Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Tamil Nadu: Rural data was reported at 902.000 NA in 2020. This records a decrease from the previous number of 913.000 NA for 2019. Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Tamil Nadu: Rural data is updated yearly, averaging 930.000 NA from Dec 2006 (Median) to 2020, with 15 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 970.000 NA in 2006 and a record low of 902.000 NA in 2020. Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Tamil Nadu: Rural data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Demographic – Table IN.GAJ001: Memo Items: Sex Ratio at Birth.

Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Tamil Nadu: Urban data was reported at 930.000 NA in 2020. This records an increase from the previous number of 918.000 NA for 2019. Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Tamil Nadu: Urban data is updated yearly, averaging 920.000 NA from Dec 2006 (Median) to 2020, with 15 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 950.000 NA in 2007 and a record low of 896.000 NA in 2017. Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Tamil Nadu: Urban data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Demographic – Table IN.GAJ001: Memo Items: Sex Ratio at Birth.

Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Tamil Nadu data was reported at 917.000 NA in 2020. This records an increase from the previous number of 915.000 NA for 2019. Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Tamil Nadu data is updated yearly, averaging 926.000 NA from Dec 2006 (Median) to 2020, with 15 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 955.000 NA in 2006 and a record low of 907.000 NA in 2017. Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Tamil Nadu data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Demographic – Table IN.GAJ001: Memo Items: Sex Ratio at Birth.

🇮🇳 인도

The second National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2), conducted in 1998-99, provides information on fertility, mortality, family planning, and important aspects of nutrition, health, and health care. The International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) coordinated the survey, which collected information from a nationally representative sample of more than 90,000 ever-married women age 15-49. The NFHS-2 sample covers 99 percent of India's population living in all 26 states. This report is based on the survey data for 25 of the 26 states, however, since data collection in Tripura was delayed due to local problems in the state. IIPS also coordinated the first National Family Health Survey (NFHS-1) in 1992-93. Most of the types of information collected in NFHS-2 were also collected in the earlier survey, making it possible to identify trends over the intervening period of six and one-half years. In addition, the NFHS-2 questionnaire covered a number of new or expanded topics with important policy implications, such as reproductive health, women's autonomy, domestic violence, women's nutrition, anaemia, and salt iodization. The NFHS-2 survey was carried out in two phases. Ten states were surveyed in the first phase which began in November 1998 and the remaining states (except Tripura) were surveyed in the second phase which began in March 1999. The field staff collected information from 91,196 households in these 25 states and interviewed 89,199 eligible women in these households. In addition, the survey collected information on 32,393 children born in the three years preceding the survey. One health investigator on each survey team measured the height and weight of eligible women and children and took blood samples to assess the prevalence of anaemia. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS Three-quarters (73 percent) of the population lives in rural areas. The age distribution is typical of populations that have recently experienced a fertility decline, with relatively low proportions in the younger and older age groups. Thirty-six percent of the population is below age 15, and 5 percent is age 65 and above. The sex ratio is 957 females for every 1,000 males in rural areas but only 928 females for every 1,000 males in urban areas, suggesting that more men than women have migrated to urban areas. The survey provides a variety of demographic and socioeconomic background information. In the country as a whole, 82 percent of household heads are Hindu, 12 percent are Muslim, 3 percent are Christian, and 2 percent are Sikh. Muslims live disproportionately in urban areas, where they comprise 15 percent of household heads. Nineteen percent of household heads belong to scheduled castes, 9 percent belong to scheduled tribes, and 32 percent belong to other backward classes (OBCs). Two-fifths of household heads do not belong to any of these groups. Questions about housing conditions and the standard of living of households indicate some improvements since the time of NFHS-1. Sixty percent of households in India now have electricity and 39 percent have piped drinking water compared with 51 percent and 33 percent, respectively, at the time of NFHS-1. Sixty-four percent of households have no toilet facility compared with 70 percent at the time of NFHS-1. About three-fourths (75 percent) of males and half (51 percent) of females age six and above are literate, an increase of 6-8 percentage points from literacy rates at the time of NFHS-1. The percentage of illiterate males varies from 6-7 percent in Mizoram and Kerala to 37 percent in Bihar and the percentage of illiterate females varies from 11 percent in Mizoram and 15 percent in Kerala to 65 percent in Bihar. Seventy-nine percent of children age 6-14 are attending school, up from 68 percent in NFHS-1. The proportion of children attending school has increased for all ages, particularly for girls, but girls continue to lag behind boys in school attendance. Moreover, the disparity in school attendance by sex grows with increasing age of children. At age 6-10, 85 percent of boys attend school compared with 78 percent of girls. By age 15-17, 58 percent of boys attend school compared with 40 percent of girls. The percentage of girls 6-17 attending school varies from 51 percent in Bihar and 56 percent in Rajasthan to over 90 percent in Himachal Pradesh and Kerala. Women in India tend to marry at an early age. Thirty-four percent of women age 15-19 are already married including 4 percent who are married but gauna has yet to be performed. These proportions are even higher in the rural areas. Older women are more likely than younger women to have married at an early age: 39 percent of women currently age 45-49 married before age 15 compared with 14 percent of women currently age 15-19. Although this indicates that the proportion of women who marry young is declining rapidly, half the women even in the age group 20-24 have married before reaching the legal minimum age of 18 years. On average, women are five years younger than the men they marry. The median age at marriage varies from about 15 years in Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Andhra Pradesh to 23 years in Goa. As part of an increasing emphasis on gender issues, NFHS-2 asked women about their participation in household decisionmaking. In India, 91 percent of women are involved in decision-making on at least one of four selected topics. A much lower proportion (52 percent), however, are involved in making decisions about their own health care. There are large variations among states in India with regard to women's involvement in household decisionmaking. More than three out of four women are involved in decisions about their own health care in Himachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, and Punjab compared with about two out of five or less in Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, and Rajasthan. Thirty-nine percent of women do work other than housework, and more than two-thirds of these women work for cash. Only 41 percent of women who earn cash can decide independently how to spend the money that they earn. Forty-three percent of working women report that their earnings constitute at least half of total family earnings, including 18 percent who report that the family is entirely dependent on their earnings. Women's work-participation rates vary from 9 percent in Punjab and 13 percent in Haryana to 60-70 percent in Manipur, Nagaland, and Arunachal Pradesh. FERTILITY AND FAMILY PLANNING Fertility continues to decline in India. At current fertility levels, women will have an average of 2.9 children each throughout their childbearing years. The total fertility rate (TFR) is down from 3.4 children per woman at the time of NFHS-1, but is still well above the replacement level of just over two children per woman. There are large variations in fertility among the states in India. Goa and Kerala have attained below replacement level fertility and Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Punjab are at or close to replacement level fertility. By contrast, fertility is 3.3 or more children per woman in Meghalaya, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Nagaland, Bihar, and Madhya Pradesh. More than one-third to less than half of all births in these latter states are fourth or higher-order births compared with 7-9 percent of births in Kerala, Goa, and Tamil Nadu. Efforts to encourage the trend towards lower fertility might usefully focus on groups within the population that have higher fertility than average. In India, rural women and women from scheduled tribes and scheduled castes have somewhat higher fertility than other women, but fertility is particularly high for illiterate women, poor women, and Muslim women. Another striking feature is the high level of childbearing among young women. More than half of women age 20-49 had their first birth before reaching age 20, and women age 15-19 account for almost one-fifth of total fertility. Studies in India and elsewhere have shown that health and mortality risks increase when women give birth at such young ages?both for the women themselves and for their children. Family planning programmes focusing on women in this age group could make a significant impact on maternal and child health and help to reduce fertility. INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY NFHS-2 provides estimates of infant and child mortality and examines factors associated with the survival of young children. During the five years preceding the survey, the infant mortality rate was 68 deaths at age 0-11 months per 1,000 live births, substantially lower than 79 per 1,000 in the five years preceding the NFHS-1 survey. The child mortality rate, 29 deaths at age 1-4 years per 1,000 children reaching age one, also declined from the corresponding rate of 33 per 1,000 in NFHS-1. Ninety-five children out of 1,000 born do not live to age five years. Expressed differently, 1 in 15 children die in the first year of life, and 1 in 11 die before reaching age five. Child-survival programmes might usefully focus on specific groups of children with particularly high infant and child mortality rates, such as children who live in rural areas, children whose mothers are illiterate, children belonging to scheduled castes or scheduled tribes, and children from poor households. Infant mortality rates are more than two and one-half times as high for women who did not receive any of the recommended types of maternity related medical care than for mothers who did receive all recommended types of care. HEALTH, HEALTH CARE, AND NUTRITION Promotion of maternal and child health has been one of the most important components of the Family Welfare Programme of the Government of India. One goal is for each pregnant woman to receive at least three antenatal check-ups plus two tetanus toxoid injections and a full course of iron and folic acid supplementation. In India, mothers of 65 percent of the children born in the three years preceding NFHS-2 received at least one antenatal

Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: West Bengal: Rural data was reported at 941.000 NA in 2020. This records a decrease from the previous number of 948.000 NA for 2019. Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: West Bengal: Rural data is updated yearly, averaging 940.000 NA from Dec 2006 (Median) to 2020, with 15 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 953.000 NA in 2015 and a record low of 932.000 NA in 2007. Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: West Bengal: Rural data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s Demographic – Table IN.GAJ001: Memo Items: Sex Ratio at Birth.

Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Tamil Nadu: Urban在2020达930.000NA，相较于2019的918.000NA有所增长。Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Tamil Nadu: Urban数据按每年更新，2006至2020期间平均值为920.000NA，共15份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于2007，达950.000NA，而历史最低值则出现于2017，为896.000NA。CEIC提供的Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Tamil Nadu: Urban数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India，数据归类于India Premium Database的Demographic – Table IN.GAJ001: Memo Items: Sex Ratio at Birth。

Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Tamil Nadu: Rural在2020达902.000NA，相较于2019的913.000NA有所下降。Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Tamil Nadu: Rural数据按每年更新，2006至2020期间平均值为930.000NA，共15份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于2006，达970.000NA，而历史最低值则出现于2020，为902.000NA。CEIC提供的Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Tamil Nadu: Rural数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India，数据归类于India Premium Database的Demographic – Table IN.GAJ001: Memo Items: Sex Ratio at Birth。

Log-linear regression estimates: Correlates of maternal mortality ratio in India.

India General Election: Tamil Nadu: Number of Voters: Male to Female Ratio data was reported at 0.995 % in 2014. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.037 % for 2009. India General Election: Tamil Nadu: Number of Voters: Male to Female Ratio data is updated yearly, averaging 1.083 % from Mar 1971 (Median) to 2014, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.125 % in 1999 and a record low of 0.995 % in 2014. India General Election: Tamil Nadu: Number of Voters: Male to Female Ratio data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under India Premium Database’s General Election – Table IN.GEF032: General Election: Loksabha: Number of Voters: Tamil Nadu.

Literacy in India has been increasing as more and more people receive a better education, but it is still far from all-encompassing. In 2023, the degree of literacy in India was about 77 percent, with the majority of literate Indians being men. It is estimated that the global literacy rate for people aged 15 and above is about 86 percent. How to read a literacy rateIn order to identify potential for intellectual and educational progress, the literacy rate of a country covers the level of education and skills acquired by a country’s inhabitants. Literacy is an important indicator of a country’s economic progress and the standard of living – it shows how many people have access to education. However, the standards to measure literacy cannot be universally applied. Measures to identify and define illiterate and literate inhabitants vary from country to country: In some, illiteracy is equated with no schooling at all, for example. Writings on the wallGlobally speaking, more men are able to read and write than women, and this disparity is also reflected in the literacy rate in India – with scarcity of schools and education in rural areas being one factor, and poverty another. Especially in rural areas, women and girls are often not given proper access to formal education, and even if they are, many drop out. Today, India is already being surpassed in this area by other emerging economies, like Brazil, China, and even by most other countries in the Asia-Pacific region. To catch up, India now has to offer more educational programs to its rural population, not only on how to read and write, but also on traditional gender roles and rights.

Transgender people, often referred to as the Hijras in the Indian subcontinent, are an officially recognized third gender in the country and consider themselves neither male nor female. As per the latest census in 2011, India recorded over *** thousand people who identified as the third gender, most of whom came from the northern state of Uttar Pradesh.

Socioeconomics of Hijras 

Hijras are associated by several terms, depending on culture and linguistics. In various Indian languages, Hijras are called Napunsakudu (Telugu), Thiru Nangai (Tamil), Khwaja Sara (Urdu), Khusra (Punjabi) and Mangalamukhi (Kannada) among others. The third gender is inherent to Indian mythology.

Socio-economically, Hijras live in well-defined communities, led by a Guru or teacher. They consist of generations of the third gender who were rejected by or fled from their birth-families. Apart from sex-work, performing at auspicious social gatherings or plain extortion was how most survived. This was due to the lack of education and employment due to their low status in their society’s hierarchy. This also meant that they underwent brutal violence with little or no opportunity for justice.

 Indian law and the third gender  

When the country’s Supreme Court re-criminalized homosexuality in 2013, there was a sharp increase in violence against the third gender by the Indian Police Service, far from investigating reports of sexual assault. Later in 2014, with the support of activists and NGOs lobbying for human rights, the same highest court ruled the recognition of the third gender community, equal to the socially and economically backward class. This meant that they now had access to proportional representation in education and jobs.

Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: NCT of Delhi: Rural在2020达972.000NA，相较于2019的953.000NA有所增长。Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: NCT of Delhi: Rural数据按每年更新，2006至2020期间平均值为894.000NA，共15份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于2020，达972.000NA，而历史最低值则出现于2006，为810.000NA。CEIC提供的Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: NCT of Delhi: Rural数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India，数据归类于India Premium Database的Demographic – Table IN.GAJ001: Memo Items: Sex Ratio at Birth。

Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Assam: Urban在2020达930.000NA，相较于2019的918.000NA有所增长。Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Assam: Urban数据按每年更新，2006至2020期间平均值为905.000NA，共15份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于2020，达930.000NA，而历史最低值则出现于2015，为876.000NA。CEIC提供的Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Assam: Urban数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India，数据归类于India Premium Database的Demographic – Table IN.GAJ001: Memo Items: Sex Ratio at Birth。

Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Karnataka在2020达916.000NA，相较于2019的915.000NA有所增长。Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Karnataka数据按每年更新，2006至2020期间平均值为935.000NA，共15份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于2013，达958.000NA，而历史最低值则出现于2019，为915.000NA。CEIC提供的Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Karnataka数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India，数据归类于India Premium Database的Demographic – Table IN.GAJ001: Memo Items: Sex Ratio at Birth。

Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Maharashtra: Rural在2020达881.000NA，相较于2019的884.000NA有所下降。Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Maharashtra: Rural数据按每年更新，2006至2020期间平均值为881.000NA，共15份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于2013，达892.000NA，而历史最低值则出现于2007，为866.000NA。CEIC提供的Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Maharashtra: Rural数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India，数据归类于India Premium Database的Demographic – Table IN.GAJ001: Memo Items: Sex Ratio at Birth。

Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Punjab: Urban在2020达932.000NA，相较于2019的918.000NA有所增长。Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Punjab: Urban数据按每年更新，2006至2020期间平均值为878.000NA，共15份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于2020，达932.000NA，而历史最低值则出现于2006，为800.000NA。CEIC提供的Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Punjab: Urban数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India，数据归类于India Premium Database的Demographic – Table IN.GAJ001: Memo Items: Sex Ratio at Birth。

Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: India: Urban在2016达888.000 NA，相较于2015的890.000 NA有所下降。Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: India: Urban数据按每年更新，2006至2016期间平均值为897.000 NA，共11份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于2013，达906.000 NA，而历史最低值则出现于2006，为881.000 NA。CEIC提供的Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: India: Urban数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Census of India，数据归类于India Premium Database的Demographic – Table IN.GAJ001: Memo Items: Sex Ratio at Birth。

Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Chhattisgarh: Urban在2020达910.000NA，相较于2019的891.000NA有所增长。Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Chhattisgarh: Urban数据按每年更新，2006至2020期间平均值为914.000NA，共15份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于2012，达933.000NA，而历史最低值则出现于2016，为833.000NA。CEIC提供的Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Chhattisgarh: Urban数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India，数据归类于India Premium Database的Demographic – Table IN.GAJ001: Memo Items: Sex Ratio at Birth。

Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Odisha: Urban在2020达907.000NA，相较于2019的907.000NA保持不变。Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Odisha: Urban数据按每年更新，2006至2020期间平均值为913.000NA，共15份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于2013，达928.000NA，而历史最低值则出现于2015，为869.000NA。CEIC提供的Sex Ratio at Birth: Female per 1000 Male: Odisha: Urban数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India，数据归类于India Premium Database的Demographic – Table IN.GAJ001: Memo Items: Sex Ratio at Birth。