In June 2022, it was estimated that around 7.3 percent of Australians were aged between 25 and 29, and the same applied to people aged between 30 and 34. All in all, about 55 percent of Australia’s population was aged 35 years or older as of June 2022. At the same time, the age distribution of the country also shows that the share of children under 14 years old was still higher than that of people over 65 years old. A breakdown of Australia’s population growth Australia is the sixth-largest country in the world, yet with a population of around 26 million inhabitants, it is only sparsely populated. Since the 1970s, the population growth of Australia has remained fairly constant. While there was a slight rise in the Australian death rate in 2022, the birth rate of the country decreased after a slight rise in the previous year. The fact that the birth rate is almost double the size of its death rate gives the country one of the highest natural population growth rates of any high-income country.
National distribution of the population Australia’s population is expected to surpass 28 million people by 2028. The majority of its inhabitants live in the major cities. The most populated states are New South Wales, Victoria, and Queensland. Together, they account for over 75 percent of the population in Australia.

Humans have been living on the continent of Australia (name derived from "Terra Australis"; Latin for "the southern land") for approximately 65,000 years, however population growth was relatively slow until the nineteenth century. Europeans had made some contact with Australia as early as 1606, however there was no significant attempt at settlement until the late eighteenth century. By 1800, the population of Australia was approximately 350,000 people, and the majority of these were Indigenous Australians. As colonization progressed the number of ethnic Europeans increased while the Australian Aboriginal population was decimated through conflict, smallpox and other diseases, with some communities being exterminated completely, such as Aboriginal Tasmanians. Mass migration from Britain and China After the loss of its American colonies in the 1780s, the British Empire looked to other parts of the globe to expand its sphere of influence. In Australia, the first colonies were established in Sydney, Tasmania and Western Australia. Many of these were penal colonies which became home to approximately 164,000 British and Irish convicts who were transported to Australia between 1788 and 1868. As the decades progressed, expansion into the interior intensified, and the entire country was claimed by Britain in 1826. Inland colonization led to further conflict between European settlers and indigenous Australians, which cost the lives of thousands of natives. Inward expansion also saw the discovery of many natural resources, and most notably led to the gold rushes of the 1850s, which attracted substantial numbers of Chinese migrants to Australia. This mass migration from non-European countries eventually led to some restrictive policies being introduced, culminating with the White Australia Policy of 1901, which cemented ethnic-European dominance in Australian politics and society. These policies were not retracted until the second half of the 1900s. Independent Australia Australia changed its status to a British dominion in 1901, and eventually became independent in 1931. Despite this, Australia has remained a part of the British Commonwealth, and Australian forces (ANZAC) fought with the British and their Allies in both World Wars, and were instrumental in campaigns such as Gallipoli in WWI, and the South West Pacific Theater in WWII. The aftermath of both wars had a significant impact on the Australian population, with approximately 90 thousand deaths in both world wars combined, as well as 15 thousand deaths as a result of the Spanish flu pandemic following WWI, although Australia experienced a significant baby boom following the Second World War. In the past fifty years, Australia has promoted immigration from all over the world, and now has one of the strongest economies and highest living standards in the world, with a population that has grown to over 25 million people in 2020.

This map shows population and land use in Sydney and the County of Cumberland. It was prepared by the Department of Main Roads.

The scale is 1 mile = 1 inch. The map is in two parts.


(SR Map Nos.52693-94). 2 sheets.

Note:
This description is extracted from Concise Guide to the State Archives of New South Wales, 3rd Edition 2000.

Household Travel Survey (HTS) is the most comprehensive source of personal travel data for the Sydney Greater Metropolitan Area (GMA). This data explores average weekday travel patterns for residents in Sydney GMA. The Household Travel Survey (HTS) collects information on personal travel behaviour. The study area for the survey is the Sydney Greater Metropolitan Area (GMA) which includes Sydney Greater Capital City Statistical Area (GCCSA), parts of Illawarra and Hunter regions. All residents of occupied private dwellings within the Sydney GMA are considered within scope of the survey and are randomly selected to participate. The HTS has been running continuously since 1997/981 and collects data for all days through the year – including during school and public holidays. Typically, approximately 2,000-3,000 households participate in the survey annually. Data is collected on all trips made over a 24-hour period by all members of the participating households. Annual estimates from the HTS are usually produced on a rolling basis using multiple years of pooled data for each reporting year2. All estimates are weighted to the Australian Bureau of Statistics’ Estimated Resident Population, corresponding to the year of collection3. Unless otherwise stated, all reported estimates are for an average weekday. Due to disruptions in data collection resulting from the lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic, post-COVID releases of HTS data are based on a lower sample size than previous HTS releases. To ensure integrity of the results and mitigate risk of sampling errors some post-COVID results have been reported differently to previous years. Please see below for more information on changes to HTS post-COVID (2020/21 onwards). Data collection for the HTS was suspended during lock-down periods announced by the NSW Government due to COVID-19. Exceptions apply to the estimates for 2020/21 which are based on a single year of sample as it was decided not to pool the sample with data collected pre-COVID-19. HTS population estimates are also slightly lower than those reported in the ABS census as the survey excludes overseas visitors and those in non-private dwellings. Changes to HTS post-COVID (2020/21 onwards) HTS was suspended from late March 2020 to early October 2020 due to the impact and restrictions of COVID-19, and again from July 2021 to October 2021 following the Delta wave of COVID-19. Consequently, both the 2020/21 and 2021/22 releases are based on a reduced data collection period and smaller samples. Due to the impact of changed travel behaviours resulting from COVID-19 breaking previous trends, HTS releases since 2020/21 have been separated from pre-COVID-19 samples when pooled. As a result, HTS 2020/21 was based on a single wave of data collection which limited the breadth of geography available for release. Subsequent releases are based on pooled post-COVID samples to expand the geographies included with reliable estimates. Disruption to the data collection during, and post-COVID has led to some adjustments being made to the HTS estimates released post-COVID: SA3 level data has not been released for 2020/21 and 2021/22 due to low sample collection. LGA level data for 2021/22 has been released for selected LGAs when robust Relative Standard Error (RSE) for total trips are achieved Mode categories for all geographies are aggregated differently to the pre-COVID categories Purpose categories for some geographies are aggregated differently across 2020/21 and 2021/22. A new data release – for six cities as defined by the Greater Sydney Commission - is included since 2021/22. Please refer to the Data Document for 2022/23 (PDF, 262.54 KB) for further details. RELEASE NOTE The latest release of HTS data is 15 May 2025. This release includes Region, LGA, SA3 and Six Cities data for 2023/24. Please see 2023/24 Data Document for details. A revised dataset for LGAs and Six Cities for HTS 2022/23 data has also been included in this release on 15 May 2025. If you have downloaded HTS 2022/23 data by LGA and/or Six Cities from this link prior to 15/05/2025, we advise you replace it with the revised tables. If you have been supplied bespoke data tables for 2022/23 LGAs and/or Six Cities, please request updated tables. Revisions to HTS data may be made on previously published data as new sample data is appended to improve reliability of results. Please check this page for release dates to ensure you are using the most current version or create a subscription (https://opendata.transport.nsw.gov.au/subscriptions) to be notified of revisions and future releases.

Population data for Callitris monticola collected during targeted surveys during January 2023. Data collection follows the Flora Connections protocol

As of October 2024, around ****** Japanese residents lived in Sydney, marking ***** consecutive years of growth. Australia was one of the countries with the highest number of Japanese residents.

Migrants from the United Kingdom have long been Australia’s primary immigrant group and in 2023 there were roughly 960 thousand English-born people living in Australia. India and China held second and third place respectively with regard to Australia’s foreign-born population. The relative dominance of Asian countries in the list of top ten foreign-born residents of Australia represents a significant shift in Australia’s immigration patterns over the past few decades. Where European-born migrants had previously overshadowed other migrant groups, Australian migration figures are now showing greater migration numbers from neighboring countries in Asia and the Pacific. A history of migration Australia is often referred to as an ‘immigrant nation’, alongside the United States, Canada, and New Zealand. Before the Second World War, migrants to Australia were almost exclusively from the UK, however after 1945, Australia’s immigration policy was broadened to attract economic migrants and temporary skilled migrants. These policy changes saw and increase in immigrants particularly from Greece and Italy. Today, Australia maintains its status as an ‘’Immigrant nation’’, with almost 30 percent of the population born overseas and around 50 percent of the population having both that were born overseas. Australian visas The Australian immigration program has two main categories of visa, permanent and temporary. The permanent visa category offers three primary pathways: skilled, family and humanitarian. The skilled visa category is by far the most common, with more than a million permanent migrants living in Australia on this visa category at the last Australian census in 2021. Of the temporary visa categories, the higher education visa is the most popular, exceeding 180 thousand arrivals in 2023.

The Australian luxury residential property market, valued at $23.88 billion in 2025, is poised for robust growth, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5.75% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key drivers. Strong economic performance in key cities like Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane, coupled with a burgeoning high-net-worth individual (HNWI) population, continues to underpin demand for premium properties. Furthermore, a limited supply of luxury housing stock in prime locations, combined with increasing preference for spacious, high-amenity homes, particularly villas and landed houses, contributes to sustained price appreciation. While rising interest rates present a potential restraint, the resilience of the luxury market segment, driven by wealthier buyers less susceptible to interest rate fluctuations, is expected to mitigate this effect. The market is segmented by property type (apartments/condominiums versus villas/landed houses) and location, with Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane dominating market share, reflecting their established luxury real estate markets and strong economic activity. Prominent developers like Metricon Homes, James Michael Homes, and others cater to this discerning clientele, offering bespoke designs and high-end finishes. The sustained growth trajectory indicates a promising outlook for investors and developers alike, although careful consideration of macroeconomic factors and regulatory changes will remain crucial. The forecast period (2025-2033) anticipates consistent market expansion, driven by ongoing demand from both domestic and international high-net-worth individuals. While the "Other Cities" segment demonstrates potential for growth, Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane are likely to maintain their dominant positions due to existing infrastructure, established luxury markets, and lifestyle appeal. The preference for villas and landed houses is expected to remain strong, reflecting a shift towards larger properties with increased privacy and outdoor space. However, the market will likely see some adjustments in response to economic conditions, including potential shifts in buyer preferences and developer strategies to meet evolving market demands. Maintaining a keen understanding of these dynamics will be critical for navigating the complexities of this dynamic market. Recent developments include: August 2023: Sydney-based boutique developer Made Property laid plans for a new apartment project along Sydney Harbour amid sustained demand for luxury waterfront properties. The Corsa Mortlake development, positioned on Majors Bay in the harbor city’s inner west, will deliver 20 three-bedroom apartments offering house-sized living spaces and ready access to a 23-berth marina accommodating yachts up to 20 meters. With development approval secured for the project, the company is moving quickly to construction. Made Property expects construction to be completed in late 2025., September 2023: A luxurious collection of private apartment residences planned for a prime double beachfront site in North Burleigh was released to the market for the first time with the official launch of ultra-premium apartment development Burly Residences, being delivered by leading Australian developer David Devine and his team at DD Living. The first stage of Burly Residences released to the market includes prestigious two and three-bedroom apartments – with or without multipurpose rooms – and four-bedroom plus multipurpose room apartments that deliver luxury and space with expansive ocean and beach views.. Key drivers for this market are: 4., Increasing Number of High Net-Worth Individuals (HNWIs). Potential restraints include: 4., Increasing Number of High Net-Worth Individuals (HNWIs). Notable trends are: Ultra High Net Worth Population Driving the Demand for Prime Properties.

Public transport services offer a cost-effective, convenient, safe and mostly environmentally friendly travel option to the general public. Prior to the pandemic passenger numbers were growing strongly as the population increased, particularly in Sydney and Melbourne, while public transport fares also expanded. However, travel patterns changed drastically during the pandemic in response to social distancing and lockdown measures, which greatly limited passenger numbers, negatively affecting demand for public transport. Overall, revenue for public transport providers is expected to decline at 3.2% per year over the five years through 2023-24, reaching $28.2 billion. This includes an anticipated increase of 1.9% in 2023-24, partly due to an ongoing, but slow, recovery in the number of commuters. More Australians than ever are living in urban areas, generating strong demand for transport options. Regional cities have also exhibited strong population growth, with residents demanding accessible transport options to and from these towns. Car transport costs and congestion on Australian roads have both increased, encouraging commuters to switch to public transport options. Operators have undertaken efforts to expand their networks and capacity to accommodate growing populations. However, government funding for public transport in many areas has been unable to keep pace with demand, causing some unreliability with services. Public transport providers are set to expand as Australia's population is forecast to increase steadily and workers are expected to increasingly be asked to return to the office, boosting demand for public transport. New capacity and networks across the country are due to open, while improvements to ticketing systems are also set to be implemented. These factors are set to boost passenger use, which, combined with fare increases, is poised to bolster revenue. Additionally, significant investments are being made to make public transport more environmentally friendly, supporting demand from environmentally conscious consumers. Overall, revenue is projected to increase at an average of 1.3% per year over the five years through 2028-29, to total $30.0 billion.

Population data for Grevillea buxifolia subsp. ecorniculata targeted surveys 2023

Snapshot img

Australia Construction Market Size 2025-2029

The australia construction market size is forecast to increase by USD 42.1 billion at a CAGR of 3.5% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant shifts driven by three key factors. Firstly, the mass population shift towards urban cities is fueling a surge in demand for residential and commercial construction projects. This trend is expected to continue as more people move to urban areas in search of employment opportunities and improved infrastructure. Secondly, the adoption of dry construction techniques is gaining momentum in the Australian construction industry. Dry construction methods, such as precast concrete and modular construction, offer numerous advantages, including faster construction times, reduced labor costs, and improved sustainability. As a result, many construction companies are investing in these methods to stay competitive and meet the increasing demand for efficient and cost-effective construction solutions. However, the market is not without its challenges. The rising cost of construction materials is a significant obstacle for construction companies in Australia. Raw materials, such as steel, cement, and timber, have seen significant price increases in recent years due to various factors, including supply chain disruptions and increased demand. This trend is putting pressure on construction companies to find ways to reduce material costs while maintaining quality and efficiency. Additionally, the industry is facing regulatory challenges, with stricter building codes and environmental regulations adding complexity to construction projects and increasing costs. To navigate these challenges, construction companies must focus on innovation, efficiency, and collaboration with suppliers and regulators to find solutions that meet the evolving needs of the market.

What will be the size of the Australia Construction Market during the forecast period?

Explore in-depth regional segment analysis with market size data - historical 2019-2023 and forecasts 2025-2029 - in the full report.
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The Australian construction market is characterized by a complex regulatory environment and a focus on innovation and sustainability. Construction industry regulations ensure building codes are met, while value engineering and construction cost management help minimize expenses. Sustainable building practices, such as energy efficiency and water conservation, are increasingly prioritized. Construction innovations, including prefabricated structures, automation, drones, and 3D printing, are transforming the industry. Construction risk analysis is crucial for project completion and scheduling, with safety regulations and quality assurance essential for workforce development. Construction equipment parts and repair, as well as heavy equipment rental, are key components of project risk assessment and cost management. The skills gap in the construction workforce is a significant challenge, with AI and modular construction offering potential solutions. Construction insurance claims and project risk assessment are integral to managing unexpected events and ensuring building performance. Construction labor shortages necessitate continuous workforce development and the adoption of new technologies.

How is this market segmented?

The market research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments. SectorBuilding constructionInfrastructure constructionIndustrial constructionEnd-userEngineeringResidentialNon-residentialTypeNew constructionRedevelopmentGeographyAPACAustralia

By Sector Insights

The building construction segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The construction industry in Australia is marked by significant growth in both residential and commercial sectors. With an increasing population of 26.05 million people in 2022, according to World Bank Data, the demand for housing, whether single-family homes or multi-unit developments, is on the rise. Cities like Sydney and Melbourne have seen an increase in high-rise apartment projects to cater to the urban population. In commercial construction, the growing business sector fuels the demand for office and retail space. Environmental regulations play a crucial role in the industry, with a focus on sustainable practices and green building. Construction technology advances have led to innovations such as 3D modeling, construction software, and automation in heavy machinery like skid steer loaders and backhoe loaders. Construction safety is a top priority, with worksite safety regulations strictly enforced. Construction projects require substantial investment capital, from construction financing and project bidding to construction c

Population survey data for Leionema ambiens collected during targeted surveys in Jan 2023

The Australian used car market, valued at $69.90 million in 2025, is experiencing robust growth, projected to expand at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 10.12% from 2025 to 2033. This surge is driven by several factors. Firstly, increasing affordability compared to new vehicles makes used cars a more accessible option for a wider range of buyers, particularly younger demographics and budget-conscious consumers. Secondly, the rising popularity of online marketplaces like Gumtree and Carsales.com.au has streamlined the buying and selling process, boosting market transparency and facilitating quicker transactions. Furthermore, the growing preference for SUVs and multi-purpose vehicles (MPVs) is shaping market segmentation, with these categories experiencing disproportionately high demand. However, challenges exist. Fluctuations in fuel prices and the increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) could influence buyer preferences in the coming years. Moreover, stringent vehicle inspection regulations and concerns regarding vehicle history could act as restraints on market expansion. The market's diverse structure, encompassing organized dealerships alongside informal sales channels, further contributes to its dynamic nature. Organized dealerships benefit from established reputations and warranties, while the unorganized sector offers potentially lower prices. The market's regional distribution likely mirrors Australia's population density, with major cities like Sydney and Melbourne contributing significantly to overall sales. While precise regional breakdowns are unavailable, the provided global regional segmentation suggests a concentration within Australia's urban centers. Future growth will depend on managing the evolving landscape of consumer preferences, addressing concerns regarding vehicle quality and transparency, and adapting to the ongoing transition towards sustainable mobility solutions. Further research into specific vehicle types, online versus offline sales channels, and regional variations within Australia would provide more granular insights into the market's intricacies and growth potential. The ongoing influence of economic factors like interest rates and consumer confidence will play a crucial role in shaping the market's trajectory in the coming years. This report provides a detailed analysis of the Australian used car market, encompassing historical data (2019-2024), current estimations (2025), and future forecasts (2025-2033). It offers invaluable insights for businesses and investors navigating this dynamic sector. With a focus on key segments like petrol, diesel, and electric vehicles, the report leverages high-search-volume keywords such as "used cars Australia," "second hand car market Australia," "pre-owned car prices Australia," and "Australian used car industry report" to maximize online visibility. Recent developments include: March 2023: Hyundai Australia announced that it has begun selling used Ioniq 5 models on its company’s website, beginning with 23 vehicles initially., May 2023: Sojitz Corporation acquired full ownership of Albert Automotive Holdings Pty Ltd, which operates a wholesale and retail used car business as part of Dutton Group.. Key drivers for this market are: Quality Assurance is Driving Market Growth in the Country. Potential restraints include: Trust and Transparency in Used Car Remained a Key Challenge for Consumers. Notable trends are: The Online Sales Channel Segment is Expected to be the Fastest Growing Segment Between 2024 and 2029.

Australia's café and restaurant scene continues to thrive, with New South Wales leading the way with over 19,225 establishments in operation at the end of the 2024 financial year. The second-leading state in terms of the number of cafés and restaurants was Victoria. As Australia's two largest states in terms of population, the concentration of food service establishments in New South Wales and Victoria mirrors Australia's population distribution, reflecting the urban-centric nature of the country's café and restaurant landscape. Gastronomy: a key economic sector In recent years, the number of cafés and restaurants throughout the country has shown relatively consistent growth, exceeding 55,700 in the 2024 financial year, up from approximately 41,570 in 2017. Australia's cafés, restaurants, and takeaway food services turnover experienced steady annual increases for many years up until the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, since 2021, the industry's revenue has been on the recovery, hitting a record of over 65 billion Australian dollars in 2024. Additionally, food services represent a key source of gross value added to the tourism industry. An added boost from coffee Coffee plays an important role in the Australian food service sector, with the beverage topping the list of regularly consumed drinks among Australians in a 2024 survey. Several international chains like McCafé operate alongside popular domestic coffee franchises, including The Coffee Club, in the country. Alongside this, the country's annual domestic coffee consumption remains robust, consistently exceeding two million sixty-kilogram bags in recent years, underscoring the enduring nature of Australia's coffee culture. Nonetheless, recent cost-of-living pressures have led to a shift in consumer behavior, with more Australians opting to brew their coffee at home.