The United States Public Land Survey (PLS) divided land into one square mile units, termed sections. Surveyors used trees to locate section corners and other locations of interest (witness trees). As a result, a systematic ecological dataset was produced with regular sampling over a large region of the United States, beginning in Ohio in 1786 and continuing westward.
We digitized and georeferenced archival hand drawn maps of these witness trees for 27 counties in Ohio. This dataset consists of a GIS point shapefile with 11,925 points located at section corners, recording 26,028 trees (up to four trees could be recorded at each corner). We retain species names given on each archival map key, resulting in 70 unique species common names. PLS records were obtained from hand-drawn archival maps of original witness trees produced by researchers at The Ohio State University in the 1960’s. Scans of these maps are archived as “The Edgar Nelson Transeau Ohio Vegetation Survey” at The Ohio State University: http://hdl.handle.net/1811/64106.
The 27 counties are: Adams, Allen, Auglaize, Belmont, Brown, Darke, Defiance, Gallia, Guernsey, Hancock, Lawrence, Lucas, Mercer, Miami, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Noble, Ottawa, Paulding, Pike, Putnam, Scioto, Seneca, Shelby, Williams, Wyandot. Coordinate Reference System: North American Datum 1983 (NAD83). This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grants #DEB-1241874, 1241868, 1241870, 1241851, 1241891, 1241846, 1241856, 1241930.

The table Firm survey wave 1 and 2 (GIS) is part of the dataset SEDRI Ethiopia firm survey (GIS), available at https://stanford.redivis.com/datasets/rxq3-9x047we25. It contains 1585 rows across 3377 variables.

Public Land Survey SystemThis feature layer, utilizing National Geospatial Data Asset (NGDA) data from the Bureau of Land Management data, displays the Public Land Survey System (PLSS) in the United States. Per BLM, "The BLM is required to perform cadastral surveys on all federal interest and Indian lands. As part of survey work, the BLM maintains an essential land grid, known as the rectangular survey system or Public Land Survey System (PLSS), which is the basis for identifying legal descriptions of land parcels."PLSS Township 7N 22EData downloaded: October 17, 2023Data source: BLM National Public Land Survey System PolygonsNGDAID: 10 (BLM National PLSS Public Land Survey System Polygons)OGC API Features Link: (Public_Land_Survey_System - OGC Features) copy this link to embed it in OGC Compliant viewersFor more information: About the Public Land Survey SystemSupport documentation: BLM National PLSS Public Land Survey System PolygonsFor feedback please contact: ArcGIScomNationalMaps@esri.comNGDA Data SetThis data set is part of the NGDA Cadastre Theme Community. Per the Federal Geospatial Data Committee (FGDC), Cadastre is defined as the "past, current, and future rights and interests in real property including the spatial information necessary to describe geographic extents. Rights and interests are benefits or enjoyment in real property that can be conveyed, transferred, or otherwise allocated to another for economic remuneration. Rights and interests are recorded in land record documents. The spatial information necessary to describe geographic extents includes surveys and legal description frameworks such as the Public Land Survey System, as well as parcel-by-parcel surveys and descriptions. Does not include federal government or military facilities."For other NGDA Content: Esri Federal Datasets

DOUGLAS COUNTY SURVEY/GISGIS PARCEL MAPPING GUIDELINES FOR PARCEL DISCREPANCIESIt is the intent of the Douglas County GIS Parcel Mapping to accurately identify the areas of land parcels to be valued and taxed 1. Discrepancies in areas• The Auditor/Assessor (tax) acreage areas started with the original US General Land Office (GLO) township plat maps created from the Public Land Survey (PLS) that was done between 1858 and 1871. The recovery of the PLS corners and the accurate location of these corners with GPS obtained coordinates has allowed for accurate section subdivisions, which results in accurate areas for parcels based on legal descriptions, which may be significantly different than the original areas. (See Example 2)• Any parcel bordering a meandered lake and/or a water boundary will likely have a disparity of area between the Auditor/Assessor acreages and the GIS acreages because of the inaccuracy of the original GLO meander lines from which the original areas were determined. Water lines are not able to be drafted to the same accuracy as the normal parcel lines. The water lines are usually just sketched on a survey and their dimensions are not generally given on a land record. The water boundaries of our GIS parcels are located from aerial photography. This is a subjective determination based on the interpretation by the Survey/GIS technician of what is water. Some lakes fluctuate significantly and the areas of all parcels bordering water are subject to constant change. In these cases the ordinary high water line (OHW) is attempted to be identified. Use of 2-foot contours will be made, if available. (See Example 1)• Some land records do not accurately report the area described in the land description and the description area is ignored. (See Example 3)• The parcel mapping has made every attempt to map the parcels based on available survey information as surveyed and located on the ground. This may conflict with some record legal descriptions.Solutions• If an actual survey by a licensed Land Surveyor is available, it will be utilized for the tax acreage.• If the Auditor/Assessor finds a discrepancy between the tax and GIS areas, they will request a review by the County Survey/GIS department.• As a starting guideline, the County Survey/GIS department will identify all parcels that differ in tax area versus GIS parcel area of 10 % or more and a difference of at least 5 acres. (This could be expanded later after the initial review.)• Each of these identified parcels will be reviewed individually by the County Survey/GIS department to determine the reason for the discrepancy and a recommendation will be made by the County Survey/GIS department to the Auditor/Assessor if the change should be made or not.• If a change is to be made to the tax area, a letter will be sent to the taxpayer informing them that their area will be changed during the next tax cycle, which could affect their property valuation. This letter will originate from the Auditor/Assessor with explanation from the County Survey/GIS department. 2. Gaps and Overlaps• Land descriptions for adjoining parcels sometimes overlap or leave a gap between them.o In these instances the Survey/GIS technician has to make a decision where to place this boundary. A number of circumstances are reviewed to facilitate this decision as these dilemmas are usually decided on a case by case basis. All effort will be made to not leave a gap, but sometimes this is not possible and the gap will be shown with “unknown” ownership. (Note: The County does not have the authority to change boundaries!)o Some of the circumstances reviewed are: Which parcel had the initial legal description? Does the physical occupation of the parcel line as shown on the air photo more closely fit one of the described parcels? Interpretation of the intent of the legal description. Is the legal description surveyable?Note: These overlaps will be shown on the GIS map with a dashed “survey line” and accompanying text for the line not used for the parcel boundary. 3. Parcel lines that do not match location of buildings Structures on parcels do not always lie within the boundaries of the parcel. This may be a circumstance of building without the benefit of a survey or of misinterpreting these boundaries. The parcel lines should be shown accurately as surveyed and/or described regardless of the location of structures on the ground. NOTE: The GIS mapping is not a survey, but is an interpretation of parcel boundaries predicated upon resources available to the County Survey/GIS department.Gary Stevenson Page 1 7/21/2017Example 1Example 2A Example 2B Example 3

Usage

The prefixes f1_ and f2_ indicate that variables correspond to either wave 1 or wave 2, respectively.

The 3D Land Surveying System market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach a market size of $1752.7 million in 2025. While the provided CAGR is missing, considering the technological advancements driving automation in surveying and the increasing demand for precise data in infrastructure development and construction, a conservative estimate of a 7% CAGR from 2025 to 2033 is reasonable. This would indicate a significant expansion of the market, driven by factors such as the increasing adoption of advanced technologies like LiDAR and photogrammetry, rising infrastructure investments globally, and the need for efficient and accurate land data for urban planning and environmental monitoring. The market segmentation, encompassing fixed and mobile surveying systems and applications across surveying & mapping, construction, and other sectors, reveals diverse growth opportunities. The preference for mobile systems is likely to increase due to their portability and ease of use, while the construction sector is expected to be a major driver of market growth due to the rising number of construction projects globally. The regional distribution shows substantial potential across North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific, reflecting the concentration of developed economies and significant infrastructure investments. However, developing regions in the Middle East & Africa and South America are also showing promising growth potential as infrastructure development and urbanization accelerate. Competitive dynamics involve a mix of established surveying firms and emerging technology providers, emphasizing both service-based and technology-driven solutions. The continued integration of AI and machine learning into surveying systems is likely to further enhance the efficiency and accuracy of land surveying, fueling market expansion in the coming years. This combination of technological innovation and growing infrastructural needs ensures a sustained upward trajectory for the 3D Land Surveying System market.

This dataset represents the GIS Version of the Public Land Survey System including both rectangular and non-rectangular surveys. The primary source for the data is cadastral survey records housed by the BLM supplemented with local records and geographic control coordinates from states, counties as well as other federal agencies such as the USGS and USFS. The data has been converted from source documents to digital form and transferred into a GIS format that is compliant with FGDC Cadastral Data Content Standards and Guidelines for publication. This data is optimized for data publication and sharing rather than for specific 'production' or operation and maintenance. This data set includes the following: PLSS Fully Intersected (all of the PLSS feature at the atomic or smallest polygon level), PLSS Townships, First Divisions and Second Divisions (the hierarchical break down of the PLSS Rectangular surveys), and the Bureau of Census 2015 Cartographic State Boundaries. The Entity-Attribute section of this metadata describes these components in greater detail. Please note that the data on this site, although published at regular intervals, may not be the most current PLSS data that is available from the BLM. Updates to the PLSS data at the BLM State Offices may have occurred since this data was published. To ensure users have the most current data, please contact the BLM PLSS Data Set Manager.

Note: This is a large dataset. To download, go to ArcGIS Open Data Set and click the download button, and under additional resources select the shapefile or geodatabase option. A land survey point from a GCDB LX file, survey plat, or captured from a CFF land net coverage. Includes points generated by calculating an aliquot breakdown of a section.

An area defined by the Public Lands Survey System grid that is referenced by its tier and range numbers, and is normally a rectangle approximately 6 miles on a side with boundaries conforming to meridians and parallels. Metadata

In support of new permitting workflows associated with anticipated WellSTAR needs, the CalGEM GIS unit extended the existing BLM PLSS Township & Range grid to cover offshore areas with the 3-mile limit of California jurisdiction. The PLSS grid as currently used by CalGEM is a composite of a BLM download (the majority of the data), additions by the DPR, and polygons created by CalGEM to fill in missing areas (the Ranchos, and Offshore areas within the 3-mile limit of California jurisdiction).CalGEM is the Geologic Energy Management Division of the California Department of Conservation, formerly the Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources (as of January 1, 2020).Update Frequency: As Needed

BLM NV PLSSSpecialSurvey: This dataset represents the GIS Version of the Public Land Survey System including both rectangular and non-rectangular surveys. The primary source for the data is cadastral survey records housed by the BLM supplemented with local records and geographic control coordinates from states, counties as well as other federal agencies such as the USGS and USFS. The data has been converted from source documents to digital form and transferred into a GIS format that is compliant with FGDC Cadastral Data Content Standards and Guidelines for publication. This data is optimized for data publication and sharing rather than for specific "production" or operation and maintenance. This data set includes the following: PLSS Fully Intersected (all of the PLSS feature at the atomic or smallest polygon level), PLSS Townships, First Divisions and Second Divisions (the hierarchical break down of the PLSS Rectangular surveys) PLSS Special surveys (non rectangular components of the PLSS) Meandered Water, Corners and Conflicted Areas (known areas of gaps or overlaps between Townships or state boundaries). The Entity-Attribute section of this metadata describes these components in greater detail.

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The global survey and mapping market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing urbanization, infrastructure development, and the rising adoption of advanced technologies like GIS, LiDAR, and drones. The market's expansion is further fueled by the burgeoning need for precise geospatial data across diverse sectors, including construction, agriculture, environmental monitoring, and disaster management. While precise market sizing requires specific figures, a reasonable estimate based on industry trends and the provided information suggests a market value in the billions of dollars, demonstrating significant potential for investment and expansion. The Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) for the period covering 2025-2033, while not specified, is likely within the range of 6-8% considering global infrastructure projects and technological advancements. This growth is projected to continue through 2033, indicating a promising long-term outlook for market participants. Significant restraints on market growth could include regulatory hurdles related to data privacy and security, along with the high initial investment cost associated with advanced technologies. However, these challenges are likely to be offset by the increasing demand for detailed and accurate geospatial information. The market segmentation reveals a diverse landscape of players, ranging from established multinational corporations like Fugro N.V. and AECOM to specialized regional firms. Competition is likely intense, with companies differentiating themselves through technological expertise, specialized services, and geographic reach. The strategic use of mergers and acquisitions, technological innovations, and partnerships will be crucial for companies aiming to maintain a competitive edge in this dynamic market. The prominent players listed showcase a global reach indicating a strong international demand across various economic regions.

Layers in this dataset represent Public Land Survey System subdivisions for Canadian County. Included are Townships, Sections, Quarter Sections and Government Lots. This data was created from 2019 to 2021 as part of a project to update county parcel data in partnership with ProWest & Associates (https://www.prowestgis.com/) and CEC Corporation (https://www.connectcec.com/). Corners were located to the quarter section level and additional corners were determined for the South Canadian River meanders based on the original government surveys. Quarter section corners were located using Certified Corner Records ( filed by Oklahoma licensed professional surveyors with the Oklahoma Department of Libraries where those records included coordinates. When a corner record could not be found or did not include coordinates, other interpolation methods were employed. These included connecting known corner record locations to unknown corners using data from filed subdivisions or from highway plans on record with the Oklahoma Department of Transportation. Where no corner records with coordinates were available and no interpolation methods could be used, aerial inspection was used to locate corners as the last option.Corner location accuracy varies as the method of locating the corner varies. For corners located using Certified Corner Records, accuracy is high depending on the age of the corner record and can possibly be less than 1 U.S. Foot. For corners located using interpolation methods, accuracy depends on the additional material used to interpolate the corner. In general, newer subdivisions and highway plans yield higher accuracy. For meander corners located using original government surveys, accuracy will be low due to the age of those surveys which date to the 1870's at the earliest. Additionally, corners that were located with aerials as the last available option cannot be assumed to be accurate.The data was built at the quarter section level first by connecting located corners and larger subdivisions were created from the quarter sections. For townships that extend into Grady County, township lines were only roughly located outside sections not in Canadian County.

This Quarter Section feature class depicts PLSS Second Divisions . PLSS townships are subdivided in a spatial hierarchy of first, second, and third division. These divisions are typically aliquot parts ranging in size from 640 acres to 160 to 40 acres, and subsequently all the way down to 2.5 acres. The data in this feature class was translated from the PLSSSecondDiv feature class in the original production data model, which defined the second division for a specific parcel of land. Metadata

Alaska Survey Boundary contains miscellaneous state, federal, and private surveys.

This shape file characterizes the geographic representation of land parcels within the State of Alaska contained by the Base - Survey Boundary category. It has been extracted from data sets used to produce the State status plats. This data set includes cases noted on the digital status plats up to one day prior to data extraction.

Each state survey feature has an associated attribute record, including a Land Administration System (LAS) file-type and file-number which serves as an index to related LAS case-file information. Additional LAS case-file and customer information may be obtained at: http://dnr.alaska.gov/projects/las/ Those requiring more information regarding State land records should contact the Alaska Department of Natural Resources Public Information Center directly.

The global land and sea surveying and mapping market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing infrastructure development, rising urbanization, and the growing need for precise geospatial data across various sectors. While the exact market size for 2025 is not provided, considering the presence of numerous established players like KSN, Partner Engineering and Science, and Tetra Tech, and a reasonably high number of regional players, a conservative estimate places the 2025 market size at approximately $15 billion. Assuming a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7% (a figure reflective of the growth in related geospatial technology markets), the market is projected to reach approximately $23 billion by 2033. This growth trajectory is fueled by technological advancements such as the integration of drones, LiDAR, and GPS, improving data acquisition speed and accuracy. Furthermore, the increasing adoption of BIM (Building Information Modeling) and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) technologies are significantly boosting demand for high-quality surveying and mapping services. However, market growth faces some restraints. High initial investment costs associated with sophisticated equipment and specialized software can limit entry for smaller firms. Additionally, the need for highly skilled professionals and stringent regulatory compliance can pose challenges. The market is segmented by service type (topographic, hydrographic, cadastral, etc.), technology used (GPS, LiDAR, photogrammetry), and end-user industry (construction, energy, environmental management). The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of large multinational corporations and smaller, specialized firms, leading to a dynamic market with ongoing innovation and consolidation. Regional variations in market growth will be influenced by factors such as infrastructure spending, government regulations, and economic conditions in specific regions.

Survey sections and private claims for Michigan's Upper and Lower PeninsulasMore Metadata

The global land survey equipment system market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing need for precise land measurement and mapping across diverse sectors. The construction boom in developing economies, coupled with expanding infrastructure projects globally, fuels demand for sophisticated surveying equipment. Furthermore, advancements in technology, such as the integration of GPS, LiDAR, and GIS systems, are enhancing accuracy, efficiency, and data analysis capabilities, leading to higher adoption rates. The market is segmented by application (agriculture, transportation, energy & power, mining, and others) and type (hardware, software, services), with hardware currently dominating the market share due to high demand for precision instruments like total stations, GPS receivers, and laser scanners. The software segment, however, is poised for significant growth, driven by increasing demand for data processing and analysis solutions. Geographic growth is uneven, with North America and Europe currently holding significant market shares due to advanced infrastructure and high technological adoption. However, the Asia-Pacific region, specifically China and India, is anticipated to witness substantial growth in the coming years, fueled by rapid urbanization and infrastructure development. The competitive landscape is marked by established players like Trimble, Hexagon, and Leica, alongside emerging companies offering innovative solutions and competitive pricing. While high initial investment costs for advanced equipment may present a restraint, the long-term benefits in terms of accuracy, efficiency, and reduced project timelines are expected to drive market expansion. The market is anticipated to maintain a healthy Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) through 2033, suggesting a continuously expanding opportunity. The sustained growth is also attributable to government initiatives promoting infrastructure development and digitalization in various regions. Stringent regulations related to land ownership and resource management are also contributing factors. The ongoing integration of advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, into land survey equipment is likely to further enhance productivity and accuracy. This continuous technological innovation is anticipated to drive the demand for advanced software and services, fostering growth within these market segments. Furthermore, the rising adoption of cloud-based solutions for data storage and analysis will streamline workflows and improve collaboration, thereby propelling the market's overall expansion. However, challenges such as the need for skilled professionals to operate and maintain these sophisticated systems and potential economic downturns impacting infrastructure investment remain factors to consider in long-term market forecasting.

The global surveying and mapping services market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing infrastructure development, urbanization, and the rising adoption of advanced technologies like GIS, LiDAR, and drones. This market is projected to reach a substantial size, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) indicating a significant expansion throughout the forecast period (2025-2033). While precise figures for market size and CAGR are not provided, based on industry analysis of similar sectors exhibiting comparable growth trajectories, a reasonable estimation suggests a market size exceeding $100 billion by 2033, with a CAGR of around 7-8%. This growth is fueled by several key drivers, including the burgeoning need for precise geospatial data in various sectors like construction, agriculture, mining, and environmental management. Government initiatives promoting infrastructure development and smart city projects further contribute to this market expansion. The market is segmented by service type (e.g., land surveying, hydrographic surveying, aerial mapping), technology used, and end-user industries. Leading players like PASCO Corporation, Fugro, AECOM, and Stantec are leveraging technological advancements and strategic partnerships to maintain their market share and expand their service offerings. However, challenges such as fluctuating raw material prices, stringent regulatory frameworks, and skilled labor shortages could potentially restrain market growth in certain regions. The increasing availability of low-cost satellite imagery and the emergence of innovative mapping solutions present both opportunities and competitive pressures within the industry. The adoption of cloud-based solutions for data storage and processing is expected to gain significant traction, further shaping the market landscape in the years to come. Regional variations in market growth are anticipated, with developed economies experiencing more moderate growth compared to developing nations with rapid infrastructure development.