This statistics shows the results of a survey on which European Union countries think that major stock markets around the world will crash in 2018. Of the countries surveyed, Poland was the country most likely to think that major stock markets around the world will crash in 2018 at ** percent. The county least likely to believe that major stock markets around the world will crash in 2018, was Hungary at ** percent.

The statistic shows the level of lending by Commerbank to European Union crisis countries as of December 31, 2010. As of that time, the loans of Commerzbank to Ireland amounted to approximately 26 million euros.

Between the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the end of the Great Depression in the late 1930s, the Soviet Union saw the largest growth in its gross domestic product, growing by more than 70 percent between 1929 and 1937/8. The Great Depression began in 1929 in the United States, following the stock market crash in late October. The inter-connectedness of the global economy, particularly between North America and Europe, then came to the fore as the collapse of the U.S. economy exposed the instabilities of other industrialized countries. In contrast, the economic isolation of the Soviet Union and its detachment from the capitalist system meant that it was relatively shielded from these events. 1929-1932 The Soviet Union was one of just three countries listed that experienced GDP growth during the first three years of the Great Depression, with Bulgaria and Denmark being the other two. Bulgaria experienced the largest GDP growth over these three years, increasing by 27 percent, although it was also the only country to experience a decline in growth over the second period. The majority of other European countries saw their GDP growth fall in the depression's early years. However, none experienced the same level of decline as the United States, which dropped by 28 percent. 1932-1938 In the remaining years before the Second World War, all of the listed countries saw their GDP grow significantly, particularly Germany, the Soviet Union, and the United States. Coincidentally, these were the three most powerful nations during the Second World War. This recovery was primarily driven by industrialization, and, again, the U.S., USSR, and Germany all experienced the highest level of industrial growth between 1932 and 1938.

Euroscepticism, the political position which opposes European integration or proposes leaving the EU, peaked in the early 2010s during the period of the Eurozone crisis. Approval of the EU had been stable at a relatively high level in the 2000s, with around half of respondents having a positive image of the Union, before sharply dropping from 2010 onwards to under a third of respondents. In spite of the spike in negative attitudes towards the EU, the total share of respondents with a negative outlook never exceeded the share of those with a positive one. By 2020, disapproval of the EU was back down to below twenty percent, and has fallen further since. The share of respondents with a positive image of the bloc has risen back to pre-financial crisis levels, signifying a remarkable turnaround in the public image of the EU. Whether this reflects a secular trend, or is the result of the external shocks of Covid-19 and the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which have both forced the member states of the union to cooperate on further integration measures, is yet to be seen. The Eurozone Crisis and the rise of euroscepticism Euroscepticism in the 2010s was driven by a succession of crises in both the economic and political spheres, which were latched onto by populists of both the far-left and far-right. The Eurozone crisis was triggered in 2010 by financial market pressure on the heavily indebted countries on the EU's periphery who were also member of the Euro currency area (Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, among others). The economies of these member states had suffered greatly during the global financial crisis and great recession, with the collapse of their housing markets and failure of their banking systems meaning that their governments had to take on increasing debt burdens. As it became clear that their debt levels were unsustainable, the yield on their government debt spiked, meaning that new borrowing became unaffordable. In most cases, the 'Troika' of the EU Commission, ECB, and IMF stepped in to provide bailouts, but with harsh austerity conditions which generated further unemployment and social discontent. The crisis was largely resolved by late 2012, as ECB chief Mario Draghi resolved to do "whatever it takes" to stabilize yields and to save the Euro. Nevertheless, Greece remained in deep trouble until after 2015, with question marks remaining about whether they would leave the Euro. Greece finally exited its Troika bailout program in 2018. Increasing migration flows and populist discontent While the Eurozone crisis was resolved (or at least delayed until a future date) by the middle of the decade, the populist political forces which it had unleashed began to have successes across the continent. The humanitarian crisis trigerred by the fleeing of millions of people from the war in Syria and other conflicts in the Middle East & North Africa towards Europe poured fuel on the fire of populism. Parties who opposed migration took power in Central & Eastern Europe, with Poland's Law and Justice Party and Hungary's Fidesz becoming some of the EU's biggest adversaries over the 2010s. Far-right parties in Western Europe such as the AfD in Germany, National Rally in France, Lega in Italy, PVV in the Netherlands, and Vox in Spain began to have unprecedented electoral success. These parties were buoyed by the Brexit referendum in the UK, where the populist challenger UKIP had forced the ruling Conservative Party to announce a vote on the UK's membership of the EU. With the referendum won by the 'leave' side, populist forces in other countries sought to capitalize on this momentum by entering government and, if not leaving the EU entirely, forcing changes to the way the union is run. While much ink was spilled over the threat this populist challenge posed to the EU, in many cases when populist parties entered government, such as Syriza in Greece and the Five Star Movement in Italy, they softened their tone towards leaving the union and focused rather on domestic politics than EU reform. Covid-19, Russia-Ukraine War, and the decline of euroscepticism? By the end of the decade of the 2010s, the populist and eurosceptic wave which had swept over the continent began to recede. Voters became dissatisfied with the achievements of many populist parties once they had entered office and a series of external shocks would further dampen the hostility towards the EU. The Covid-19 Pandemic struck in early 2020, and while the EU has been criticized for not having a united response to the crisis and being slow to organize the roll-out of vaccination programs, the pandemic focused populist energies towards anti-lockdown and anti-vaccination campaigns which targeted national governments rather than the EU. The pandemic also produced a "rally around the flag" effect, whereby the public approval of establishment forces which were seeking...

The Global Financial Crisis of 2007-2008 wiped out US$37 trillions across global financial markets, this value is equivalent to the combined GDPs of the United States and the European Union in 2014. The defining moment of this crisis was the failure of Lehman Brothers, which precipitated the October 2008 crash and the Asian Correction (March 2009). Had the Federal Reserve seen these crashes coming, they might have bailed out Lehman Brothers, and prevented the crashes altogether. In this paper, we show that some of these market crashes (like the Asian Correction) can be predicted, if we assume that a large number of adaptive traders employing competing trading strategies. As the number of adherents for some strategies grow, others decline in the constantly changing strategy space. When a strategy group grows into a giant component, trader actions become increasingly correlated and this is reflected in the stock price. The fragmentation of this giant component will leads to a market crash. In this paper, we also derived the mean-field market crash forecast equation based on a model of fusions and fissions in the trading strategy space. By fitting the continuous returns of 20 stocks traded in Singapore Exchange to the market crash forecast equation, we obtain crash predictions ranging from end October 2008 to mid-February 2009, with early warning four to six months prior to the crashes.

Post-crisis export economy profile (2011–2016) for competitor economies in main European tomato markets.

The share of total exports from European Union member states which goes to other EU countries underwent a decline from its early 2000s high point during the global financial crisis, great recession and Eurozone crisis (2007-2012), before rebounding back to around 61.77 percent of total exports in 2023. This share is a good indicator of the relative importance of intra-EU trade, that is, trade governed by the "four freedoms" of the European Single Market (freedom of movement for goods, services, capital, and labor), vis-a-vis international trade with partners outside of the European Union. It is worth keeping in mind that the United Kingdom, a key trading partner of many European Union countries, left the EU in 2020, meaning that the country was added to the extra-EU share. The fact that this did not have a notable effect on the share of exports going to extra-EU countries points to the declining relative importance of the UK as a trade partner for the EU.

Motorcycle E Call Market Outlook

The global Motorcycle E Call market size is projected to grow significantly, with an estimated market size of USD 245 million in 2023, reaching a forecasted size of USD 673 million by 2032, at a CAGR of 12.1%. This substantial growth can be attributed to increasing safety regulations, advancements in telematics, and growing consumer awareness about road safety. Motorcycle E Call systems, which automatically alert emergency services in case of accidents, are gaining traction due to their potential to save lives and reduce response times.

One of the primary growth factors driving the Motorcycle E Call market is the increasing focus on road safety by governments and regulatory bodies worldwide. Many countries are adopting stringent regulations mandating the installation of E Call systems in vehicles, including motorcycles. For instance, the European Union has made it compulsory for all new motorcycles to be equipped with E Call systems. This has significantly boosted the adoption of these systems, thereby driving market growth. Furthermore, the rise in motorcycle accidents globally has heightened the need for efficient emergency response systems, further propelling the demand for Motorcycle E Call solutions.

Technological advancements in telematics and communication technologies are also playing a crucial role in the market's expansion. The integration of advanced sensors, GPS, and communication modules in motorcycles has made it possible to develop sophisticated E Call systems that can provide precise location data and critical information to emergency responders. This technological progress ensures a more efficient and rapid response to accidents, which is a significant factor contributing to the rising adoption of Motorcycle E Call systems. Additionally, the development of connected motorcycles with built-in E Call functionalities is expected to further accelerate market growth.

Another important growth driver is the increasing consumer awareness and demand for enhanced safety features in motorcycles. As consumers become more conscious of their safety on the road, they are increasingly seeking motorcycles equipped with advanced safety technologies, including E Call systems. This growing demand from safety-conscious consumers is encouraging motorcycle manufacturers to integrate E Call systems into their models, thereby driving market growth. Moreover, the rising disposable incomes in emerging economies are enabling consumers to invest in premium motorcycles with advanced safety features, further boosting market expansion.

The regional outlook for the Motorcycle E Call market indicates significant growth potential across various regions. Europe is expected to hold a dominant share of the market due to the stringent regulatory mandates and high adoption of advanced safety technologies. North America is also projected to witness substantial growth, driven by increasing awareness about road safety and the presence of leading motorcycle manufacturers. The Asia Pacific region, with its large motorcycle user base and rising focus on road safety, is anticipated to exhibit the highest growth rate during the forecast period. Additionally, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa regions are expected to experience moderate growth, supported by improving economic conditions and growing safety concerns.

Component Analysis

The Motorcycle E Call market is segmented by component into hardware, software, and services. The hardware segment is expected to account for a significant portion of the market due to the essential role of physical components such as sensors, GPS modules, and communication devices in the functioning of E Call systems. These components are critical for detecting accidents, determining the precise location, and transmitting data to emergency responders. The continuous advancements in sensor technology and miniaturization of hardware components are expected to drive the growth of this segment. Additionally, the increasing integration of advanced hardware in new motorcycle models is further propelling the demand for E Call systems.

The software segment is also poised for substantial growth as it encompasses the various algorithms and applications that process data from the hardware components and facilitate communication with emergency services. The development of sophisticated software solutions that can accurately analyze crash data and initiate emergency calls is a key driver for this segment. Moreover, the increasing focus on enhancing user interfaces and providing seamless connectivity is contributing to the growth

Mehrstufig geschichtete Zufallsauswahl nach dem Random-Route-Verfahren

The crash sensor market will expand at an 8% annual rate from its 2025 value of USD 47,011.5 million to reach USD 101,494.4 million by 2035. Automotive manufacturers producing connected and autonomous vehicles have made their crash sensors better and smaller while integrating them directly into vehicle control units.

Metric	Value
Market Size (2025E)	USD 47,011.5 million
Market Value (2035F)	USD 101,494.4 million
CAGR (2025 to 2035)	8%

Country-Wise Outlook

Country	CAGR (2025 to 2035)
USA	7.6%

Country	CAGR (2025 to 2035)
UK	7.9%

Region	CAGR (2025 to 2035)
European Union	8.0%

Country	CAGR (2025 to 2035)
Japan	7.5%

Country	CAGR (2025 to 2035)
South Korea	8.4%

Segmentation Outlook - Automotive Crash Sensor Market

Product Type	Market Share (2025)
Pressure Sensors	31.8%

Application Type	Market Share (2025)
Autonomous Emergency Braking	38.6%

Competitive Outlook

Company Name	Estimated Market Share (%)
Robert Bosch GmbH	20-24%
DENSO Corporation	15-19%
Continental AG	12-16%
Sensate Technologies Holding plc	9-13%
ZF Friedrichshafen AG	8-12%
Infineon Technologies AG	6-10%
Other Companies (combined)	18-26%

The automotive crash barrier market is set to grow from USD 8.3 billion in 2025 to USD 12.3 billion by 2035, marking a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.0%. This growth is driven by rising investments in road infrastructure, urban traffic management, and highway safety programs across both developed and emerging economies.

Metric	Value
Industry Size (2025E)	USD 8.3 billion
Industry Value (2035F)	USD 12.3 billion
CAGR (2025 to 2035)	4.0%

Country-Wise Outlook

Country	CAGR (2025 to 2035)
United States	4.2%

Country	CAGR (2025 to 2035)
United Kingdom	3.7%

Region	CAGR (2025 to 2035)
European Union	4.0%

Country	CAGR (2025 to 2035)
Japan	3.8%

Country	CAGR (2025 to 2035)
South Korea	4.3%

Competitive Outlook

Company Name	Estimated Market Share(%)
Valmont Industries, Inc.	10-12%
Tata Steel Europe Ltd.	8-10%
Trinity Highway Products, LLC	7-9%
Arbus Ltd.	6-7%
Roadsafe Traffic Systems, Inc.	6-7%
Other Companies (combined)	55-60%

From the Summer of 2007 until the end of 2009 (at least), the world was gripped by a series of economic crises commonly known as the Global Financial Crisis (2007-2008) and the Great Recession (2008-2009). The financial crisis was triggered by the collapse of the U.S. housing market, which caused panic on Wall Street, the center of global finance in New York. Due to the outsized nature of the U.S. economy compared to other countries and particularly the centrality of U.S. finance for the world economy, the crisis spread quickly to other countries, affecting most regions across the globe. By 2009, global GDP growth was in negative territory, with international credit markets frozen, international trade contracting, and tens of millions of workers being made unemployed.

Global similarities, global differences

Since the 1980s, the world economy had entered a period of integration and globalization. This process particularly accelerated after the collapse of the Soviet Union ended the Cold War (1947-1991). This was the period of the 'Washington Consensus', whereby the U.S. and international institutions such as the World Bank and IMF promoted policies of economic liberalization across the globe. This increasing interdependence and openness to the global economy meant that when the crisis hit in 2007, many countries experienced the same issues. This is particularly evident in the synchronization of the recessions in the most advanced economies of the G7. Nevertheless, the aggregate global GDP number masks the important regional differences which occurred during the recession. While the more advanced economies of North America, Western Europe, and Japan were all hit hard, along with countries who are reliant on them for trade or finance, large emerging economies such as India and China bucked this trend. In particular, China's huge fiscal stimulus in 2008-2009 likely did much to prevent the global economy from sliding further into a depression. In 2009, while the United States' GDP sank to -2.6 percent, China's GDP, as reported by national authorities, was almost 10 percent.

Among European Union countries, Slovakia is the most dependent on Russian oil and petroleum products. In 2020, Russia was the origin country for 78 percent of the country's total imports of such commodities. In Germany, Russian oil products held a 30 percent market share. This has become cause for concern for the EU as it tries to distance itself from Russia following its invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. An already unfolding energy crisis was worsened as a result.

Europe is Russia’s largest oil export market

When EU leaders began debating how to sanction Russia, it illuminated an unfortunate predicament. Namely, the fact that many European countries had grown strongly dependent on energy supplies from their oil and gas-rich neighbor. Apart from Norway, Russia is the only country located on the European continent with sizable reserves of these fossil fuels. Buoyed by their relative close proximity, EU member states such as the Netherlands (a refinery hub), Germany, and Poland have thus been among Russia’s main crude oil export destinations for years.

Rising energy costs and insecurity

When the EU decided to cut out Russian oil and gas imports as much as possible, it put further upward pressure on an already hot commodity market. The Russia-Ukraine war had led to many market traders anticipating some of the worst oil constraints seen since the oil crisis of 2014, and benchmark prices rose significantly. As energy prices are largely determined by the price of fossil fuels, a respectable share of Europeans has been struggling to pay their energy bills.