In 2018, South Korea recorded its hottest summer since 1973, with 31 heat-wave days. Heatwaves with maximum temperatures above 33 degrees Celsius usually occur after the rainy season in summer. In recent years, not only has the frequency of heatwaves increased, but also their intensity. Summer in South Korea Summer in South Korea (from June to August) is usually hot and humid with a lot of rainfall during the rainy season of the East Asian monsoon (Changma). About 60 percent of precipitation falls during this season. The average temperature in summer was around 24.7 degrees Celsius in 2023. The amount of precipitation in summer that year stood at over 1,000 millimeters, more than four times higher than in winter. Climate change South Korea is known for its four distinct seasons, yet weather patterns have increasingly changed in recent decades, resulting in longer summers and shorter winters. This shows that South Korea is not excluded from the effects of climate change. Changing climate patterns in recent decades have also led to an intensification of precipitation and more heat waves in South Korea. Meanwhile, climate change is taken very seriously by South Koreans: about 48 percent of respondents to a 2019 survey said that global warming or climate change is the most important environmental issue for South Korea.

In May 2025, the average temperature in Incheon, South Korea was 16.5 degrees Celsius. August 2024 was the city's hottest month in the past six years, while December 2022 was the coldest, with an average temperature of minus 2.6 degrees Celsius.

In 2024, the average minimum temperature in Seoul, South Korea, reached 11 degrees Celsius. This was the highest recorded minimum temperature since 1954.

In 2024, Jeju was the warmest region in South Korea with an average temperature of 17.8 degrees Celsius. Gangwon (Yeongseo) was the coldest region, with an average temperature of 12.4 degrees Celsius.

In June 2025, the average temperature in South Korea was 22.4 degrees Celsius. August 2024 was the hottest month in the past five years, with a mean of around 27.9 degrees Celsius. In the same period, December 2022 was the coldest month, with an average temperature of minus 1.4 degrees Celsius.

In May 2025, the average temperature in Jeju, South Korea, was 17.5 degrees Celsius. The island's hottest month was August 2024, while February 2022 was the coldest, with an average temperature of 5.2 degrees Celsius.

In May 2025, the average temperature in Busan, South Korea was 17.4 degrees Celsius. August 2024 was the city's hottest month in the past five years, while February 2025 was the coldest, with an average temperature of 2.9 degrees Celsius.

In May 2025, the average temperature in Gwangju, South Korea was 18.2 degrees Celsius. August 2024 was the city's hottest month in the past six years, while December 2022 and February 2025 were the coldest, with an average temperature of 1.1 degrees Celsius.

From October 1973 to April 2024, January was the snowiest month in South Korea, followed by December and February. The average number of snow days in January was about 5.2 days.

In 2023, the average summer temperature in South Korea was around **** degrees Celsius, up from **** degrees Celsius in the previous year. The highest temperature since 2000 was **** degrees Celsius in 2018, while the lowest temperature was **** degrees Celsius in 2003.

In 2024, precipitation in Jeju in South Korea was the highest nationwide, with about 1928.9 millimeters. Gyeongnam followed with around 1713.6 millimeters.

Distribution of weather and death descriptions in the past and in recent times of summer.

Dataset Overview:

This dataset contains daily time series data collected in 2023 using a Digital Water Level Recorder (DWLR). The data provides insights into the impacts of global warming, seasonal weather patterns, and environmental changes on village well near Incheon, South Korea.

Key features of the dataset include:

• Water Level: A steady rise throughout the year with abrupt increases during the summer and rainfall periods, capturing potential effects of global warming.
• Temperature: Data reflects the seasonal temperature trends of Incheon, from cold winters to hot summers. Rainfall: Shows typical monsoon trends with heavy precipitation in the summer months.
• pH Levels: Fluctuations between 6.9 and 7.4, with higher values observed during winter, and 10 outliers indicating potential environmental disturbances.
• Dissolved Oxygen: Data includes random missing values (20), simulating real-world gaps in environmental data collection.

Note: This dataset has been altered for learning purposes in time series analysis, forecasting, and environmental studies, and could be useful in climate research, hydrological modeling, and machine learning applications related to water resource management.

In September 2024, the average temperature in South Korea was 24.7 degrees Celsius. The summer of 2024 was hotter an average than in the previous years considered, with the temperatures of the months June to September all reaching their high that year. August 2024 was the hottest month in the past five years, with a mean of around 27.9 degrees Celsius. In the same period, December 2022 was the coldest month, with an average of minus 1.4 degrees Celsius.

EV Specific Tires Market Outlook

The global EV Specific Tires market size was valued at USD 2.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 12.2 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 19.5% from 2024 to 2032. This remarkable growth is driven by several factors, including the increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) worldwide, advancements in tire technology, and the need for specialized tires to optimize EV performance and efficiency.

One of the primary growth factors contributing to the expansion of the EV specific tires market is the rapid increase in electric vehicle adoption. Governments and environmental bodies are pushing for a switch from conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to EVs to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate change. This transition necessitates the development of tires specifically tailored for EVs, which often have different performance requirements such as lower rolling resistance, higher load-bearing capacity, and enhanced durability. Consequently, the demand for EV specific tires is surging, fueling market growth.

Furthermore, advancements in tire technology are playing a pivotal role in propelling the market forward. Innovations such as advanced tread patterns, improved rubber compounds, and smart tire technologies are being developed to meet the unique demands of EVs. These advancements help in improving the overall efficiency, safety, and longevity of tires. For instance, low rolling resistance tires are becoming increasingly popular as they contribute to extending the driving range of EVs by reducing energy consumption. Such technological innovations are expected to continue driving the market over the forecast period.

Another significant growth driver is the rising consumer awareness about the benefits of using specialized tires for electric vehicles. As more consumers become informed about how EV specific tires can enhance vehicle performance and safety, there is a growing willingness to invest in these premium products. Additionally, the increasing disposable income of consumers in emerging markets is contributing to higher sales of EVs and, consequently, EV specific tires. This trend is particularly noticeable in regions like Asia Pacific and North America, where the EV market is experiencing robust growth.

From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific is poised to be the fastest-growing market for EV specific tires. Countries such as China, Japan, and South Korea are leading the charge in EV adoption, supported by favorable government policies and substantial investments in EV infrastructure. These factors are driving the demand for EV specific tires in the region. North America and Europe are also significant markets, with substantial investments in EV technology and infrastructure. The presence of major automobile manufacturers and tire companies in these regions further bolsters market growth.

Tire Type Analysis

The EV specific tires market can be segmented by tire type into Summer Tires, Winter Tires, All-Season Tires, and Performance Tires. Summer tires are designed for optimal performance in warm weather conditions. They offer excellent grip and handling on both dry and wet roads, making them ideal for regions with hot climates. The demand for summer tires is high in markets like the southern United States, parts of Europe, and Asia Pacific, where warm weather prevails for most of the year. These tires are crafted with unique tread patterns and rubber compounds to provide high performance, making them popular among EV owners who seek enhanced driving experiences.

Winter tires, on the other hand, are specifically designed to perform in cold weather conditions, including snow and ice. These tires are made with special rubber compounds that remain flexible at low temperatures, providing better traction and safety. The demand for winter tires is particularly high in countries with harsh winter climates, such as Canada, the northern United States, and Northern Europe. As EV adoption grows in these regions, the market for winter tires is expected to expand significantly, driven by the need for safety and performance during winter months.

All-Season Tires are gaining traction among EV owners due to their versatility and convenience. These tires are designed to provide satisfactory performance in a wide range of weather conditions, including rain, light snow, and dry roads. They eliminate the need for seasonal tire changes, making them a cost-effective and convenient option for many consumers. The demand for all-season tires is particul

Abstract and dataset contents:

This dataset contains vertical profile measurements, up to altitudes of around 700 m, from a tethered balloon platform including the following: aerosol light absorption coefficients at 450, 525 and 624 nm measured with a Single-channel Tricolour Absorption Photometer (STAP, Brechtel Manufacturing, Inc, USA); particle number size distributions between 186 and 3370 nm measured with a Portable Optical Particle Spectrometer (POPS, Handix Scientific LLC, USA); particle number size distributions and total particle concentration between 8 and 300 nm measured by a miniaturised Scanning Electrical Mobility Sizer (mSEMS, model 9404, Brechtel Manufacturing Inc., USA) with a soft x-ray neutraliser (soft x-ray charger, XRC-05, HCTM Co., Ltd., South Korea), a differential mobility analyser (DMA) column and an advanced mixing condensation particle counter (amCPC, model 9403, Brechtel Manufacturing, In., USA); CO₂ mixing ratio (Vaisala CARBOCAP Carbon Dioxide Probe GMP343, Vaisala, Finland); wind direction and wind speed measurements from the SmartTether Weather Sonde (Anasphere, Inc) and temperature and RH measurements by RH/T sensors (SHT85, Sensiron). Measurements were carried out at the Narsaq International Research Station (NIRS) in southern Greenland (60.9158°N, 46.0533°W, 17 m above sea level) during the Greenfjord campaign in June-August 2023.

1. Datetime
2. Altitude above ground (m)
3. Pressure (hPa)
4. Air temperature (degC)
5. Relative humidity (%)
6. Wind direction (deg)
7. Wind speed (m s-1)
8. CO2 mixing ratio (ppm)
9. Total particle number concentration between 8 and 300 nm (particles cm-3)
10. Total particle number concentration between 186 and 3370 nm (particles cm-3)
11. Normalised particle concentrations for each bin between 8 and 300 and 186 and 3370 nm (dN/dlogDp)
12. Absorption coefficients for 624, 525 and 450 nm (M m-1)
13. flight number

Normalised particle concentrations from the mSEMS instrument between 8 and 300 nm can be found in Lv2_flight_mSEMS.csv. The bin boundaries for the mSEMS and POPS instruments can be found in the mSEMS_bin_diameters.csv and POPS_bin_diameters.csv files.

Funding acknowledgements:

This work was supported by funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation grant no. 200021_212101, the Swiss Polar Institute grant no. SPI-FLAG-2021-002 Greenfjord, and the ENAC Flagship 2022 ECO-Plains.

In May 2025, the average temperature in Seoul, South Korea was **** degrees Celsius. August 2024 was the hottest month in the city in the past six years, while December 2022 was the coldest, with an average temperature of minus *** degrees Celsius.

In 2023, the average temperature for summer in South Korea was **** degrees Celsius. South Korea has four distinct seasons, which can be seen in the different average temperatures for each season.

The GAME/Tibet project conducted a short-term pre-intensive observing period (PIOP) at the Amdo station in the summer of 1997. From May to September 1998, five consecutive IOPs were scheduled, with approximately one month per IOP. More than 80 scientific workers from China, Japan and South Korea went to the Tibetan Plateau in batches and carried out arduous and fruitful work. The observation tests and plans were successfully completed. After the completion of the IOP in September, 1998, five automatic weather stations (AWS), one Portable Atmospheric Mosonet (PAM), one boundary layer tower and integrated radiation observatory (Amdo) and nine soil temperature and moisture observation stations have been continuously observed to date and have obtained extremely valuable information for 8 years and 6 months consecutively (starting from June 1997). The experimental area is located in Nagqu, in northern Tibet, and has an area of 150 km × 200 km (Fig. 1), and observation points are also established in D66, Tuotuohe and the Tanggula Mountain Pass (D105) along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway. The following observation stations (sites) are set up on different underlying surfaces including plateau meadows, plateau lakes, and desert steppe. (1) Two multidisciplinary (atmosphere and soil) observation stations, Amdo and NaquFx, have multicomponent radiation observation systems, gradient observation towers, turbulent flux direct measurement systems, soil temperature and moisture gradient observations, radiosonde, ground soil moisture observation networks and multiangle spectrometer observations used as ground truth values for satellite data, etc. (2) There are six automatic weather stations (D66, Tuotuohe, D105, D110, Nagqu and MS3608), each of which has observations of wind, temperature, humidity, pressure, radiation, surface temperature, soil temperature and moisture, precipitation, etc. (3) PAM stations (Portable Automated Meso - net) located approximately 80 km north and south of Nagqu (MS3478 and MS3637) have major projects similar to the two integrated observation stations (Amdo and NaquFx) above and to the wind, temperature and humidity turbulence observations. (4) There are nine soil temperature and moisture observation sites (D66, Tuotuohe, D110, WADD, NODA, Amdo, MS3478, MS3478 and MS3637), each of which has soil temperature measurements of 6 layers and soil moisture measurement of 9 layers. (5) A 3D Doppler Radar Station is located in the south of Nagqu, and there are seven encrypted precipitation gauges in the adjacent (within approximately 100 km) area. The radiation observation system mainly studies the plateau cloud and precipitation system and serves as a ground true value station for the TRMM satellite. The GAME-Tibet project seeks to gain insight into the land-atmosphere interaction on the Tibetan Plateau and its impact on the Asian monsoon system through enhanced observational experiments and long-term monitoring at different spatial scales. After the end of 2000, the GAME/Tibet project joined the “Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP)” jointly organized by two international plans, GEWEX (Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment) and CL IVAR (Climate Change and Forecast). The Asia-Australia Monsoon Project (CAMP) on the Tibetan Plateau of the Global Coordinated Enhanced Observation Program (CEOP) has been started. The data set contains POP data for 1997 and IOP data for 1998. Ⅰ. The POP data of 1997 contain the following.

1. Precipitation Gauge Network (PGN)

2. Radiosonde Observation at Naqu

3. Analysis of Stable Isotope for Water Cycle Studies

4. Doppler radar observation

5. Large-Scale Hydrological Cycle in Tibet

(Link to Numaguchi's home page)

1. Portable Automated Mesonet (PAM) [Japanese]

2. Ground Truth Data Collection (GTDC) for Satellite Remote Sensing

3. Tanggula AWS (D105 station in Tibet)

4. Syamboche AWS (GEN/GAME AWS in Nepal)

Ⅱ. The IOP data of 1998 contain the following.

1. Anduo

（1） PBL Tower, 2） Radiation, 3） Turbulence

SMTMS

1. D66 （1） AWS （2） SMTMS （3） GTDC （4) Precipitation

2. Toutouhe （1） AWS （2） SMTMS （3 ）GTDC

3. D110 （1） AWS （2） SMTMS (3) GTDC (4) SMTMS

4. MS3608 （1） AWS （2） SMTMS （3） Precipitation

5. D105 （1） Precipitation (2) GTDC

6. MS3478(NPAM) （1） PAM （2） Precipitation

7. MS3637 （1） PAM （2） SMTMS （3） Precipitation

8. NODAA （1） SMTMS (2) Precipitation

9. WADD （1） SMTMS （2） Precipitation （3） Barometricmd

10. AQB （1） Precipitation

11. Dienpa (RS2) （1） Precipitation

12. Zuri （1） Precipitation （2） Barometricmd

13. Juze （1） Precipitation

14. Naqu hydrological station （1） Precipitation

15. MSofNaqu （1） Barometricmd

16. Naquradarsite

（1）Radar system （2） Precipitation

1. Syangboche [Nepal] （1） AWS

2. Shiqu-anhe （1） AWS （2） GTDC

3. Seqin-Xiang （1） Barometricmd

4. NODA （1）Barometricmd （2） Precipitation （3) SMTMS

5. NaquHY （1） Barometricmd （2） Precipitation

6. NaquFx(BJ) （1） GTDC

In May 2025, the average temperature in Daejeon, South Korea was 18 degrees Celsius. August 2024 was the city's hottest month in the past five years, while December 2022 was the coldest, with an average temperature of minus two degrees Celsius.