Public opinion poll on: Congress; Economics; Elections; Ideology; Information; Middle East; Mood; Notable People; Political Partisanship; Presidency; Presidential Approval; Problems; Ratings; Religion; Terrorism; Values; Veterans; Vote for President; War.

The Federal Reserve uses this event-driven survey to obtain information specifically tailored to the Federal Reserve's supervisory, regulatory, and operational responsibilities. The Federal Reserve conducts the survey as needed up to 24 times per year. The frequency and content of the questions depend on changing economic, regulatory, supervisory, or legislative developments. Respondents comprise financial businesses. This survey may be mandatory for financial institutions regulated by the Federal Reserve and voluntary for all other respondents.

Public opinion poll on: Agriculture; Animals; Asia; Business; China; Communications Technology; Congress; Consumer; Defense; Disasters; Economics; Elections; Energy; Environment; Europe; Family; Finances; Foreign Policy; Future; Government; Groups and Organizations; Health; Ideology; Information; Japan; Latin America; Local; Media; Medicine; Mood; Notable People; Nuclear; Participation; Political Partisanship; Power; Presidency; Problems; Regulation; Science; Social Interactions; Social Media; Spending; States; Taxing; Technology; Television; Transportation; Viral Outbreaks/Influenza; Vote for President; Work.

The Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) are a research dataset summarizing the views on the quality of governance provided by a large number of enterprise, citizen and expert survey respondents in industrial and developing countries. Governance consists of the traditions and institutions by which authority in a country is exercised. This includes the process by which governments are selected, monitored and replaced; the capacity of the government to effectively formulate and implement sound policies; and the respect of citizens and the state for the institutions that govern economic and social interactions among them. Number of sources indicates the number of underlying data sources on which the aggregate estimate is based. The WGI are based on a large number of different data sources, capturing the views and experiences of survey respondents and experts in the public and private sectors, as well as various NGOs. These data sources include: (a) surveys of households and firms (e.g. Afrobarometer surveys, Gallup World Poll, and Global Competitiveness Report survey), (b) NGOs (e.g. Global Integrity, Freedom House, Reporters Without Borders), (c) commercial business information providers (e.g. Economist Intelligence Unit, S&P Global, Political Risk Services), and (d) public sector organizations (e.g. CPIA assessments of World Bank and regional development banks). Regulatory Quality captures perceptions of the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development.

This poll, fielded April 22-25, 2010 is part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that solicit public opinion on the presidency and on a range of other political and social issues. Respondents were asked to give their opinions of President Barack Obama and his handling of the presidency, the federal budget deficit, health care, the situation in Afghanistan, regulation in the financial industry, nuclear weapons policy, the economy, and whether the Obama Administration or the Republicans in Congress could be trusted to do a better job handling these issues. Respondents were also asked their opinions on whether the Bush Administration or the Obama Administration were to blame for the current economic situation and federal budget deficit. Respondents were asked whether they supported or opposed stricter federal regulations on the way banks, other financial institutions, and Wall Street firms conducted their businesses, having the federal government regulate derivatives, and increasing federal oversight of the way banks and other financial companies make consumer loans. Opinions were collected on whether factors such as gender, sexuality, religious beliefs, race and professional experience would be in favor or against a Supreme Court nominee, whether respondents supported the Tea Party political movement, and whether the Tea Party, Democratic Party, or the Republican Party best represented their personal values, the needs of people like them, and best understood the economic problems of people in the country. Respondents were also asked whether they believed the support for the Tea Party movement was based on concern, dissatisfaction with the Republican Party, opposition to Obama and the Democratic Party's policies, based on distrust of government, or racial prejudice against Obama. Other topics covered included the national economy, the war in Afghanistan, the Supreme Court case Roe versus Wade, voter behavior for the United States House of Representatives election, and opinions of President Obama's birth place. Several questions addressed federal spending, the respondent's personal economic situation, and opinions on the war in Afghanistan. Demographic variables include sex, age, race, political philosophy, party affiliation, education level, religious preference, household income, and whether respondents considered themselves to be a born-again Christian.

The Board uses this survey to obtain information, as needed, on specific and time sensitive issues, related to payments research. Respondents may comprise depository institutions, financial and nonfinancial businesses, for profit and nonprofit enterprises, federal, state, and local governments, individual consumers, or households. The Board may conduct various surveys under this collection, as needed. The frequency and content of the questions depend on changing economic, regulatory, supervisory, or legislative developments.

We present a survey to evaluate crypto-political, crypto-economic, and crypto-governance sentiment in people who are part of a blockchain ecosystem. Based on 3,710 survey responses, we describe their beliefs, attitudes, and modes of participation in crypto and investigate how self-reported political affiliation and blockchain ecosystem affiliation are associated with these. We observed polarization in questions on perceptions of the distribution of economic power, personal attitudes towards crypto, normative beliefs about the distribution of power in governance, and external regulation of blockchain technologies. Differences in political self-identification correlated with opinions on economic fairness, gender equity, decision-making power and how to obtain favorable regulation, while blockchain affiliation correlated with opinions on governance and regulation of crypto and respondents’ semantic conception of crypto and personal goals for their involvement. We also find that a theory-driven constructed political axis is supported by the data and investigate the possibility of other groupings of respondents or beliefs arising from the data.

According to a survey conducted between July 9 and July 11, 2022, ** percent of Americans thought that Joe Biden was highly responsible for the current trend in the inflation rate. This is compared to ** percent of Americans who said President Biden did not have a lot of responsibility for the current inflation rate.

Inflation in the U.S. Global events in 2022 had a significant impact on the United States. Inflation rose from *** percent in January 2021 to *** percent in June 2022. Significantly higher prices of basic goods led to increased concern over the state of the economy, and the ability to cover increasing monthly costs with the same income. Low interest rates, COVID-19-related supply constraints, corporate profiteering, and strong consumer spending had already put pressure on prices before Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. Despite rising wages on paper, the rapid growth of consumer prices resulted in an overall decline in real hourly earnings in the first half of 2022.

How much control does Joe Biden have over inflation? The bulk of economic performance and the inflation rate is determined by factors outside the President’s direct control, but U.S. presidents are often held accountable for it. Some of those factors are market forces, private business, productivity growth, the state of the global economy, and policies of the Federal Reserve. Although high-spending decisions such as the 2021 COVID-19 relief bill may have contributed to rising inflation rates, the bill has been seen by economists as a necessary intervention for preventing a recession at the time, as well as being of significant importance to low-income workers impacted by the pandemic.

The most important tool for curbing inflation and controlling the U.S. economy is the Federal Reserve. The Reserve has the ability to set, raise, and lower interest rates and determine the wider monetary policy for the United States – something out of the president’s control. In June 2022, the Reserve announced it would raise interest rates **** percent for the second time that year – hoisting the rate to a target range of **** to *** percent – in an attempt to slow consumer demand and balance demand with supply. However, it can often take time before the impacts of interventions by the Federal Reserve are seen in the public’s day-to-day lives. Most economists expect this wave of inflation to pass in a year to 18 months.

Abstract

The Global Data Regulation Diagnostic provides a comprehensive assessment of the quality of the data governance environment. Diagnostic results show that countries have put in greater effort in adopting enabler regulatory practices than in safeguard regulatory practices. However, for public intent data, enablers for private intent data, safeguards for personal and nonpersonal data, cybersecurity and cybercrime, as well as cross-border data flows. Across all these dimensions, no income group demonstrates advanced regulatory frameworks across all dimensions, indicating significant room for the regulatory development of both enablers and safeguards remains at an intermediate stage: 47 percent of enabler good practices and 41 percent of good safeguard practices are adopted across countries. Under the enabler and safeguard pillars, the diagnostic covers dimensions of e-commerce/e-transactions, enablers further improvement on data governance environment.

The Global Data Regulation Diagnostic is the first comprehensive assessment of laws and regulations on data governance. It covers enabler and safeguard regulatory practices in 80 countries providing indicators to assess and compare their performance. This Global Data Regulation Diagnostic develops objective and standardized indicators to measure the regulatory environment for the data economy across countries. The indicators aim to serve as a diagnostic tool so countries can assess and compare their performance vis-á-vis other countries. Understanding the gap with global regulatory good practices is a necessary first step for governments when identifying and prioritizing reforms.

Geographic coverage

80 countries

Analysis unit

Country

Kind of data

Observation data/ratings [obs]

Sampling procedure

The diagnostic is based on a detailed assessment of domestic laws, regulations, and administrative requirements in 80 countries selected to ensure a balanced coverage across income groups, regions, and different levels of digital technology development. Data are further verified through a detailed desk research of legal texts, reflecting the regulatory status of each country as of June 1, 2020.

Mode of data collection

Mail Questionnaire [mail]

Research instrument

The questionnaire comprises 37 questions designed to determine if a country has adopted good regulatory practice on data governance. The responses are then scored and assigned a normative interpretation. Related questions fall into seven clusters so that when the scores are averaged, each cluster provides an overall sense of how it performs in its corresponding regulatory and legal dimensions. These seven dimensions are: (1) E-commerce/e-transaction; (2) Enablers for public intent data; (3) Enablers for private intent data; (4) Safeguards for personal data; (5) Safeguards for nonpersonal data; (6) Cybersecurity and cybercrime; (7) Cross-border data transfers.

Response rate

100%

Abstract

The survey was conducted in Guinea in December 2006. Data from 223 establishments were analyzed.

The Enterprise Surveys are applied to a representative sample of firms in the non-agricultural economy. The sample is consistently defined in all countries and includes the entire manufacturing sector, the services sector, and the transportation and construction sectors. Public utilities, government services, health care, and financial services sectors are not included in the sample. Enterprise Surveys collect a wide array of qualitative and quantitative information through face-to-face interviews with firm managers and owners regarding the business environment in their countries and the productivity of their firms. The topics covered in Enterprise Surveys include the obstacles to doing business, infrastructure, finance, labor, corruption and regulation, law and order, innovation and technology, trade, and firm productivity.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

The primary sampling unit of the study is the establishment. An establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.

Universe

The whole population, or the universe, covered in the Enterprise Surveys is the non-agricultural economy. It comprises: all manufacturing sectors according to the ISIC Revision 3.1 group classification (group D), construction sector (group F), services sector (groups G and H), and transport, storage, and communications sector (group I). Note that this population definition excludes the following sectors: financial intermediation (group J), real estate and renting activities (group K, except sub-sector 72, IT, which was added to the population under study), and all public or utilities sectors.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample for countries participating in the Enterprise Surveys is stratified by industry, firm size, and geographic region.

For stratification by industry, the main manufacturing sectors in each country in terms of value added, number of firms, and contribution to employment are selected. The retail trade sector is also included in all countries as a representative of the services sector, and depending on the size of the economy, the information technology (IT) sector is included. The rest of the universe is included in a residual stratum. In Guinea, Manufacturing sector included 135 firms, Retail sector - 60 companies and Other sectors (Residual) - 28 businesses.

Size stratification is defined the following way: small establishments (5 to 19 employees), medium establishments (20 to 99 employees), and large establishments (more than 99 employees).

Regional stratification includes the main economic regions in each country. In Guinea, Conakry and Kindia were surveyed.

Through this methodology, estimates for the different stratification levels can be calculated on a separate basis while at the same time inferences can be made for the economy as a whole, weighting individual observations by corresponding sample weights. Sample sizes for each stratification level are defined ensuring a minimum precision level of 7.5% with 95% confidence intervals for estimates with population proportions.

For more technical details on the sampling strategy, please review "Sampling Methodology" in "Technical Documents" folder.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The current survey instruments are available: - Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module; - Core Questionnaire + Retail Module; - Core Questionnaire.

Most of the questions in all three questionnaires are the same.

The "Core Questionnaire" is the heart of the Enterprise Survey and contains the survey questions asked of all firms across the world. There are also two other survey instruments - the "Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module" and the "Core Questionnaire + Retail Module." The survey is fielded via three instruments in order to not ask questions that are irrelevant to specific types of firms, e.g. a question that relates to production and nonproduction workers should not be asked of a retail firm. In addition to questions that are asked across countries, all surveys are customized and contain country-specific questions. An example of customization would be including tourism-related questions that are asked in certain countries when tourism is an existing or potential sector of economic growth.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, informality, business-government relations, conflict resolution and legal environment, innovation and technology, and performance measures. The questionnaires also assess respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.

Replication Data for: "In Search of Politically Feasible Policy-Packages for Sustainable Passenger Transport: Insights from Choice Experiments in China, Germany, and the USA" by Michael Wicki, Lukas Fesenfeld, and Thomas Bernauer Abstract: The main obstacle to making the transportation sector ecologically more sustainable is political feasibility. Effective policy-interventions usually encounter strong public opposition as they interfere in costly ways with people’s daily lives, unveiling a dilemma between political feasibility and environmental policy effectiveness. Evidencing the existence of this dilemma, the literature on attitudes towards different policy instrument types maintains that so-called push measures are less supported by citizens than pull measures, and that market-based instruments tend to be less supported than non-market instruments. While these findings may uphold when considering single policy instruments, whether they continue to do so when considering policy-packages, that is, simultaneously implemented policy-interventions consisting of several policy instruments, remains unclear. To identify politically feasible and effective policy-packages aimed at greening the transportation sector we use choice experiments with representative samples of citizens from China, Germany, and the USA (N=4’876). Contrary to existing literature, we find that public support does not necessarily depend on the instrument type but rather on specific policy design and is highly context dependent. Moreover, despite significant differences between the three country contexts considered, various combinations of policy measures appear to be both potentially effective and supported by most citizens. Altogether, these results suggest that carefully bundled policy-packages may allow governments to employ instruments that would not be politically feasible if introduced in isolation.

This dataverse contains the data and supporting documents for the CCES 2014 University of Texas at Austin. This project was supported by the National Science Foundation, Grant Number SES-1430505.

This survey was conducted among residents of California on many topics including knowledge of political figures, candidate choice for 1980 Presidential election, rating of President Carter, Governor Brown, economy, inflation, government cuts in spending, Propositions 9, 10, and 11, draft registration, use of credit cards, affirmative action, strong defense, government regulation, help for minorities, large or small government, and economic growth vs. environment.

A data set of the health and socioeconomic factors that affect the elderly in Matlab, a region of rural Bangladesh. The survey captures measurements and statistics such as adult survival, health status, health care utilization, resource flows between generations and the impact of community services and infrastructure on adult health care. Data was collected through surveys that touch on four topics: household and individual information; determinants of natural fertility; migration out of the community; and community and provider survey of healthcare and education infrastructure.

Norway Bank Lending Survey: HO: Next 3 Months: LM: Regulatory Changes data was reported at 0.000 % in Mar 2018. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 % for Dec 2017. Norway Bank Lending Survey: HO: Next 3 Months: LM: Regulatory Changes data is updated quarterly, averaging 0.000 % from Sep 2016 (Median) to Mar 2018, with 7 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.730 % in Dec 2016 and a record low of 0.000 % in Mar 2018. Norway Bank Lending Survey: HO: Next 3 Months: LM: Regulatory Changes data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Norges Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Norway – Table NO.KB003: Bank Lending Survey.

Abstract

The survey was conducted in Kingdom of Eswatini between June and July 2006. Data from 307 establishments were analyzed.

The Enterprise Surveys are applied to a representative sample of firms in the non-agricultural economy. The sample is consistently defined in all countries and includes the entire manufacturing sector, the services sector, and the transportation and construction sectors. Public utilities, government services, health care, and financial services sectors are not included in the sample. Enterprise Surveys collect a wide array of qualitative and quantitative information through face-to-face interviews with firm managers and owners regarding the business environment in their countries and the productivity of their firms. The topics covered in Enterprise Surveys include the obstacles to doing business, infrastructure, finance, labor, corruption and regulation, law and order, innovation and technology, trade, and firm productivity.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

The primary sampling unit of the study is the establishment. An establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.

Universe

The whole population, or the universe, covered in the Enterprise Surveys is the non-agricultural economy. It comprises: all manufacturing sectors according to the ISIC Revision 3.1 group classification (group D), construction sector (group F), services sector (groups G and H), and transport, storage, and communications sector (group I). Note that this population definition excludes the following sectors: financial intermediation (group J), real estate and renting activities (group K, except sub-sector 72, IT, which was added to the population under study), and all public or utilities sectors.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample for countries participating in the Enterprise Surveys is stratified by industry, firm size, and geographic region.

For stratification by industry, the main manufacturing sectors in each country in terms of value added, number of firms, and contribution to employment are selected. The retail trade sector is also included in all countries as a representative of the services sector, and depending on the size of the economy, the information technology (IT) sector is included. The rest of the universe is included in a residual stratum. In Swaziland, Manufacturing sector included 70 firms, Retail sector - 123 companies and Other sectors (Residual) - 114 businesses.

Size stratification is defined the following way: small establishments (5 to 19 employees), medium establishments (20 to 99 employees), and large establishments (more than 99 employees).

Regional stratification includes the main economic regions in each country. In Swaziland, Manzini, Matsapha and Mbabane were surveyed.

Through this methodology, estimates for the different stratification levels can be calculated on a separate basis while at the same time inferences can be made for the economy as a whole, weighting individual observations by corresponding sample weights. Sample sizes for each stratification level are defined ensuring a minimum precision level of 7.5% with 95% confidence intervals for estimates with population proportions.

For more technical details on the sampling strategy, please review "Sampling Methodology" in "Technical Documents" folder.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The current survey instruments are available: - Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module; - Core Questionnaire + Retail Module; - Core Questionnaire.

Most of the questions in all three questionnaires are the same.

The "Core Questionnaire" is the heart of the Enterprise Survey and contains the survey questions asked of all firms across the world. There are also two other survey instruments - the "Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module" and the "Core Questionnaire + Retail Module." The survey is fielded via three instruments in order to not ask questions that are irrelevant to specific types of firms, e.g. a question that relates to production and nonproduction workers should not be asked of a retail firm. In addition to questions that are asked across countries, all surveys are customized and contain country-specific questions. An example of customization would be including tourism-related questions that are asked in certain countries when tourism is an existing or potential sector of economic growth.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, informality, business-government relations, conflict resolution and legal environment, innovation and technology, and performance measures. The questionnaires also assess respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.

Cleaning operations

Data entry and quality controls are implemented by the contractor and data is delivered to the World Bank in batches (typically 10%, 50% and 100%). These data deliveries are checked for logical consistency, out of range values, skip patterns, and duplicate entries. Problems are flagged by the World Bank and corrected by the implementing contractor through data checks, callbacks, and revisiting establishments.

In this dataset we present core data of an integrative evaluation framework for assessing the environmental, social, and economic sustainability of urban agriculture. The multi-criteria analysis is conducted by an Analytic Hierarchy Process and a participatory approach. The data integrate the selection and weighting of sub-criteria based on two online surveys:

1) Survey 1: The selection of suitable sub-criteria for assessing the sustainability of urban agriculture was done by European scientific experts.

2) Survey 2: The weighting of the selected sub-criteria was done on the example of vertical farming and community supported agriculture. Therefore, we involved stakeholders representing key actors for the implementation of urban agriculture: city administrations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) of ten German case study cities, practitioners and technical-scientific experts.

List of data and content

1) Survey_1 (*.zip):

• Survey_1_Criteria_Selection_English: Online survey in English (*.pdf)
• Survey_1_Information_Sub-criteria_English: Information about the sub-criteria provided in the survey (in English) (*.pdf)
• Survey_1_Groups: Results of the statistical analyses (U-tests and Kruscal-Wallis) to detect group-specific differences (e.g. gender, different length or degree of experience with urban agriculture, scientific focus, target group, expertise); the tests were conducted with IBM SPSS Statistics 25 (*.xlsx)

2) Survey_2 (*.zip):

• Survey_2_AHP_City_Administrations_German: Online survey for city administrations in German (*.pdf)
• Survey_2_AHP_Practitioners_German: Online survey for practitioners and technical-scientific experts in German (*.pdf)
• Survey_2_AHP_NGOs_German: Online survey for NGOs in German (*.pdf)
• Survey_2_Information_Sub-Criteria_German: Information about the sub-criteria provided in the survey (in German) (*.pdf)
• Survey_2_Groups: Results of the statistical analyses (U-tests and Kruscal-Wallis) to detect group-specific differences (e.g. gender, different length or degree of experience with urban agriculture, scientific focus, target group, expertise); the tests were conducted with IBM SPSS Statistics 25 (*.xlsx)
• rdata_CA_AHP_edible_Cities_2022-03-18_10-28: Results of the survey for city administrations (*.csv)
• rdata_NGO_AHP_edible_Cities_2022-03-18_10-40: Results of the survey for NGOs (*.csv)
• rdata_PE_AHP_edible_Cities_2022-03-18_10-41: Results of the survey for practitioners and technical-scientific experts (*.csv)
• rdata_all_AHP_edible_Cities_2022-03-18_09-53: Total results of the survey

Data acquisition and processing

The methods are described in this linked publication:

John, H., & Artmann, M. (2024). Introducing an integrative evaluation framework for assessing the sustainability of different types of urban agriculture. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 16 (1), 35-52. doi: 10.1080/19463138.2024.2317795

The methodology of the performed analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is published in a separate repository on GitHub including a paper that systematically explains the AHP by means of code examples, starting with the raw data, through their adaptation to the software functions of the ahpsurvey R-package, and finally, execution of the AHP up to the visualization of the results.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Mabel Killinger and Marie Herzig for their help in stakeholder identification as well as all experts and stakeholders for their participation in the two online surveys and their helpful comments. Data processing and analysis by means of an Analytic Hierarchy Process in R would not have been possible without the help of Björn Kasper.

In 2023, potential investors and economic decision makers viewed supporting high-tech industries and innovation as the most important policy that European countries could pursue in order to maintain Europe's competitive position in the global economy and to attract investors. Other important issues according to those surveyed included supporting SMEs, regulation, and taxation.