap and current index membership. Index Inception Dates Russell 1000® Index (1/1979) Russell 1000® Growth Index (1/1979) Russell 1000® Value Index (1/1979) Russell 2000® Index (1/1979) Russell 2000® Growth Index (1/1979) Russell 2000® Value Index (1/1979) Russell 2500™ Index (4/2003) Russell 2500™ Growth Index (4/2003) Russell 2500™ Value Index (4/2003) Russell 3000® Index (1/1979) Russell 3000® Growth Index (1/1979) Russell 3000® Value Index (1/1979) Russell Midcap® Index (1/1986) Russell Midcap® Growth Index (1/1987) Russell Midcap® Value Index (1/1987) Russell Small Cap Completeness Index (4/2003) Russell Small Cap Completeness Growth Index (4/2003) Russell Small Cap Completeness Value Index (4/2003) Russell Top 200® Index (7/1996) Russell Top 200® Growth Index (7/2001) Russell Top 200® Value Index (7/2001) Monthly Files included in the Russell U.S. Index Series Monthly Closing Files – RGS These holdings files reflect the official closing positions for all constituents of the 21 U.S. Russell Indexes at month-end back to December 1986 and at quarter-end from September 1986 back to December 1978. Security level information such as returns, market values, sector and industry classifications, and security weights are included in the file. Files are fixed-width text files and have a naming convention of H_yyyymmdd_RGS.txt. Monthly Closing Files – ICB These holdings files reflect the official closing positions for all constituents of the 21 U.S. Russell Indexes at month-end back to January 2010. Security level information such as returns, market values, sector and industry classifications, and security weights are included in the file. Files are comma delimited text files and have a naming convention of H_yyyymmdd.csv. Monthly Contribution to Return by RGS Files These files provide contribution to return using RGS as of the end of the month for each of the 21 U.S. Russell Indexes back to August 2008. Files are tab delimited text files and have a naming convention of CTR_MONTHLY_RGS_yyyymmdd.txt.. Monthly Contribution to Return by ICB Files These files provide contribution to return using ICB as of the end of the month for each of the 21 U.S. Russell Indexes back to August 2020. Files are comma delimited text files and have a naming convention of CTR_MONTHLY_yyyymmdd.csv. Monthly RGS Sector Weights Files These files provide monthly Russell Global Sector (RGS) weights for all 21 US Indexes at month-end back to November 2009. Files are comma delimited text files and have a naming convention of SWH_RGS_ALL_yyyymmdd.txt. Monthly ICB Sector Weights Files These files provide monthly Industrial Classification Benchmark (ICB) weights for all 21 US Indexes at month-end back to March 2020. Files are comma delimited text files and have a naming convention of SWH_ALL_yyyymmdd.csv. Note: In August 2020 FTSE Russell transitioned to ICB classification from the RGS classification. All data from September, 2020 is only available using ICB Classification. Data is current to April 28, 2023.

In the dynamic landscape of financial markets, accurate forecasting of stock indices remains a pivotal yet challenging task, essential for investors and policymakers alike. This study is motivated by the need to enhance the precision of predicting the Shanghai Composite Index’s opening price spread, a critical measure reflecting market volatility and investor sentiment. Traditional time series models like ARIMA have shown limitations in capturing the complex, nonlinear patterns inherent in stock price movements, prompting the exploration of advanced methodologies. The aim of this research is to bridge the gap in forecasting accuracy by developing a hybrid model that integrates the strengths of ARIMA with deep learning techniques, specifically Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) networks. This novel approach leverages the ARIMA model’s proficiency in linear trend analysis and the deep learning models’ capability in modeling nonlinear dependencies, aiming to provide a comprehensive tool for market prediction. Utilizing a comprehensive dataset covering the period from December 20, 1990, to June 2, 2023, the study develops and assesses the efficacy of ARIMA, LSTM, GRU, ARIMA-LSTM, and ARIMA-GRU models in forecasting the Shanghai Composite Index’s opening price spread. The evaluation of these models is based on key statistical metrics, including Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE), to gauge their predictive accuracy. The findings indicate that the hybrid models, ARIMA-LSTM and ARIMA-GRU, perform better in forecasting the opening price spread of the Shanghai Composite Index than their standalone counterparts. This outcome suggests that combining traditional statistical methods with advanced deep learning algorithms can enhance stock market prediction. The research contributes to the field by providing evidence of the potential benefits of integrating different modeling approaches for financial forecasting, offering insights that could inform investment strategies and financial decision-making.

The aim of this investigation is, to describe the development of the German Stock Market during the inter-war period. Causes for the so called change of the stock exchange functions are analysed. The author wants to make a contribution on special aspects of the economic history of the Weimar Republic and the following NS-regime. In his investigation the researcher analyses the activities of the involved players in a historical-institutional framework. The Study’s subjectIn the year 1890 the constitution of security exchange markets and stock markets has been the object of political debate and there has been discussed similar questions according to this topic in public and in policy as today. A current question is about the possibilities to boost the functionality of the security exchange and stock markets, not least in the face of Germany’s position in the global economy. In 1896 as a result of massive political conflicts a stock exchange act has arisen that disappointed the representatives of liberal trading interests because of the restriction of the stock market system’s autonomy and the prohibition of certain forms of trade. In 1908 an amendment to the stock exchange act has been adopted by the parliament. The stock market act in this new form has had validity until today. After the years of the hyperinflation deep changes of the stock market processes has been taken place. This changes can be described as a change of function. The economic-historical study at hand deals with the description of the development of the German security exchange markets during the interwar period. Reasons of the functional changes, which means mainly the decrease in importance, are analysed. In this context the primary investigator’s analysis contributes also to specific aspects of the economic history of the Weimar Republic and the Nazi empire. Due to a lack of date the needed statistical information concerning the period of interest is not available and therefore a statistical analysis cannot meet cliometric requirements. Therefore, the study’s concept is primary a desciptive one. On the basis of the quantitative information an identification of the functional change and the definition of stages of this process is made. The researcher tries to carve out the factors which have led to the functional change particularly during the period between 1924 and 1939. In this context the annual reports of banks, reports of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, contributions of professional journals, and documents of authorities charged with the stock exchange market, are the empirical basis for the investigation. The researcher analyzed the effects of the banking sector’s concentration-process on the stock exchange market and assessed quantitatively the functional change. On the basis of the collected time series for the period of the late 19th century until 1939 the investigator analyzed the activities at the stock markets. First, the focus on interest is on the development of investments and securities issues. Then information on the securities turnover of German capital market before 1940 are given on the basis of an estimation procedure, developed by the researcher. The sepcial conditions during the inflation between 1914 and 1923 are discussed separately and the long term effects of this hyper-inflation on the stock exchange are identified. The effects of the taxation of stock exchange market visits and the high transaction costs are discussed, too. Used sources for the investigation have been:Archives of German Public Authorities:- finance ministry of the German Reich,- imperial chancellery- Reich´s ministry of economics- reference files of the German Reichsbank- Imperial commissioner of the stock market in Berlin Official Statistics, statistics of trade associations, chambers of commerce, enterprises, the press, and scientific publications. Finally, the author made estimates and calculations. The Study’s data:Data tables are accessible via the search- and download-system HISTAT unter the Topic ‘State: Finances and Taxes’ (= Staat: Finanzen und Steuern). The Study’s data are diveded into the following parts: A. Quantitative Indicators on the Change of Functions (Quantitative Indikatoren des Funktionswandels) A.1 Structure of floatation (Struktur der Wertpapieremission ausgewählter Zeitspannen (1901-1939).)A.2 Tax revenues of exchange turnover (Börsenumsatzsteueraufkommen (1885-1939).)A.3 Vergleich des unkorrigierten mit einem fiktiv möglichen Börsenumsatzsteueraufkommen (1906-1913).A.4 Estimation of everage tax rates (Geschätzte Durchschnittssteuersätze (1884-1913).)A.5 Amount of stock companies of the German Empire (Zahl der Aktiengesellschaften im Deutschen Reich zu bestimmten Jahren (1886-1939).)A.6 Shares listed on the Berlin stock exchange at the end of the year (Die zum Jahresende an der Berliner Börse notierten Aktien (1926-1939).)A.7 Reports und Lombards der Berliner Großbanken in ...

The size and share of the market is categorized based on Application (Heavy Equipment, Power Generation, Agricultural Industrial, Other) and Product (Hybrid Automation, Dilution Automation) and geographical regions (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, and Middle-East and Africa).

The Ultra High Definition Surgical Display Market Report is Segmented by Type (LED UHD Display and LCD UHD Display), End User (Hospitals, Diagnostic Imaging Centers, Ambulatory Surgical Centers, and Other End Users), and Geography (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Africa, and South America). The Report Offers the Value (USD) for the Above Segments.

This is not going to be an article or Op-Ed about Michael Jordan. Since 2009 we've been in the longest bull-market in history, that's 11 years and counting. However a few metrics like the stock market P/E, the call to put ratio and of course the Shiller P/E suggest a great crash is coming in-between the levels of 1929 and the dot.com bubble. Mean reversion historically is inevitable and the Fed's printing money experiment could end in disaster for the stock market in late 2021 or 2022. You can read Jeremy Grantham's Last Dance article here. You are likely well aware of Michael Burry's predicament as well. It's easier for you just to skim through two related videos on this topic of a stock market crash. Michael Burry's Warning see this YouTube. Jeremy Grantham's Warning See this YouTube. Typically when there is a major event in the world, there is a crash and then a bear market and a recovery that takes many many months. In March, 2020 that's not what we saw since the Fed did some astonishing things that means a liquidity sloth and the risk of a major inflation event. The pandemic represented the quickest decline of at least 30% in the history of the benchmark S&P 500, but the recovery was not correlated to anything but Fed intervention. Since the pandemic clearly isn't disappearing and many sectors such as travel, business travel, tourism and supply chain disruptions appear significantly disrupted - the so-called economic recovery isn't so great. And there's this little problem at the heart of global capitalism today, the stock market just keeps going up. Crashes and corrections typically occur frequently in a normal market. But the Fed liquidity and irresponsible printing of money is creating a scenario where normal behavior isn't occurring on the markets. According to data provided by market analytics firm Yardeni Research, the benchmark index has undergone 38 declines of at least 10% since the beginning of 1950. Since March, 2020 we've barely seen a down month. September, 2020 was flat-ish. The S&P 500 has more than doubled since those lows. Look at the angle of the curve: The S&P 500 was 735 at the low in 2009, so in this bull market alone it has gone up 6x in valuation. That's not a normal cycle and it could mean we are due for an epic correction. I have to agree with the analysts who claim that the long, long bull market since 2009 has finally matured into a fully-fledged epic bubble. There is a complacency, buy-the dip frenzy and general meme environment to what BigTech can do in such an environment. The weight of Apple, Amazon, Alphabet, Microsoft, Facebook, Nvidia and Tesla together in the S&P and Nasdaq is approach a ridiculous weighting. When these stocks are seen both as growth, value and companies with unbeatable moats the entire dynamics of the stock market begin to break down. Check out FANG during the pandemic. BigTech is Seen as Bullet-Proof me valuations and a hysterical speculative behavior leads to even higher highs, even as 2020 offered many younger people an on-ramp into investing for the first time. Some analysts at JP Morgan are even saying that until retail investors stop charging into stocks, markets probably don’t have too much to worry about. Hedge funds with payment for order flows can predict exactly how these retail investors are behaving and monetize them. PFOF might even have to be banned by the SEC. The risk-on market theoretically just keeps going up until the Fed raises interest rates, which could be in 2023! For some context, we're more than 1.4 years removed from the bear-market bottom of the coronavirus crash and haven't had even a 5% correction in nine months. This is the most over-priced the market has likely ever been. At the night of the dot-com bubble the S&P 500 was only 1,400. Today it is 4,500, not so many years after. Clearly something is not quite right if you look at history and the P/E ratios. A market pumped with liquidity produces higher earnings with historically low interest rates, it's an environment where dangerous things can occur. In late 1997, as the S&P 500 passed its previous 1929 peak of 21x earnings, that seemed like a lot, but nothing compared to today. For some context, the S&P 500 Shiller P/E closed last week at 38.58, which is nearly a two-decade high. It's also well over double the average Shiller P/E of 16.84, dating back 151 years. So the stock market is likely around 2x over-valued. Try to think rationally about what this means for valuations today and your favorite stock prices, what should they be in historical terms? The S&P 500 is up 31% in the past year. It will likely hit 5,000 before a correction given the amount of added liquidity to the system and the QE the Fed is using that's like a huge abuse of MMT, or Modern Monetary Theory. This has also lent to bubbles in the housing market, crypto and even commodities like Gold with long-term global GDP meeting many headwinds in the years ahead due to a...

The size and share of the market is categorized based on Type (Quad HD Displays, Quad HD Monitors, Quad HD Projectors, Quad HD TVs, Quad HD Cameras) and Application (Consumer Electronics, Gaming, Professional Displays, Home Theater, Digital Signage) and geographical regions (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, and Middle-East and Africa).

!!PLEASE NOTE!! When downloading the data, please select "File Geodatabase" to preserve long field names. Shapefile will truncate field names to 10 characters.This version of the Racial and Social Equity Index indexes all tracts in the remainder of King County against tracts in the city of Seattle. This index should only be used in direct consultation with the Office of Planning and Community Development, and is intended to be of use for comparing tracts in the remainder of King County within the context of percentiles set by tracts within the city of Seattle.Version: CurrentThe Racial and Social Equity Index combines information on race, ethnicity, and related demographics with data on socioeconomic and health disadvantages to identify where priority populations make up relatively large proportions of neighborhood residents. Click here for a User Guide.See the City of Seattle RSE Index in action in the Racial and Social Equity ViewerThe Composite Index includes sub-indices of: Race, English Language Learners, and Origins Index ranks census tracts by an index of three measures weighted as follows: Persons of color (weight: 1.0) English language learner (weight: 0.5) Foreign born (weight: 0.5)Socioeconomic Disadvantage Index ranks census tracts by an index of two equally weighted measures: Income below 200% of poverty level Educational attainment less than a bachelor’s degreeHealth Disadvantage Index ranks census tracts by an index of seven equally weighted measures: No leisure-time physical activity Diagnosed diabetes Obesity Mental health not good AsthmaLow life expectancy at birth Disability<div style='font-family:"Avenir Next W01"

Global High Definition Micro Objective market size 2025 was XX Million. High Definition Micro Objective Industry compound annual growth rate (CAGR) will be XX% from 2025 till 2033.

The objective of the study is to explore the relationship between country governance practices along with political stability and Economic policy uncertainty, and stock market performance of two different economies, Pakistan and Kurdistan region of Iraq. To meet our objectives, we used the 25 years past data from 1996 to 2021. Data is collected from the DataStream database. The regression analysis is used as the method of estimation for linear and moderation effect. Our results show that regulatory quality, rules of law and political stability has significant positive relationship with stock market performance of Pakistan, but all the governance indicators have significant positive relationship with stock market performance of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Moreover, political stability has significant moderating impact between the governance practices and the performance of the stock markets of both economies indicating that the governance practices perform well with the political stability that leads to rise in the stock market indices of selected countries. Economic policy uncertainty has significant negative moderation impact due to creating the risk in both economies that decrease the performance of the stock markets of the selected economies. Finally, our study advocated some implications for the investors to increase their confidence on the stock of high political stability and low economic policy uncertainty economies. Government can take significant measures to control the uncertainty of the policy and portfolio managers can adjust their risk on the ground of the political stability and efficient governance practices countries.

Graph and download economic data for Institutional Money Market Funds (DISCONTINUED) (WIMFNS) from 1980-02-04 to 2021-02-01 about MMMF and USA.

This analysis presents a rigorous exploration of financial data, incorporating a diverse range of statistical features. By providing a robust foundation, it facilitates advanced research and innovative modeling techniques within the field of finance.

Inflation on the Rise: What Does This Mean for You?

Financial data:

• Historical daily stock prices (open, high, low, close, volume)

• Fundamental data (e.g., market capitalization, price to earnings P/E ratio, dividend yield, earnings per share EPS, price to earnings growth, debt-to-equity ratio, price-to-book ratio, current ratio, free cash flow, projected earnings growth, return on equity, dividend payout ratio, price to sales ratio, credit rating)

• Technical indicators (e.g., moving averages, RSI, MACD, average directional index, aroon oscillator, stochastic oscillator, on-balance volume, accumulation/distribution A/D line, parabolic SAR indicator, bollinger bands indicators, fibonacci, williams percent range, commodity channel index)

Machine learning features:

• Feature engineering based on financial data and technical indicators

• Sentiment analysis data from social media and news articles

• Macroeconomic data (e.g., GDP, unemployment rate, interest rates, consumer spending, building permits, consumer confidence, inflation, producer price index, money supply, home sales, retail sales, bond yields)

Potential Applications:

• Stock price prediction

• Portfolio optimization

• Algorithmic trading

• Market sentiment analysis

• Risk management

Use Cases:

• Researchers investigating the effectiveness of machine learning in stock market prediction

• Analysts developing quantitative trading Buy/Sell strategies

• Individuals interested in building their own stock market prediction models

• Students learning about machine learning and financial applications

Additional Notes:

• The dataset may include different levels of granularity (e.g., daily, hourly)

• Data cleaning and preprocessing are essential before model training

• Regular updates are recommended to maintain the accuracy and relevance of the data

The size and share of the market is categorized based on Type (Apply to GNSS, Apply to INS) and Application (Active Safety, Semi-autonomous Driving (Lever 3), Car Navigation, Others) and geographical regions (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, and Middle-East and Africa).

!!PLEASE NOTE!! When downloading the data, please select "File Geodatabase" to preserve long field names. Shapefile will truncate field names to 10 characters.Version: CurrentThe Racial and Social Equity Index combines information on race, ethnicity, and related demographics with data on socioeconomic and health disadvantages to identify where priority populations make up relatively large proportions of neighborhood residents. Click here for a User Guide.See the layer in action in the Racial and Social Equity ViewerClick here for an 11x17 printable pdf version of the map.The Composite Index includes sub-indices of: Race, English Language Learners, and Origins Index ranks census tracts by an index of three measures weighted as follows: Persons of color (weight: 1.0) English language learner (weight: 0.5) Foreign born (weight: 0.5)Socioeconomic Disadvantage Index ranks census tracts by an index of two equally weighted measures:Income below 200% of poverty level Educational attainment less than a bachelor’s degreeHealth Disadvantage Index ranks census tracts by an index of seven equally weighted measures:No leisure-time physical activityDiagnosed diabetes ObesityMental health not good AsthmaLow life expectancy at birthDisabilityThe index does not reflect population densities, nor does it show variation within census tracts which can be important considerations at a local level.Sources are as indicated below.Produced by City of Seattle Office of Planning & Community Development. For more information on the indices, including guidance for use, contact Diana Canzoneri (diana.canzoneri@seattle.gov).Sources: 2017-2021 Five-Year American Community Survey Estimates, U.S. Census Bureau; 2020 Decennial Census, U.S. Census Bureau; estimates from the Centers for Disease Control’ Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) published in the “The 500 Cities Project,”; Washington State Department of Health’s Washington Tracking Network (WTN);, and estimates from the Public Health – Seattle & King County (based on the Community Health Assessment Tool).Language is for population age 5 and older. Educational attainment is for the population age 25 and over.Life expectancy is life expectancy at birth.Other health measures based on percentages of the adult population.

High Definition HD Voice Market is segmented by User Type (Enterprise user and Consumer), Access Type (Mobile and Broadband), Application (Video Conferencing, Audio Conferencing, Web Conferencing, Multimedia Conferencing, Audio Broadcast, Announcement Services), and Geography.

This analysis presents a rigorous exploration of financial data, incorporating a diverse range of statistical features. By providing a robust foundation, it facilitates advanced research and innovative modeling techniques within the field of finance.

The Earnings Slowdown: What It Means for Investors

Financial data:

• Historical daily stock prices (open, high, low, close, volume)

• Fundamental data (e.g., market capitalization, price to earnings P/E ratio, dividend yield, earnings per share EPS, price to earnings growth, debt-to-equity ratio, price-to-book ratio, current ratio, free cash flow, projected earnings growth, return on equity, dividend payout ratio, price to sales ratio, credit rating)

• Technical indicators (e.g., moving averages, RSI, MACD, average directional index, aroon oscillator, stochastic oscillator, on-balance volume, accumulation/distribution A/D line, parabolic SAR indicator, bollinger bands indicators, fibonacci, williams percent range, commodity channel index)

Machine learning features:

• Feature engineering based on financial data and technical indicators

• Sentiment analysis data from social media and news articles

• Macroeconomic data (e.g., GDP, unemployment rate, interest rates, consumer spending, building permits, consumer confidence, inflation, producer price index, money supply, home sales, retail sales, bond yields)

Potential Applications:

• Stock price prediction

• Portfolio optimization

• Algorithmic trading

• Market sentiment analysis

• Risk management

Use Cases:

• Researchers investigating the effectiveness of machine learning in stock market prediction

• Analysts developing quantitative trading Buy/Sell strategies

• Individuals interested in building their own stock market prediction models

• Students learning about machine learning and financial applications

Additional Notes:

• The dataset may include different levels of granularity (e.g., daily, hourly)

• Data cleaning and preprocessing are essential before model training

• Regular updates are recommended to maintain the accuracy and relevance of the data