Abstract

The primary objective of the 2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey (2022 TDHSMIS) is to provide current and reliable information on population and health issues. Specifically, the 2022 TDHS-MIS collected information on marriage and sexual activity, fertility and fertility preferences, family planning, infant and child mortality, maternal health care, disability among the household population, child health, nutrition of children and women, malaria prevalence, knowledge, and communication, women’s empowerment, women’s experience of domestic violence, adult maternal mortality via sisterhood method, awareness and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), female genital cutting, and early childhood development. Other information collected on health-related issues included smoking, blood pressure, anaemia, malaria, and iodine testing, height and weight, and micronutrients.

The information collected through the 2022 TDHS-MIS is intended to assist policymakers and programme managers in evaluating and designing programmes and strategies for improving the health of Tanzania’s population. The 2022 TDHS-MIS also provides indicators to monitor and evaluate international, regional, and national programmes, such as the Global Agenda 2030 on Sustainable Development Goals (2030 SDGs), Tanzania Development Vision 2025, the Third National Five-Year Development Plan (FYDP III 2021/22–2025/26), East Africa Community Vision 2050 (EAC 2050), and Africa Development Agenda 2063 (ADA 2063).

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Children age 0-5
• Woman age 15-49
• Man age 15-49

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged 15-49, men aged 15-49, and all children aged 0-4 resident in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample design for the 2022 TDHS-MIS was carried out in two stages and was intended to provide estimates for the entire country, for urban and rural areas in Tanzania Mainland, and for Zanzibar. For specific indicators such as contraceptive use, the sample design allows for estimation of indicators for each of the 31 regions—26 regions in Tanzania Mainland and 5 regions in Zanzibar.

The sampling frame excluded institutional populations, such as persons in hospitals, hotels, barracks, camps, hostels, and prisons. The 2022 TDHS-MIS followed a stratified two-stage sample design. The first stage involved selection of sampling points (clusters) consisting of enumeration areas (EAs) delineated for the 2012 Tanzania Population and Housing Census (2012 PHC). The EAs were selected with a probability proportional to their size within each sampling stratum. A total of 629 clusters were selected. Among the 629 EAs, 211 were from urban areas and 418 were from rural areas.

In the second stage, 26 households were selected systematically from each cluster, for a total anticipated sample size of 16,354 households for the 2022 TDHS-MIS. A household listing operation was carried out in all the selected EAs before the main survey. During the household listing operation, field staff visited each of the selected EAs to draw location maps and detailed sketch maps and to list all residential households found in each EA with addresses and the names of the heads of the households. The resulting list of households served as a sampling frame for the selection of households in the second stage. During the listing operation, field teams collected global positioning system (GPS) data—latitude, longitude, and altitude readings—to produce one GPS point per EA. To estimate geographic differentials for certain demographic indicators, Tanzania was divided into nine geographic zones. Although these zones are not official administrative areas, this classification system is also used by the Reproductive and Child Health Section of the Ministry of Health. Grouping of regions into zones allows for larger denominators and smaller sampling errors for indicators at the zonal level.

For further details on sample design, see APPENDIX A of the final report.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Five questionnaires were used for the 2022 TDHS-MIS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, the Man’s Questionnaire, the Biomarker Questionnaire, and the Micronutrient Questionnaire. The questionnaires, based on The DHS Program’s Model Questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Tanzania. In addition, a self-administered Fieldworker’s Questionnaire collected information about the survey’s fieldworkers.

Cleaning operations

In the 2022 TDHS-MIS survey, CAPI was used during data collection. The devices used for CAPI were Android-based computer tablets programmed using a mobile version of CSPro. Programming of questionnaires into the android application was done by ICF, while configuration of tablets was done by NBS and OCGS in collaboration with ICF. All fieldwork personnel were assigned usernames, and devices were password protected to ensure the integrity of the data collected. Selected households were assigned to CAPI supervisors, whereas households were assigned to interviewers’ tablets via Bluetooth. The data for all interviewed households were sent back to CAPI supervisors, who were responsible for initial data consistency and editing, before being sent to the central servers hosted at NBS Headquarters via Syncloud.

The data processing of the 2022 TDHS-MIS ran concurrently with the data collection exercise. The electronic data files from each completed cluster were transferred via Syncloud to the NBS central office server in Dodoma. The data files were registered and checked for inconsistencies, incompleteness, and outliers. Errors and inconsistencies were communicated to the field teams for review and correction. Secondary central data editing was done by NBS and OCGS survey staff at the central office. A CSPro batch editing tool was used for cleaning data and included coding of open-ended questions and resolving inconsistencies.

The Biomarker paper questionnaires were collected by field supervisors and compared with the electronic data files to check for any inconsistencies that may have occurred during data entry. The concurrent data collection and processing offered an advantage because it maximised the likelihood of having error-free data. Timely generation of field check tables allowed effective monitoring. The secondary data editing exercise was completed in October 2022.

Response rate

A total of 16,312 households were selected for the 2022 TDHS-MIS sample. This number is slightly less than the targeted sample size of 16,354 because one EA could not be reached due to security reasons, while a few EAs had less than the targeted 26 households. Of the 16,312 households selected, 15,907 were found to be occupied. Of the occupied households, 15,705 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 99%. In the interviewed households, 15,699 women age 15–49 were identified as eligible for individual interviews. Interviews were completed with 15,254 women, yielding a response rate of 97%. In the subsample (50% of households) of households selected for the male questionnaire, 6,367 men age 15–49 were identified as eligible for individual interviews, and 5,763 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 91%.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) nonsampling errors and (2) sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and in data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey (2022 TDHS-MIS) to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2022 TDHS-MIS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and identical size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95% of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2022 TDHS-MIS sample was the result of a multistage stratified design, and,

DHS - Tanzania

Analysis unit

Woman, Birth, Child, Man, Member

Universe

Women age 15-49, Births, Children age 0-4, Men age 15-49, All persons

Kind of data

Demographic and Household Survey [hh/dhs]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: National Bureau of Statistics [Tanzania] and ICF Macro.

SAMPLE UNIT: Woman SAMPLE SIZE: 10139

SAMPLE UNIT: Birth SAMPLE SIZE: 29777

SAMPLE UNIT: Child SAMPLE SIZE: 8023

SAMPLE UNIT: Man SAMPLE SIZE: 2527

SAMPLE UNIT: Member SAMPLE SIZE: 50414

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Analysis unit

Woman, Birth, Child, Birth, Man, Household Member

Universe

Women age 15-49, Births, Children age 0-4, Men age 15-59, All persons

Kind of data

Demographic and Household Survey [hh/dhs]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: National Bureau of Statistics [Tanzania] and Macro International Inc.

SAMPLE UNIT: Woman SAMPLE SIZE: 4029

SAMPLE UNIT: Birth SAMPLE SIZE: 11952

SAMPLE UNIT: Child SAMPLE SIZE: 3215

SAMPLE UNIT: Man SAMPLE SIZE: 3542

SAMPLE UNIT: Member SAMPLE SIZE: 19255

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Abstract

The principal objective of the 2010 Tanzania DHS is to collect data on household characteristics, fertility levels and preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, childhood and adult mortality, maternal and child health, breastfeeding practices, antenatal care, childhood immunisation and diseases, nutritional status of young children and women, malaria prevention and treatment, women’s status, female circumcision, sexual activity, knowledge and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS, and prevalence of domestic violence.

Geographic coverage

The 2010 TDHS sample was designed to provide estimates for the entire country, for urban and rural areas in the Mainland, and for Zanzibar. For specific indicators such as contraceptive use, the sample design allowed the estimation of indicators for each of the then 26 regions.

Analysis unit

• Households
• Children under five years
• Women age 15-49
• Men age 15-49

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The 2010 TDHS sample was designed to provide estimates for the entire country, for urban and rural areas in the Mainland, and for Zanzibar. For specific indicators such as contraceptive use, the sample design allowed the estimation of indicators for each of the then 26 regions.

To estimate geographic differentials for certain demographic indicators, the regions of mainland Tanzania were collapsed into seven geographic zones. Although these are not official administrative zones, this classification is used by the Reproductive and Child Health Section of the MoHSW. Zones were used in each geographic area in order to have a relatively large number of cases and a reduced sampling error. It should be noted that the zones, which are defined below, differ slightly from the zones used in the 1991-92 and 1996 TDHS reports but are the same as those in the 2004-05 TDHS and the 2007-08 THMIS. - Western: Tabora, Shinyanga, Kigoma - Northern: Kilimanjaro, Tanga, Arusha, Manyara - Central: Dodoma, Singida - Southern Highlands: Mbeya, Iringa, Rukwa - Lake: Kagera, Mwanza, Mara - Eastern: Dar es Salaam, Pwani, Morogoro - Southern: Lindi, Mtwara, Ruvuma - Zanzibar: Unguja North, Unguja South, Town West, Pemba North, Pemba South

A representative probability sample of 10,300 households was selected for the 2010 TDHS. The sample was selected in two stages. In the first stage, 475 clusters were selected from a list of enumeration areas in the 2002 Population and Housing Census. Twenty-five sample points were selected in Dar es Salaam, and 18 were selected in each of the other twenty regions in mainland Tanzania. In Zanzibar, 18 clusters were selected in each region for a total of 90 sample points.

In the second stage, a complete household listing was carried out in all selected clusters between July and August 2009. Households were then systematically selected for participation in the survey. Twenty-two households were selected from each of the clusters in all regions, except for Dar es Salaam where 16 households were selected.

All women age 15-49 who were either permanent residents in the households included in the 2010 TDHS sample or visitors present in the household on the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. In a subsample of one-third of all the households selected for the survey, all men age 15-49 were eligible to be interviewed if they were either permanent residents or visitors present in the household on the night before the survey.

Note: See detailed sample implementation in the APPENDIX A of the final 2010 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were used for the 2010 TDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Women’s Questionnaire, and the Men’s Questionnaire. The content of these questionnaires was based on the model questionnaires developed by the MEASURE DHS programme. To reflect relevant issues in population and health in Tanzania, the questionnaires were adapted. Contributions were solicited from various stakeholders representing government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organisations, and international donors. The final drafts of the questionnaires were discussed at a stakeholders’ meeting organised by the NBS. The adapted questionnaires were translated from Engli sh into Kiswahili and pretested from 23 July 2009 to 5 August 2009.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all the usual members and visitors in the selected households. Some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. For children under age 18, survival status of the parents was determined. The main purpose of the Household Questionnaire was to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview. The Household Questionnaire also collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor of the house, ownership of various durable goods, and ownership and use of mosquito nets. Another use of the Household Questionnaire was to identify the woman who was eligible to be interviewed with the domestic violence module.

The Household Questionnaire was also used to record height, weight, and haemoglobin measurements of women age 15-49 and children under age 5, household use of cooking salt fortified with iodine, response to requests for blood samples to measure vitamin A and iron in women and children, and whether salt and urine samples were provided.

The Women’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women age 15-49. These women were asked questions on the following topics: - Background characteristics (e.g., education, residential history, media exposure) - Birth history and childhood mortality - Pregnancy, delivery, and postnatal care - Knowledge and use of family planning methods - Infant feeding practices, including patterns of breastfeeding - Fertility preferences - Episodes of childhood illness and responses to illness, with a focus on treatment of fevers in the two weeks prior to the survey - Vaccinations and childhood illnesses - Marriage and sexual activity - Husband’s background and women’s work status - Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour related to HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) - Domestic violence - Female genital cutting - Adult mortality, including maternal mortality - Fistula of the reproductive and urinary tracts - Other health issues, including knowledge of tuberculosis and medical injections

The Men’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-49 living in every third household in the 2010 TDHS sample. The Men’s Questionnaire collected much of the same information as the Women’s Questionnaire, but it was shorter because it did not contain a detailed reproductive history, questions on maternal and child health or nutrition, questions about fistula, or questions about siblings for the calculation of maternal mortality.

Response rate

Response rates are important because a high rate of nonresponse may affect the results. A total of 10,300 households were selected for the sample, of which 9,741 were found to be occupied during data collection. The shortfall occurred mainly because structures were vacant or destroyed. Of the 9,741 existing households, 9,623 were successfully interviewed, yielding a household response rate of 99 percent.

In the interviewed households, 10,522 women were identified for individual interview; complete interviews were conducted with 10,139 women, yielding a response rate of 96 percent. Of the 2,770 eligible men identified in the subsample of households selected, 91 percent were successfully interviewed.

The principal reason for nonresponse among eligible women and men was the failure to find them at home despite repeated visits to the household. The lower response rate for men reflects the more frequent and longer absences of men from households.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) nonsampling errors, and (2) sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2010 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2010 TDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will

Abstract

The 2004-05 Tanzania DHS is part of the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) programme which assists countries in the collection of data to monitor and evaluate population, health, and nutrition programmes.

The principal objective of the 2004-05 TDHS was to collect data on household characteristics, fertility levels and preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, childhood mortality, maternal and child health, breastfeeding practices, antenatal care, childhood immunisation and diseases, nutritional status of young children and women, malaria prevention and treatment, women’s status, female circumcision, sexual activity, and knowledge and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and other STIs.

Geographic coverage

The sample for the 2004-05 TDHS was designed to provide estimates for the entire country, for urban and rural areas of the Mainland, and for Zanzibar. Additionally, the sample design allowed for specific indicators, such as contraceptive use, to be calculated for each of the 26 regions.

Analysis unit

• Households
• Children under five years
• Women age 15-49
• Men age 15-49

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The sample for the 2004-05 TDHS was designed to provide estimates for the entire country, for urban and rural areas of the Mainland, and for Zanzibar. Additionally, the sample design allowed for specific indicators, such as contraceptive use, to be calculated for each of the 26 regions.

To estimate geographic differentials for certain demographic indicators, this report collapses the regions of mainland Tanzania into seven geographic zones. Although these are not official administrative zones, this classification is used by the Reproductive and Child Health Section, Ministry of Health. The reason for using zones is that each geographic area will have a relatively large number of cases and sampling error will thus be reduced. It should be noted that the zones, which are defined below, are slightly different from the zones used in the 1991-92 and 1996 TDHS reports- - Western: Tabora, Shinyanga, Kigoma - Northern: Kilimanjaro, Tanga, Arusha, Manyara - Central: Dodoma, Singida - Southern Highlands: Mbeya, Iringa, Rukwa - Lake: Kagera, Mwanza, Mara - Eastern: Dar es Salaam, Pwani, Morogoro - Southern: Lindi, Mtwara, Ruvuma - Zanzibar: Zanzibar North, Zanzibar South, Town West, Pemba North, Pemba South

A representative probability sample of 10,312 households was selected for the 2004-05 TDHS sample to provide an expected sample of 10,000 eligible women. The sample was selected in two stages. In the first stage, 475 clusters were selected from a list of enumeration areas from the 2002 Population and Housing Census. Eighteen clusters were selected in each region except Dar es Salaam, where 25 clusters were selected.

In the second stage, a complete household listing exercise was carried out between June and August 2004 within all the selected clusters. Households were then systematically selected for participation in the survey. Twenty-two households were selected from each of the clusters in all regions except for Dar es Salaam where 16 households were selected.

All women age 15-49 who were either permanent residents of the households in the 2004-05 TDHS sample or visitors present in the household on the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. In a subsample of one-third of all the households selected for the survey, all men age 15-49 were eligible to be interviewed if they were either permanent residents or visitors present in the household on the night before the survey.

Note: See detailed sample implementation in the APPENDIX A of the final 2004-2005 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were used for the 2004-05 TDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Women’s Questionnaire, and the Men’s Questionnaire. The content of these questionnaires was based on the model questionnaires developed by the MEASURE DHS programme. To reflect relevant issues in population and health in Tanzania, the questionnaires were adapted during a series of technical meetings with various stakeholders from government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organisations, and international donors. The final draft of the questionnaire was discussed at a large stakeholders’ meeting organised by the NBS. The adapted questionnaires were translated from English into Kiswahili and pretested during July and August 2004.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all the usual members and visitors in the selected households. Some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. For children under 18, survival status of the parents was determined. The main purpose of the Household Questionnaire was to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview. The Household Questionnaire also collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor of the house, ownership of various durable goods, and ownership and use of mosquito nets.

The Household Questionnaire was also used to record height, weight, and haemoglobin measurements of women age 15-49 and children under age 6, and to record whether a household used cooking salt fortified with iodine.

The Women’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women age 15-49. These women were asked questions on the following topics: - Background characteristics (e.g., education, residential history, media exposure) - Birth history and childhood mortality - Knowledge and use of family planning methods - Fertility preferences - Antenatal and delivery care - Breastfeeding and infant feeding practices - Vaccinations and childhood illnesses - Marriage and sexual activity - Woman’s work and husband’s background characteristics - Awareness and behaviour regarding AIDS and other STIs - Female genital cutting - Maternal mortality.

The Men’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-49 living in every third household in the 2004-05 TDHS sample. The Men’s Questionnaire collected much of the same information found in the Women’s Questionnaire, but was shorter because it did not contain a detailed reproductive history or questions on maternal and child health or nutrition.

Response rate

Response rates are important because high nonresponse may affect the reliability of the results. A total of 10,312 households were selected for the sample, of which 9,852 were found to be occupied during data collection. The shortfall was largely the result of structures that were found to be vacant or destroyed. Of the 9,852 existing households, 9,735 were successfully interviewed, yielding a household response rate of 99 percent.

In these households, 10,611 women were identified as eligible for the individual interview. Interviews were completed with 97 percent of them. Of the 2,871 eligible men identified in the subsample of households selected, 92 percent were successfully interviewed.

The principal reason for nonresponse among both eligible women and men was the failure to find them at home despite repeated visits to the household. The lower response rate for men reflects the more frequent and longer absences of men from the household.

Note: See summarized response rates in Table 1.2of the final report.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) non-sampling errors, and (2) sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2004-05 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2004-05 TDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2004-05 TDHS sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulae. The computer software used to calculate sampling

Abstract

The Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) is a national sample survey of women of reproductive ages (15-49) and men aged 15 to 60. The survey was designed to collect data on socioeconomic characteristics, marriage patterns, birth history, breastfeeding, use of contraception, immunisation of children, accessibility to health and family planning services, treatment of children during times of illness, and the nutritional status of children and their mothers.

The primary objectives of the TDHS were to: - Collect data for the evaluation of family planning and health programmes, - Determine the contraceptive prevalence rate, which will help in the design of future national family planning programmes, and - Assess the demographic situation of the country.

Geographic coverage

The Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) is a national sample survey. This sample should allow for separate analyses in urban and rural areas, and for estimation of contraceptive use in each of the 20 regions located on the mainland and in Zanzibar.

Analysis unit

Households, individuals

Universe

Men and women between the ages of 15-49, children under 5

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The principal objective of the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) was to collect data on fertility, family planning, and health of the people. This survey involved randomly selected women aged 15-49 and men aged 15-60 in selected households.

Before the sampling frame was developed, two possibilities for the TDHS sample design were considered: - The 1988 Population census list of Enumeration Areas (EAs) - The National Master Sample for Tanzania created in 1986 (NMS).

The NMS was intended mainly for agricultural purposes and, at that time, only for rural areas. The NMS was based on the 1978 Census information while the urban frame was still being worked upon. Therefore, it was decided that the TDHS sample design would use the 1988 Census information as the basic sampling frame. Since the TDHS sample was to be clustered, it was necessary to have sampling units of manageable and fairly uniform size and with very well defined boundaries. The 1988 Census frame provided the list of enumeration area units (EAs) that had well defined boundaries and manageable uniform size. Therefore, EAs were used as primary sampling units (PSUs).

The target of the TDHS sample was about 7850 women age 15-49 with completed interviews. This sample should allow for separate analyses in urban and rural areas, and for estimation of contraceptive use in each of the 20 regions located on the mainland and in Zanzibar. Estimates for large domains (by combination of a group of regions) were also taken into consideration.

The TDHS used a three-stage sample. The frame was stratified by urban and rural areas. The primary sampling units in the TDHS survey were the wards/branches. The design involved the target of 350 completed interviews for each of 19 regions on the mainland and 500 in each of Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar.

In the first stage, the wards/branches were systematically selected with probability proportional to size (according to 1988 census information). In a second sampling stage, two EAs per selected rural ward/branch and one EA per selected urban ward/branch were chosen with probability proportional to size (also according to 1988 census information). In total, 357 EAs were selected for the TDHS, 95 in the urban area and 262 in the rural. A new listing of households was made shortly before the TDHS fieldwork by special teams including a total of 14 field workers. These teams visited the selected EAs all over the country to list the names of the heads of the households and obtain the population composition of each household (total number of persons in the household). In urban areas, the address of the dwelling was also recorded in order to make it easy to identify the household during the main survey. A fixed number of 30 households in each rural EA and 20 in each urban EA were selected.

About 9560 households were needed to achieve the required sample size, assuming 80 percent overall household completion rate.

See detailed sampling information in the APPENDIX B of the final 1991-1992 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

The household, female, and male questionnaires were designed by following the Model Questionnaire "B" which is for low contraceptive prevalence countries. Some adaptations were made to suit the Tanzania situation, but the core questions were not changed. The original questionnaire was prepared in English and later translated into Kiswahili, the language that is widely spoken in the country. There are parts in the country where people are not very conversant with Kiswahili and would find it difficult to respond in Kiswahili but would understand when they are asked anything. The translated document was given to another translator to translate it back into English and comparisons were made to determine the differences.

PRETEST

A pretest to assess the viability of the survey instruments, particularly the questionnaires and the field organization, was carried out in Iringa Rural District, Iringa Region. It covered 16 enumeration areas with a total of 320 households. The pretest, which took a month to complete, was carded out in November/December, 1990, and covered both rural and urban EAs.

The pretest training took two weeks and consisted of classroom training and field practice in neighborhood areas. In all, 14 newly recruited interviewers and the Census staff were involved. The Census staffs who were to be transformed into the TDHS team handled the training for both the fieldwork management and the questionnaire. During the later fieldwork, they supervised the field exercise.

During the fieldwork, the administrative structure of the CCM Party, which involved the Party Branch Offices and the ten-cell leadership, were utilized in an effort to secure the maximum confidence and cooperation of the people in the areas where the team was working. At the end of the fieldwork, the interviewers and the supervisory team returned to the head office in Dares Salaam for debriefing and discussion of their field experiences, particularly those related to the questionnaires and the logistic problems that were encountered. All these experiences were used to improve upon the final version of the questionnaires and the overall logistic arrangements.

Response rate

Out of the 9282 households selected for interview, 8561 households could be located and 8327 were actually interviewed. The shortfall between selected and interviewed households was largely due to the fact that many dwellings were either vacant or destroyed or no competent respondents were present at the time of the interview. A total of 9647 eligible women (i.e., women age 15-49 who spent the night before the interview in a sampled household) were identified for interview, and 9238 women were actually interviewed (96 percent response rate). The main reason for non-interview was absence from the home or incapacitation.

The Tanzania DHS male survey covered men aged between 15 and 60 years who were living in selected households (every fourth household of the female survey). The results of the survey show that 2392 eligible men were identified and 2114 men were interviewed (88 percent response rate). Men were generally not interviewed because they were either incapacitated or not at home during the time of the survey.

Sampling error estimates

The results from sample surveys are affected by two types of errors, non-sampling error and sampling error. Non-sampling error is due to mistakes made in carrying out field activities, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, errors in the way the questions are asked, misunderstanding on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although efforts were made to minimize this type of error during the design and implementation of the TDHS, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be measured statistically. The sample of women selected in the TDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each one would have yielded results that differed somewhat from the actual sample selected. The sampling error is a measure of the variability between all possible samples; although it is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

Sampling error is usually measured in terms of standard error of a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which one can be reasonably assured that, apart from non-sampling errors, the true value of the variable for the whole population falls. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that same statistic as measured in 95 percent of all possible samples with the same design (and expected size) will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic.

If the sample of women had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the Tanzania DHS sample designs depended on stratification, stages, and clusters. Consequently, it was necessary to utilize more complex formulas. The computer package

Abstract

The Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) is part of the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) programme, which is designed to collect data on fertility, family planning, and maternal and child health.

The general objectives of the 1996 TDHS are to: - Provide national-level data that will allow the calculation of demographic rates, particularly fertility and childhood mortality rates - Analyze the direct and indirect factors which determine the level and trends of fertility - Measure the level of contraceptive knowledge and practice (of both women and men) by method, by urban-rural residence, and by region - Collect reliable data on maternal and child health indicators; immunization, prevalence, and treatment of diarrhea and other diseases among children under age five; antenatal visits; assistance at delivery; and breastfeeding - Assess the nutritional status of children under age five and their mothers by means of anthropometric measurements (weight and height), and child feeding practices - Assess among women and men the prevailing level of specific knowledge and attitudes regarding AIDS and evaluate patterns of recent behavior regarding condom use - Measure maternal mortality and collect data on female circumcision.

Geographic coverage

The survey was designed to provide estimates (based on the results of the Woman's Questionnaire) for the whole country, for urban and rural areas in the country, and groups of regions (zones). In addition, the sample provides certain estimates for each of the 20 regions in the mainland and 2 subgroups in Zanzibar: Pemba Island and Ungaja.

In most regions, one in every four households was selected for the men's survey, and in six regions (Dares Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro, and Shinyanga), men in every second household were selected for the interview. The sample of men was designed to provide estimates for the country as a whole and for urban and rural areas.

Analysis unit

Households, individuals

Universe

Men and women between the ages of 15-49, children under 5

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The TDHS sample was a three-stage design consisting of the same 357 enumeration areas (EAs) that were used in the 1991-92 TDHS (262 EAs in rural and 95 EAs in urban areas). The selection of EAs was made in two stages: first, wards/branches and then EAs within wards/branches were selected. Lists of all households were prepared for the selected EAs and, at the third sampling stage; households were selected from these lists. The TDHS was designed to provide estimates (based on the results of the Woman's Questionnaire) for the whole country, for urban and rural areas in the country, and groups of regions (zones). In addition, the sample will provide certain estimates for each of the 20 regions in the mainland and 2 subgroups in Zanzibar: Pemba Island and Ungaja. In most regions, one in every four households was selected for the men's survey, and in six regions (Dares Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro, and Shinyanga), men in every second household were selected for the interview. The sample of men was designed to provide estimates for the country as a whole and for urban and rural areas.

Unlike most other DHS surveys, households in Tanzania were selected from the household listing for each ward (or branch) on the basis of contiguity, beginning with a randomly selected start number. This selection process was used to minimize the difficulty encountered in moving from one selected household to another given the scattered nature of households.

See detailed sample design information in the APPENDIX A of the final 1996 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

Three types of questionnaires were used during the survey. The Household Questionnaire was used to list the names of the household members and certain individual characteristics of all usual members of the household and visitors who had spent the previous night in the household. Certain basic information was collected on characteristics of each person listed, including relationship, age, sex, education, and place of residence. Furthermore, the Household Questionnaire collected information on characteristics relating to the household. These included the source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor of the house, and ownership of various durable goods. However, the main purpose of the Household Questionnaire was to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview.

The Female Questionnaire was used to collect information from eligible women age 15-49. The topics covered in this questionnaire included the following: - Background characteristics of the woman including age, education, residential history - Reproductive history - Knowledge and use of family planning methods - Fertility preferences and attitudes about family planning - Antenatal and delivery care - Breastfeeding and weaning practices - Vaccinations and health status of children under age five - Marriage and sexual activity - Husband's occupation and education - Woman's employment, occupation, and earnings - Awareness and behavior regarding AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases - Maternal mortality - Female circumcision - Height and weight of children under five years and their mothers.

The Male Questionnaire was used to collect information from a subsample of men age 15-59, namely, those living in every fourth household except in Dares Salaam, Dodoma, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro, Shinyanga, and Iringa regions where every second household was selected for the male interview. The Male Questionnaire collected much of the same information found in the Women's Questionnaire, but was shorter because it did not contain questions on reproductive history and maternal and child health. All questionnaires were translated and printed in Kiswahili.

Before the design of the questionnaires could be finalized, a pretest was done in May-June, 1996 to assess the viability of the questions, the flow and logical sequence of the skip pattern, and the field organization. It covered an area outside Dares Salaam and took about a week to complete. Modifications to the questionnaires were then made based on lessons drawn from the exercise.

Response rate

In all, 8,900 households were selected, out of which 8,141 were occupied. Of the households found, 7,969 were interviewed, representing a response rate of 98 percent. The shortfall between the selected and the interviewed households was largely because many dwellings were either vacant or no competent respondents were present at the time of the visit.

In the interviewed households, 8,501 eligible women (i.e. women age 15- 49) were identified for the individual interview, and 8,120 women were actually interviewed, yielding a response rate of 96 percent. In the subsample of households selected for the male interview, 2,658 eligible men (i.e., men age 15-59) were identified, 2,256 were interviewed, representing a response rate of 85 percent. The principal reason for nonresponse among both eligible men and women was the failure to find them at home despite repeated visits to the household. The lower response rates among men than women were due to the more frequent and longer absences of men.

The response rates are lower in urban areas. One-member households are more common in urban areas and are more difficult to interview because they keep their houses locked up most of the time. In urban settings, neighbors often do not know the whereabouts of such people.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: non-sampling errors, and sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 1996 TDHS to minimize this type of error, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the TDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, straightforward formulae for calculating sampling errors could have been used. However, the TDHS sample is the result of a two-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulae.

Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 2010 is the eighth round survey to be conducted in Tanzania. The first one was the 1991-92 TDHS, which was followed by the Tanzania Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Survey (TKAPS) in 1994, the 1996 TDHS, the 1999 Tanzania Reproductive and Child Health Survey (TRCHS), the 2003-04 Tanzania HIV/AIDS Indicator Survey (THIS), TDHS 2004-2005 and the 2007-08 Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey (THMIS).

The primary objective of the 2015-16 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey (TDHS-MIS) is to provide up-to-date estimates of basic demographic and health indicators. This survey collected information on fertility levels, marriage, sexual activity, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutrition, childhood and maternal mortality, maternal and child health, malaria, and other health-related issues. In addition, the 2015-16 TDHS-MIS provided estimates of anaemia prevalence among children age 6-59 months and women age 15-49 years, estimates of malaria prevalence among children age 6-59 months, and estimates of iodine concentration in household salt and women’s urine. The information collected through the 2015-16 TDHS-MIS is intended to assist policy makers and programme managers in evaluating and designing programmes and strategies to improve the health of the country’s population.

Abstract

The principal objective of the 2010 TDHS is to collect data on household characteristics, fertility levels and preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, childhood and adult mortality, maternal and child health, breastfeeding practices, antenatal care, childhood immunisation and diseases, nutritional status of young children and women, malaria prevention and treatment, women’s status, female circumcision, sexual activity, knowledge and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS, and prevalence of domestic violence.

Geographic coverage

Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar

Analysis unit

Household and Individual (Women and Men)

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged 15-49 years resident in the household, and all children under age 5 resident in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The 2010 TDHS sample was designed to provide estimates for the entire country, for urban and rural areas in the Mainland, and for Zanzibar. For specific indicators such as contraceptive use, the sample design allowed the estimation of indicators for each of the then 26 regions.

To estimate geographic differentials for certain demographic indicators, the regions of mainland Tanzania were collapsed into seven geographic zones. Although these are not official administrative zones, this classification is used by the Reproductive and Child Health Section of the MoHSW. Zones were used in each geographic area in order to have a relatively large number of cases and a reduced sampling error. It should be noted that the zones, which are defined below, differ slightly from the zones used in the 1991-92 and 1996 TDHS reports but are the same as those in the 2004-05 TDHS and the 2007-08 THMIS.

Western: Tabora, Shinyanga, Kigoma Northern: Kilimanjaro, Tanga, Arusha, Manyara Central: Dodoma, Singida Southern Highlands: Mbeya, Iringa, Rukwa Lake: Kagera, Mwanza, Mara Eastern: Dar es Salaam, Pwani, Morogoro Southern: Lindi, Mtwara, Ruvuma Zanzibar: Unguja North, Unguja South, Town West, Pemba North, Pemba South

A representative probability sample of 10,300 households was selected for the 2010 TDHS. The sample was selected in two stages. In the first stage, 475 clusters were selected from a list of enumeration areas in the 2002 Population and Housing Census. Twenty-five sample points were selected in Dar es Salaam, and 18 were selected in each of the other twenty regions in mainland Tanzania. In Zanzibar, 18 clusters were selected in each region for a total of 90 sample points.

In the second stage, a complete household listing was carried out in all selected clusters between July and August 2009. Households were then systematically selected for participation in the survey. Twenty-two households were selected from each of the clusters in all regions, except for Dar es Salaam where 16 households were selected.

All women age 15-49 who were either permanent residents in the households included in the 2010 TDHS sample or visitors present in the household on the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. In a subsample of one-third of all the households selected for the survey, all men age 15-49 were eligible to be interviewed if they were either permanent residents or visitors present in the household on the night before the survey.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were used for the 2010 TDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Women’s Questionnaire, and the Men’s Questionnaire. The content of these questionnaires was based on the model questionnaires developed by the MEASURE DHS programme. To reflect relevant issues in population and health in Tanzania, the questionnaires were adapted. Contributions were solicited from various stakeholders representing government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organisations, and international donors. The final drafts of the questionnaires were discussed at a stakeholders’ meeting organised by the NBS. The adapted questionnaires were translated from English into Kiswahili and pretested from 23 July 2009 to 5 August 2009.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all the usual members and visitors in the selected households. Some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. For children under age 18, survival status of the parents was determined. The main purpose of the Household Questionnaire was to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview. The Household Questionnaire also collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor of the house, ownership of various durable goods, and ownership and use of mosquito nets. Another use of the Household Questionnaire was to identify the woman who was eligible to be interviewed with the domestic violence module.

The Household Questionnaire was also used to record height, weight, and haemoglobin measurements of women age 15-49 and children under age 5, household use of cooking salt fortified with iodine, response to requests for blood samples to measure vitamin A and iron in women and children, and whether salt and urine samples were provided.

The Women’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women age 15-49. These women were asked questions on the following topics: • Background characteristics (e.g., education, residential history, media exposure) • Birth history and childhood mortality • Pregnancy, delivery, and postnatal care • Knowledge and use of family planning methods • Infant feeding practices, including patterns of breastfeeding • Fertility preferences • Episodes of childhood illness and responses to illness, with a focus on treatment of fevers in the two weeks prior to the survey • Vaccinations and childhood illnesses • Marriage and sexual activity • Husband’s background and women’s work status • Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour related to HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) • Domestic violence • Female genital cutting • Adult mortality, including maternal mortality • Fistula of the reproductive and urinary tracts • Other health issues, including knowledge of tuberculosis and medical injections

The Men’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-49 living in every third household in the 2010 TDHS sample. The Men’s Questionnaire collected much of the same information as the Women’s Questionnaire, but it was shorter because it did not contain a detailed reproductive history, questions on maternal and child health or nutrition, questions about fistula, or questions about siblings for the calculation of maternal mortality.

Cleaning operations

Field teams were advised of problems detected during the data entry to improve performance with the use of field check tables. The process of office editing and data processing was initiated on 25 January 2010 and completed on 15 June 2010.

The DBS, urine, and salt samples received from the field were logged in at NBS, checked, and delivered to TFNC to be tested. The processing of DBS samples for the vitamin A testing was handled by three laboratory technicians, while anaemia testing was handled by three laboratory technicians, and iodine testing was done by four laboratory technicians. The samples were logged into the CSPro Test Tracking System (CHTTS) database, and each was given a laboratory number.

Response rate

A total of 10,300 households were selected for the sample, of which 9,741 were found to be occupied during data collection. The shortfall occurred mainly because structures were vacant or destroyed. Of the 9,741 existing households, 9,623 were successfully interviewed, yielding a household response rate of 99 percent.

In the interviewed households, 10,522 women were identified for individual interview; complete interviews were conducted with 10,139 women, yielding a response rate of 96 percent. Of the 2,770 eligible men identified in the subsample of households selected, 91 percent were successfully interviewed.

The principal reason for nonresponse among eligible women and men was the failure to find them at home despite repeated visits to the household. The lower response rate for men reflects the more frequent and longer absences of men from households.

Sampling error estimates

A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

However, the 2010 TDHS sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulas. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the 2010 TDHS is the ISSA Sampling Error Module. This module used the Taylor linearization method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics, such as fertility and

The 2004-2005 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) is the sixth in a series of national survey conducted in Tanzania to measure level, patterns and trends in demographics and health indicators. The first was the 1991-92 TDHS, which was followed by the Tanzania Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Survey (TKAPS) in 1994, the 1996 TDHS, the 1999 Tanzania Reproductive and Child Health Survey (TRCHS) and the 2003-04 Tanzania HIV AIDS Indicator Survey (THIS)

The Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) is part of the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) programme, which is designed to collect data on fertility, family planning, and maternal and child health. The primary objective of the 1999 TRCHS was to collect data at the national level (with breakdowns by urban-rural and Mainland-Zanzibar residence wherever warranted) on fertility levels and preferences, family planning use, maternal and child health, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of young children, childhood mortality levels, knowledge and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS, and the availability of specific health services within the community.1 Related objectives were to produce these results in a timely manner and to ensure that the data were disseminated to a wide audience of potential users in governmental and nongovernmental organisations within and outside Tanzania. The ultimate intent is to use the information to evaluate current programmes and to design new strategies for improving health and family planning services for the people of Tanzania.

Not specified

BackgroundHIV continues to be a significant global health issue, particularly affecting sub-Saharan Africa, including Tanzania. Knowing one’s HIV status is a crucial first step in combating HIV/AIDS and achieving the targets set for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. However, despite ongoing efforts, HIV testing coverage remains low in developing countries, including Tanzania, where testing among young people poses particular challenges. Therefore, this study, based on the 2022 Tanzanian Demographic and Health Survey, aims to identify the factors influencing HIV testing among young women through the lens of Anderson’s Behavioral Model.MethodsIn this study, we analyzed a weighted sample of 5,810 young women from the 2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS). Given the hierarchical structure of the DHS data and the binary nature of the outcome variable ‘ever tested for HIV,’ we employed a multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression model. The best-fitting model was identified using the deviance value. In the multivariable analysis, we calculated adjusted odds ratios (AORs) along with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the strength of associations between various predictors and HIV testing. Statistical significance was determined at a p-value of less than 0.05.ResultIn our study, the prevalence of HIV testing among young women was 60.18% (95% CI: 58.91 to 61.43%). Significant factors associated with HIV testing included age (AOR = 4.33, 95% CI [3.43, 5.45]), marital status (AOR = 2.31, 95% CI [1.76, 3.04]), knowledge of HIV prevention (AOR = 1.59, 95% CI [1.23, 2.04]), discriminatory attitudes towards HIV (AOR = 0.74, 95% CI [0.58, 0.95]), visiting healthcare facilities (AOR = 4.80, 95% CI [3.75, 6.14]), media exposure (AOR = 1.44, 95% CI [1.09, 1.90]), internet use (AOR = 1.56, 95% CI [1.02, 2.38]), and ever heard of STIs (AOR = 2.12, 95% CI [1.63, 2.77]).ConclusionOur study found that 60.18% of young women in Tanzania have been tested for HIV. Addressing barriers like stigma and improving access to healthcare and information through media and the internet can significantly boost HIV testing rates among young women, aiding the global effort to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030.The Anderson Behavioral Model emphasizes the importance of predisposing, enabling, and need factors in healthcare utilization, which aligns with our findings and underscores the necessity of a multifaceted approach to improve HIV testing rates.

Concentration Indices for accessing safe childbirth care with household ranked by socioeconomic in Tanzania DHS, 2004–2016.

Percentage distribution of women between the ages of 15 and 49 years by selected background characteristics in Tanzania DHS, 2004–2016.

Contributing factors to the inequalities in accessing skilled birth attendance in Tanzania DHS, 2004–2016.

The TKAPS is a follow-up to the 1991/92 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) which was implemented by the same organizations. The TKAPS differed from the TDHS in that it was implemented on a smaller sample and did not include a birth history or questions on health. The main purpose of the TKAPS was to produce up-to-date estimates of contraceptive knowledge and use that could be used to evaluate the USAID-funded Family Planning Services Support project. Another objective of the survey was to provide data on general knowledge about AIDS. More specifically, the primary objective of the TKAPS is to provide information on awareness, approval, and use of family planning methods; unmet need for family planning services; fertility preferences; nuptiality; and knowledge regarding AIDS. This information is intended to assist policymakers and administrators in evaluating and designing programmes and strategies for improving family planning services and AIDS programs in the country.

Analysis unit

Woman, Birth, Child, Man, Member

Universe

Women age 15-49, Births, Children age 0-4, Men age 15-49, All persons

Kind of data

Demographic and Household Survey [hh/dhs]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: National Bureau of Statistics [Tanzania] and ORC Macro.

SAMPLE UNIT: Woman SAMPLE SIZE: 10329

SAMPLE UNIT: Birth SAMPLE SIZE: 30557

SAMPLE UNIT: Child SAMPLE SIZE: 8564

SAMPLE UNIT: Man SAMPLE SIZE: 2635

SAMPLE UNIT: Member SAMPLE SIZE: 49921

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]