This file contains 1424 household responses to two scales. First, the demographic scale results for the Solotvyno household survey. The demographic household survey contained the following variables:1) Age; 2)Sex; 3) Family type; 4) Religion; 5) Ethnic Origin; 6) Education; 7) Housing; 8) Annual income (in USD); 9) Years of stay; 10) Housing Type; 11) Living Situation and 12) disability.

Second, the results from the Solotvyno Municipality Land Subsidence scale. The first land subsidence risk evaluation sub-scale seeks to answer the following two questions:1) Do you have the following ready in case the land subsides? Please check to each item either 'yes','unsure' or 'no.' and 2) Please rate the difficulty of preparing for each item, by your household, on a five-point scale ranging from 'not difficult at all' to 'extremely difficult.' The second land subsidence sub-scale seeks to answer the following two questions: 1) Please indicate the extent of disaster risk preparedness by your household to each item, by checking either 'yes', 'unsure' or 'no.' 2) Please rate the difficulty of preparing for each item, by your household, on a five-point scale ranging from 'not difficult at all' to 'extremely difficult.'

Vertical land motion (VLM), angular distortion, and building risks for 28 urban cities in the United States. The file also contains supplementary tables 1 to 8.Abstract: Land subsidence is a slow-moving hazard with adverse environmental and socioeconomic consequences worldwide. However, spatially dense subsidence rates to capture granular variations at high spatial density are often lacking, hindering assessment of associated infrastructure risk. We use space geodetic measurements from 2015 to 2021 to create high resolution maps of subsidence rates for 28 most populous US cities. We estimate that at least 20% of the urban area is sinking in all cities, mainly due to groundwater extraction, affecting ~34 million people. Additionally, more than 29,000 buildings are located in high and very high damage risk areas, indicating a greater likelihood of infrastructure damage. These datasets and information are crucial for developing ad hoc policies to adapt urban centers to these complex environmental challenges.

The BGS PSA dataset provides insurers and homeowners access to a better understanding of the shrink-swell hazard at both the individual property and/or postcode level for Great Britain. It builds upon the GeoSure shrink-swell data by mapping the hazard to the individual building polygon and considering the other susceptibility factors of building type, foundation depth, and drainage and tree proximity. The user receives GIS building polygons with an overall susceptibility to subsidence score between 1-100. Scores are also classified from non-plastic to very high. Each building polygon is also scored from 1-10 for each subsidence factor (geology, foundation, drainage, building type, building storey and tree proximity). Postcode data is also available as a table and shapefiles showing the ‘average’ PSA score for all buildings within the postcode. The identification of shrink-swell related subsidence prone areas, alongside the inclusion of potential sources to exacerbate this phenomena, can better inform insurers and homeowners and form the basis to make decisions concerning prevention and remediation. The product enhances geological information obtained from GIP and GeoSure via the inclusion of the crucial shrink-swell susceptibility factors (proximity to trees and foundation depth). This therefore allows the derivation of a risk element for the housing stock at Building level, which is then generalised to Postcode level.

The BGS Property Subsidence Assessment (PSA) dataset provides insurers and homeowners access to a better understanding of the shrink-swell hazard at both the individual property and/or postcode level for England and Wales. It builds upon the GeoSure shrink-swell data by mapping the hazard to the individual building polygon and considering the other susceptibility factors of building type, foundation depth, and drainage and tree proximity. The user receives GIS building polygons with an overall susceptibility to subsidence score between 1-100. Scores are also classified from non-plastic to very high. Each building polygon is also scored from 1-10 for each subsidence factor (geology, foundation, drainage, building type, building storey and tree proximity). Postcode data is also available as a table showing the ‘average’ PSA score for all buildings within the postcode. The identification of shrink-swell related subsidence prone areas, alongside the inclusion of potential sources to exacerbate this phenomena, can better inform insurers and homeowners and form the basis to make decisions concerning prevention and remediation. The product enhances geological information obtained from GIP and GeoSure via the inclusion of the crucial shrink-swell susceptibility factors (proximity to trees and foundation depth). This therefore allows the derivation of a risk element for the housing stock at Building level, which is then generalised to Postcode level.

Waikato District Council - Proposed District Plan (Stage 2 Natural Hazards), Notified 27 July 2020. This layer is a spatial representation of an overlay in the Proposed District Plan and indicates where land use will be regulated by various associated rules. It will be used as a guide in the regulatory process of implementing the Proposed District Plan and managing land use, subdivision, the environment and economy. This dataset is subject to changes undertaken through the Resource Management act. Note individual Proposed Plan rules can have different statuses, some may have current legal effect and others will not until the Proposed Plan becomes operative. This data is provided for use in the District Plan only. The Mine Subsidence Risk Area identifies land in Huntly East that is currently at risk of subsidence due to historic underground coal mining activities and the subsequent closure and refilling of the Huntly East underground mine. An assessment has been carried out to confirm the likelihood of ongoing mine subsidence and methane gas migration from mine workings to the ground surface above the Huntly East mine and the South Headings as a result of the closure of the Huntly East Mine and subsequent flooding of the underground mine workings (see Appendix 5(c) of Section 32 report Natural Hazards and Climate Change). This belongs to the series of data relating to Natural Hazards which includes the following groups - coastal erosion, coastal inundation, inland flooding, and land subsidence. This layer belongs to the land subsidence group (this is the only layer in this group).

The global mine subsidence insurance market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing mining activities worldwide and stricter regulations concerning environmental protection and liability. The market's expansion is fueled by a rising awareness among mining companies of the potential financial risks associated with subsidence, including damage to property, infrastructure, and the environment. The substantial costs associated with remediation and legal liabilities following subsidence events are compelling insurers to develop more comprehensive and tailored insurance products. This demand is further amplified by the increasing complexity of mining operations, particularly in challenging geological terrains, where the risk of subsidence is magnified. The market is segmented by application (surface and underground mining) and purchase type (personal and collective buying), with significant growth anticipated in both segments. While underground mining currently represents a larger market share due to the higher inherent risks, surface mining insurance is growing rapidly as mining operations expand into more sensitive areas. Collective buying schemes, particularly prevalent among smaller mining operations, offer significant cost advantages while providing crucial risk mitigation. Key players in the market are strategically expanding their product offerings and forging partnerships to capture this growing demand. North America and Europe currently dominate the market share, but Asia-Pacific is projected to witness substantial growth driven by the expansion of mining activities in countries like China and India. The market's growth, however, is tempered by certain restraints. The inherent complexities in assessing and quantifying subsidence risk can make underwriting challenging and potentially lead to higher premiums. Moreover, fluctuations in commodity prices and overall economic conditions can impact the demand for mine subsidence insurance. Despite these challenges, the long-term outlook remains positive, with consistent growth projected throughout the forecast period. The ongoing development of advanced risk assessment technologies, coupled with innovative insurance products, will play a crucial role in shaping the future of this market. Strategic partnerships between insurers and mining companies, aimed at facilitating risk mitigation and early detection of potential subsidence, will be key to sustaining this growth trajectory. The market is poised for further consolidation as larger insurance companies expand their presence and smaller players seek strategic alliances or acquisitions.

Mine Subsidence Insurance Market Outlook

The global Mine Subsidence Insurance market size is projected to grow significantly from $1.2 billion in 2023 to $2.5 billion by 2032, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.2%. The primary growth factor fueling this market is the increasing awareness of the risks associated with mine subsidence, coupled with the growing number of mining activities worldwide.

One of the major growth drivers of the Mine Subsidence Insurance market is the heightened awareness and understanding of the risks posed by mine subsidence. As mining activities increase globally, the potential for subsidence incidents also rises. This has led to a greater emphasis on preventive measures and mitigation strategies, thereby driving the demand for insurance products that can cover the financial repercussions of such events. Governments and private entities alike are recognizing the importance of protecting assets and infrastructure from potential subsidence-related damages.

Moreover, technological advancements in risk assessment and predictive modeling are significantly contributing to the market's growth. These technologies enable insurers to better understand and evaluate the risks associated with mine subsidence, leading to more accurate pricing of insurance policies. Enhanced risk assessment capabilities help in designing more tailored and comprehensive insurance products, which in turn attract more customers. In addition, the integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing technologies has improved the monitoring and management of mine subsidence risks, further propelling market growth.

The rising trend of urbanization and industrialization is another critical factor driving the Mine Subsidence Insurance market. As more residential, commercial, and industrial structures are built near mining areas, the need for effective insurance solutions becomes imperative. Urban expansion often encroaches on previously abandoned mining sites, which are prone to subsidence. Consequently, property owners and businesses are increasingly investing in mine subsidence insurance to safeguard their investments and ensure financial stability in the event of subsidence-related damages.

Regional analysis reveals that the market exhibits varied growth dynamics across different geographies. North America holds a substantial share of the market due to its extensive mining activities and well-established insurance infrastructure. Europe also demonstrates significant growth, driven by stringent regulations and high awareness levels. The Asia Pacific region is anticipated to witness the highest CAGR, attributed to rapid industrialization and increasing mining activities in countries like China and India. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa, while smaller in market share, are expected to show steady growth due to emerging mining sectors and rising awareness about mine subsidence risks.

Coverage Type Analysis

The Mine Subsidence Insurance market can be segmented by coverage type into Residential, Commercial, and Industrial. Each of these segments caters to different types of properties and stakeholders, and their growth dynamics vary accordingly. The Residential segment, which covers individual homeowners, is experiencing robust growth due to increasing awareness among property owners about the risks of mine subsidence. Homeowners are becoming more proactive in protecting their most significant asset — their home — from potential subsidence-related damages. This segment is also driven by government initiatives and regulations mandating mine subsidence insurance in certain high-risk areas.

The Commercial segment encompasses businesses and commercial properties, which are often located in or near mining areas. The growth of this segment is propelled by the burgeoning commercial real estate market and the increasing number of businesses operating in proximity to mining sites. Commercial property owners are investing in mine subsidence insurance to safeguard their investments and ensure business continuity in the event of subsidence-related incidents. This segment is characterized by high-value policies and comprehensive coverage options, reflecting the significant financial stakes involved.

The Industrial segment includes large-scale industrial facilities such as factories, warehouses, and manufacturing plants. This segment is expected to witness considerable growth, driven by the expansion of industrial activities in regions with active or historical mining operations. Industrial prop

The 5km Hex GS Collapsible Deposits dataset shows a generalised view of the GeoSure Collapsible Deposits v7 dataset to a hexagonal grid resolution of 64.95km coverage area (side length of 5km). This dataset indicates areas of potential ground movement in a helpful and user-friendly format. The rating is based on a highest level of susceptibility identified within that Hex area: Low (1), Moderate (2), Significant (3). Areas of localised significant rating are also indicated. The summarising process via spatial statistics at this scale may lead to under or over estimation of the extent of a hazard. The supporting GeoSure reports can help inform planning decisions and indicate causes of subsidence. The reports can help inform planning decisions and indicate causes of subsidence. The Collapsible Ground dataset provides an assessment of the potential for a geological deposit to collapse (to subside rapidly) as a consequence of a metastable microfabric in loessic material. Such metastable material is prone to collapse when it is loaded (as by construction of a building, for example) and then saturated by water (as by rising groundwater, for example). Collapse may cause damage to overlying property. The methodology is based on the BGS Digital Map (DiGMapGB-50) and expert knowledge of the origin and behaviour of the formations so defined. It provides complete coverage of Great Britain, subject to revision in line with changes in DiGMapGB lithology codes and methodological improvements.

The Delta at Risk study is a global, systematic assessment of how delta risk is increasing due to sea-level rise and human drivers of delta land subsidence. Risk is expected to increase greatly due to relative sea-level rise in deltas. Relative sea-level rise (the combination of offshore sea-level rise and coastal land subsidence) will have a large impact on coastal communities due to coastal flooding. Wealthy countries however have a greater social capacity and wealth to mitigate against such hazards but the economic costs is high. The study utilizes decade-to-century economic trend forecasts to estimate the varying impact on delta risk across each delta system. Efforts to address the root causes of land subsidence in the near-term are critical for long-term sustainability.

Activation date: 2018-10-26
Event type: Other

Activation reason:
The EMSN057 service provides geospatial information facilitating assessment of drivers of ground subsidence and to supporting analysis of the relation between detected ground subsidence and land use changes in Ca Mau, Long Xuyen and Rach Gia areas in the Mekong delta, Vietnam. The primary objective of the service is provision of spatially and temporally consistent, dense and synoptic results giving insight on the distribution and variance of subsidence phenomena in space and its dynamics in time. The persistent scatterers interferometry (PSI) technique, measuring ground deformations from stacks of archive SAR imagery (Sentinel-1 and TerraSAR-X), was utilized to estimate displacements. Products should complement ground based measurements, information from previous InSAR studies and contribute to evidence-based risk assessment.Annual Ground Subsidence Displacement The raster product, with 10 x 10m resolution, shows annual ground subsidence displacements in the vertical direction. The product was interpolated from displacement values of persistent scatterer points detected by the PSI technique from a stack of archived satellite SAR images.Annual Ground Subsidence Displacement ChangeThe change product shows differences of annual ground subsidence displacements in the vertical direction. It was obtained by deduction of previous from subsequent annual versions of Displacement products.In addition, average annual subsidence displacement velocity and displacement trend were evaluated from the PSI results, as demonstrated below.

The newGeoSure Insurance Product (newGIP) provides the potential insurance risk due to natural ground movement. It incorporates the combined effects of the 6 GeoSure hazards on (low-rise) buildings. This data is available as vector data, 25m gridded data or alternatively linked to a postcode database - the Derived Postcode Database. A series of GIS (Geographical Information System) maps show the most significant hazard areas. The ground movement, or subsidence, hazards included are landslides, shrink-swell clays, soluble rocks, running sands, compressible ground and collapsible deposits. The newGeoSure Insurance Product uses the individual GeoSure data layers and evaluates them using a series of processes including statistical analyses and expert elicitation techniques to create a derived product that can be used for insurance purposes such as identifying and estimating risk and susceptibility. The Derived Postcode Database (DPD) contains generalised information at a postcode level. The DPD is designed to provide a 'summary' value representing the combined effects of the GeoSure dataset across a postcode sector area. It is available as a GIS point dataset or a text (.txt) file format. The DPD contains a normalised hazard rating for each of the 6 GeoSure themes hazards (i.e. each GeoSure theme has been balanced against each other) and a combined unified hazard rating for each postcode in Great Britain. The combined hazard rating for each postcode is available as a standalone product. The Derived Postcode Database is available in a point data format or text file format. It is available in a range of GIS formats including ArcGIS (.shp), ArcInfo Coverages and MapInfo (.tab). More specialised formats may be available but may incur additional processing costs. The newGeoSure Insurance Product dataset has been created as vector data but is also available as a raster grid. This data is available in a range of GIS formats, including ArcGIS (.shp), ArcInfo coverage's and MapInfo (.tab). More specialised formats may be available but may incur additional processing costs. Data for the newGIP is provided for national coverage across Great Britain. The newGeoSure Insurance Product dataset is produced for use at 1:50 000 scale providing 50m ground resolution. This dataset has been specifically developed for the insurance of low-rise buildings. The GeoSure datasets have been developed to identify the potential hazard for low-rise buildings and those with shallow foundations of less than 2 m deep. The identification of ground instability and other geological hazards can assist regional planners; rapidly identifying areas with potential problems and aid local government offices in making development plans by helping to define land suited to different uses. Other users of these data may include developers, homeowners, solicitors, loss adjusters, the insurance industry, architects and surveyors.

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34525-w is data sources. Because of a lack of detailed open ground lift data along the coastal area of China, through a systematic literature review, we got the lifting of the surface of China's coastal regions in detail and established China's coastal cities land subsidence database, including China's coastal cities sedimentation rate in the different periods and measurements. The literature mainly comes from CNKI database, Web of Science, and the grey literature, such as reporting, planning, etc. The data can be used in the study of relative sea level change, coastal extreme water level and coastal flooding risk research, and can provide the reference and basis for adaptation measures for coastal land subsidence prevention and control and planning, etc.

Activation date: 2020-02-14
Event type: Other

Activation reason:
The scope is the assessment of the sinkhole risk in the mining area of Solotvyno, Zakarpattya region, Ukraine, in continuation of the previous service EMSN-030. A systematic salt mining began in the second half of the 18th century with up to eight salt mines in operation. Although the flooding with ground water and the erosion of subsoil salt layers began in the early 2000s, the extraction of salt had not been completely stopped until 2010, when in December 3000m³ of land collapsed.The aim is to provide an up-to-date situational picture based on i) VHR satellite imagery and on ii) a time series analysis of SAR data to identify dimension and velocity of the land surface deformations as input for further modelling and preparedness actions within the ImProDiReT project (DG ECHO).Proposed solution and resultsUpdate of reference data and LULC, including sinkholes, craters and landslidesDInSAR time series analysis for 2016 -2019 based on Sentinel-1 data applying the SBAS methodologyDelineation of potential subsidence areas and compilation of risk zones Landslide risk (pattern) and subsidence risk analysis (filled) from 2016 to 2020 Time series of displacement covering 2016-2019 in Sentinel-1 descending mode

This study is part of the larger European Union ImProDiReT project. More information on this project can be found on http://www.improdiret.eu/. The purpose of the household survey was to evaluate the level of acceptance, tolerability or intolerability to the land subsidence risk in the Solotvyno municipality. The survey was conducted through the major schools in Solotvyno and coordinated by the English-speaking teachers. Other teachers and students supported the household survey data collection process in their respective homes and neighbourhoods. The household survey was conducted from 15 September 2019 to 22 December 2019. In addition, a consent form was completed. The questionnaire was translated into the three main locally spoken languages (Ukrainian, Hungarian and Romanian).

This dataset has been superseded The newGeoSure Insurance Product (newGIP) provides the potential insurance risk due to natural ground movement. It incorporates the combined effects of the 6 GeoSure hazards on (low-rise) buildings. This data is available as vector data, 25m gridded data or alternatively linked to a postcode database – the Derived Postcode Database. A series of GIS (Geographical Information System) maps show the most significant hazard areas. The ground movement, or subsidence, hazards included are landslides, shrink-swell clays, soluble rocks, running sands, compressible ground and collapsible deposits. The newGeoSure Insurance Product uses the individual GeoSure data layers and evaluates them using a series of processes including statistical analyses and expert elicitation techniques to create a derived product that can be used for insurance purposes such as identifying and estimating risk and susceptibility. The Derived Postcode Database (DPD) contains generalised information at a postcode level. The DPD is designed to provide a ‘summary’ value representing the combined effects of the GeoSure dataset across a postcode sector area. It is available as a GIS point dataset or a text (.txt) file format. The DPD contains a normalised hazard rating for each of the 6 GeoSure themes hazards (i.e. each GeoSure theme has been balanced against each other) and a combined unified hazard rating for each postcode in Great Britain. The combined hazard rating for each postcode is available as a standalone product. The Derived Postcode Database is available in a point data format or text file format. It is available in a range of GIS formats including ArcGIS (.shp), ArcInfo Coverages and MapInfo (.tab). More specialised formats may be available but may incur additional processing costs. The newGeoSure Insurance Product dataset has been created as vector data but is also available as a raster grid. This data is available in a range of GIS formats, including ArcGIS (.shp), ArcInfo coverage’s and MapInfo (.tab). More specialised formats may be available but may incur additional processing costs. Data for the newGIP is provided for national coverage across Great Britain. The newGeoSure Insurance Product dataset is produced for use at 1:50 000 scale providing 50 m ground resolution. This dataset has been specifically developed for the insurance of low-rise buildings. The GeoSure datasets have been developed to identify the potential hazard for low-rise buildings and those with shallow foundations of less than 2 m deep. The identification of ground instability and other geological hazards can assist regional planners; rapidly identifying areas with potential problems and aid local government offices in making development plans by helping to define land suited to different uses. Other users of these data may include developers, homeowners, solicitors, loss adjusters, the insurance industry, architects and surveyors. Version 7 released June 2015.

The newGeoSure Insurance Product (newGIP) provides the potential insurance risk due to natural ground movement. It incorporates the combined effects of the 6 GeoSure hazards on (low-rise) buildings. This data is available as vector data, 25m gridded data or alternatively linked to a postcode database the Derived Postcode Database. A series of GIS (Geographical Information System) maps show the most significant hazard areas. The ground movement, or subsidence, hazards included are landslides, shrink-swell clays, soluble rocks, running sands, compressible ground and collapsible deposits. The newGeoSure Insurance Product uses the individual GeoSure data layers and evaluates them using a series of processes including statistical analyses and expert elicitation techniques to create a derived product that can be used for insurance purposes such as identifying and estimating risk and susceptibility. The Derived Postcode Database (DPD) contains generalised information at a postcode level. The DPD is designed to provide a summary value representing the combined effects of the GeoSure dataset across a postcode sector area. It is available as a GIS point dataset or a text (.txt) file format. The DPD contains a normalised hazard rating for each of the 6 GeoSure themes hazards (i.e. each GeoSure theme has been balanced against each other) and a combined unified hazard rating for each postcode in Great Britain. The combined hazard rating for each postcode is available as a standalone product. The Derived Postcode Database is available in a point data format or text file format. It is available in a range of GIS formats including ArcGIS (.shp), ArcInfo Coverages and MapInfo (.tab). More specialised formats may be available but may incur additional processing costs. The newGeoSure Insurance Product dataset has been created as vector data but is also available as a raster grid. This data is available in a range of GIS formats, including ArcGIS (.shp), ArcInfo coverages and MapInfo (.tab). More specialised formats may be available but may incur additional processing costs. Data for the newGIP is provided for national coverage across Great Britain. The newGeoSure Insurance Product dataset is produced for use at 1:50 000 scale providing 50 m ground resolution. This dataset has been specifically developed for the insurance of low-rise buildings. The GeoSure datasets have been developed to identify the potential hazard for low-rise buildings and those with shallow foundations of less than 2 m deep. The identification of ground instability and other geological hazards can assist regional planners; rapidly identifying areas with potential problems and aid local government offices in making development plans by helping to define land suited to different uses. Other users of these data may include developers, homeowners, solicitors, loss adjusters, the insurance industry, architects and surveyors. Version 7 released June 2015.

The InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) service market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand for precise geospatial data across diverse sectors. The market, estimated at $2 billion in 2025, is projected to exhibit a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 15% from 2025 to 2033, reaching approximately $6 billion by 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. Firstly, the rising adoption of InSAR technology in infrastructure monitoring, particularly for assessing risks associated with landslides, subsidence, and dam stability, is a significant driver. Secondly, advancements in radar satellite technology, leading to improved data resolution and accuracy, are making InSAR services more accessible and reliable. Furthermore, the increasing availability of cloud-based processing platforms is streamlining data analysis and reducing processing costs, making InSAR solutions more cost-effective for a wider range of users. Finally, the growing awareness of climate change and its impact on infrastructure is driving demand for proactive monitoring and risk assessment solutions, significantly bolstering the InSAR market. However, certain restraints influence market growth. High initial investment costs for acquiring and deploying InSAR systems can be a barrier to entry for smaller companies. Additionally, the reliance on favorable weather conditions and the potential for atmospheric distortions affecting data quality present technical challenges. Despite these limitations, the overall market outlook for InSAR services remains positive, fueled by ongoing technological advancements, increased adoption across various industries, and the growing need for accurate and timely geospatial data. The competitive landscape includes established players like MDA, CGG, and GroundProbe, alongside emerging companies such as SkyGeo and SatSense, indicating a dynamic and innovative market. The regional distribution is expected to favor North America and Europe initially, with developing economies showing increasing adoption in the later forecast period.

The 5km Hex GS Shrink Swell dataset shows a generalised view of the GeoSure Shrink Swell v8 dataset to a hexagonal grid resolution of 64.95km coverage area (side length of 5km). This dataset indicates areas of potential ground movement in a helpful and user-friendly format. The rating is based on a highest level of susceptibility identified within that Hex area: Low (1), Moderate (2), Significant (3). Areas of localised significant rating are also indicated. The summarising process via spatial statistics at this scale may lead to under or over estimation of the extent of a hazard. The supporting GeoSure reports can help inform planning decisions and indicate causes of subsidence. The Shrink Swell methodology is based on the BGS Digital Map (DiGMapGB-50) and expert knowledge of the behaviour of the formations so defined. This dataset provides an assessment of the potential for a geological deposit to shrink and swell. Many soils contain clay minerals that absorb water when wet (making them swell), and lose water as they dry (making them shrink). This shrink-swell behaviour is controlled by the type and amount of clay in the soil, and by seasonal changes in the soil moisture content (related to rainfall and local drainage). The rock formations most susceptible to shrink-swell behaviour are found mainly in the south-east of Britain. Clay rocks elsewhere in the country are older and have been hardened by burial deep in the earth and are less able to absorb water. The BGS has carried out detailed geotechnical and mineralogical investigations into rock types known to shrink, and are modelling their properties across the near surface. This research underpins guidance contained in the national GeoSure dataset, and is the basis for our responses to local authorities, companies and members of the public who require specific information on the hazard in their areas. The BGS is undertaking a wide-ranging research programme to investigate this phenomenon by identifying those areas most at risk and developing sustainable management solutions. Complete Great Britain national coverage is available.

The purpose of this document is to provide a technical overview of the impact assessment approach and methods used to identify and evaluate strategies for coastal resilience in the Virginia Coastal Resilience Master Plan (CRMP). The impact assessment produces quantitative data that characterizes how Virginia’s people and landscape will be affected by coastal hazards, now and into the future, accounting for sea level rise (SLR). The CRMP includes eight coastal Planning District Commissions and Regional Commissions. The impact assessment incorporates the coastal flood hazard modeling from the Coastal Hazard Framework, data gathering results, and informs risk summarization and resilience project evaluation. While the study area is subject to other flood hazards such as rainfall-driven (pluvial) flooding, riverine flooding, and other geomorphic hazards such as shoreline erosion and subsidence, these processes, while drivers of risk in all, or portions of the study area, were not included in the first iteration of the Virginia CRMP. These limitations are acknowledged and accepted. Future iterations of the CRMP will expand the hazards considered, including evaluation of cascading impacts from joint occurrence of these complicated natural processes.