After accounting for their impact on consumer behavior, higher tariffs collected in 2023 cost the average American household around 300 U.S. dollars. This was a slight decrease from 2022, when tariffs raised the average household costs by about 376 U.S. dollars. This includes total taxes collected under Section 201, Section 232, and Section 301 trade war tariffs.

This data package includes the underlying data files to replicate the data, tables, and charts presented in Why Trump’s tariff proposals would harm working Americans, PIIE Policy Brief 24-1.

If you use the data, please cite as: Clausing, Kimberly, and Mary E. Lovely. 2024. Why Trump’s tariff proposals would harm working Americans. PIIE Policy Brief 24-1. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

This paper characterizes the trade-off between the income gains and the inequality costs of trade using survey data for 54 developing countries. Tariff data on agricultural and manufacturing goods are combined with household survey data on detailed income and expenditure patterns to estimate the first-order effects of the elimination of import tariffs on household welfare. The paper assesses how these welfare effects vary across the distribution by estimating impacts on the consumption of traded goods, wage income, farm and non-farm family enterprise income, and government transfers. For each country, the income gains and the inequality costs of trade liberalization are quantified and the trade-offs between them are assessed using an Atkinson social welfare index. The analysis finds average income gains from import tariff liberalization in 45 countries and average income losses in nine countries. Across countries in the sample, the gains from trade are 1.9 percent of real household expenditure on average. We find overwhelming evidence of a trade-off between the income gains (losses) and the inequality costs (gains), which arise because trade tends to exacerbate income inequality: 45 countries face a trade-off, while only nine do not. The income gains typically more than offset the increase in inequality. In the majority of developing countries, the prevailing tariff structure thus induces sizable welfare losses

How Tariffs Are Impacting the Economy

The imposition of tariffs has significantly affected the global economy, leading to higher operational costs and disrupted trade flows. In the U.S., the introduction of tariffs on imported goods has led to higher prices for products ranging from electronics to agricultural goods. The inflationary effect has resulted in reduced household purchasing power, with the average U.S. household projected to lose around $3,800 annually.

Furthermore, the economy has been projected to experience a reduction of 1.1% in GDP by 2025, equating to a $170 billion loss in output. These tariffs also create supply chain challenges, as businesses are forced to rethink sourcing strategies and face increased transportation and raw material costs. While the tariffs aim to protect domestic industries, they can also lead to retaliatory measures from trade partners, which exacerbates global economic instability and uncertainty.

➤ Discover how our research uncovers business opportunities @ https://market.us/report/earthquake-insurance-market/free-sample/

In August 2024, the estimated natural gas bill for an Italian household with a consumption of ***** cubic meters per year and a contract in the vulnerability protection service was highest in the south of Italy, at 1344 euros per year. This price is approximately *** euros above the average price in the north of the country. This price gap does not depend on the cost of the raw material, which is the same in the whole country, but on the fluctuations of other cost components of natural gas prices, namely the cost of transportation and gas meter management.

Graph and download economic data for Federal government current tax receipts: Taxes on production and imports: Customs duties (B235RC1Q027SBEA) from Q1 1959 to Q2 2025 about receipts, imports, tax, federal, production, government, GDP, and USA.

This table contains figures on consumer prices for electricity and gas. These are subdivided into transport prices, delivery prices and taxes (including and excluding VAT). The figures are published as weighted average monthly prices. The average energy prices published here are the prices as used for the consumer price index (CPI) up to and including May 2023. Prices of new contracts were observed at the CPI. Contracts that were offered by energy companies in previous periods, but not in the relevant reporting period, have been mathematically continued and included in the calculation of the average tariff. The average prices in this table may therefore deviate from the average prices that Dutch households pay for energy. Data available from January 2018 to May 2023. Status of the figures: The data are final. Changes as of July 20, 2023: None, this table has been discontinued. Due to a change in the underlying data and associated method for calculating average energy rates, a new table will be published on 20 July. See section 3. Changes as of February 13, 2023: From January 2023, the average delivery rates will not be published. With the introduction of the price cap, the average energy rates (supply rates) of fixed and variable energy contracts together were very useful to calculate a development for the CPI. As a price point, however, they are less useful. The delivery rates from January 2023 to May 2023 are published in a custom table based on the data for new variable contracts. When will new numbers come out? Not applicable anymore.

These tools are designed to inform high level thinking around micro-grid load and tariff considerations in sub-Saharan Africa. There are two related tools in this dataset:

1. Microgrid REopt LCOE Results Explorer. The purpose of this tool is to display levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) modeling results for representative micro-grid systems serving a rural village with 100 micro-grid connected homes, two shops, and one school. Cost-based modeling of these systems was done using NREL's REopt tool. REopt is a techno-economic decision support model used to determine the optimal selection, sizing, and dispatch strategy of candidate technologies such that site energy requirements are met at the minimum life-cycle cost.

This tool allows the user to see how the optimized LCOE for different micro-grid configurations change as a wide range of input parameters vary. Available toggles include geographical location, fuel prices, discount rates, level of planned reliability, load profile, technology costs, distribution system costs, and other soft costs. Furthermore, a breakdown of the LCOE is provided showing how different cost components contribute to the final LCOE. This tool can be used to obtain a better understanding of what cost-reflective tariffs in sub-Saharan micro-grid systems must be for different combinations of technical and economic project assumptions in order for developers to recover costs and attract investment. The modeled LCOE can also be compared to existing tariff structures and provide insight into the scale of subsidies and grants necessary to make micro-grid projects economically viable under current regulatory structures.

1. Microgrid Load Profile Explorer. The purpose of this tool is to provide hourly electrical load profiles for various household types (i.e., high income, medium income, and low income households) and for various commercial entities (i.e., water pumping for irrigation, grain milling, small shops, schools, clinics, and street lighting) that are commonly found in rural Sub-Saharan Africa. This tool allows the user to input the number of households, types of households, and number of commercial entities in order to see how the hourly electrical load profile changes and to see how the maximum and minimum electrical load changes.

The data in this dataset is derived from the study published in https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.11.112 .

Data shows hourly heating costs for covering the heating demand of an average dwelling in Madrid (Spain) during 2018-2019 heating season (from 01/10/18 to 31/03/19) through different technologies. A conventional gas boiler and an air-to-air heat pump were selected; additionally, three different electric tariffs were selected: dTOU, RTP and a static tariff.

One file is provided as a xlsx file with the following hourly features:

Date

Hour

Tout: Outdoor temperature in ºC

RTP: Real Time Price electric tariff in €

dTOU: Dynamic Time of Use electric tariff in €

E.Flat: Static electric tariff in €

Gas: Natural gas tariff in €

Demand: Dwellings heating demand in kWh

COPR32a: Instant COP of R32 working fluid

Con.Elec: Electric consumption of the heat pump in kWh

ConGas: Gas boiler consumption in kWh

€.elec_RTR: Cost of the electric consumption under the RTP tariff in €

€.elec_Flat: Cost of the electric consumption under the static tariff in €

€.elec_dTOU: Cost of the electric consumption under the dTOU tariff in €

€.gas: Cost of the natural gas consumption in €

Ireland, Italy, and Germany had some of the highest household electricity prices worldwide, as of March 2025. At the time, Irish households were charged around 0.45 U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour, while in Italy, the price stood at 0.43 U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour. By comparison, in Russia, residents paid almost 10 times less. What is behind electricity prices? Electricity prices vary widely across the world and sometimes even within a country itself, depending on factors like infrastructure, geography, and politically determined taxes and levies. For example, in Denmark, Belgium, and Sweden, taxes constitute a significant portion of residential end-user electricity prices. Reliance on fossil fuel imports Meanwhile, thanks to their great crude oil and natural gas production output, countries like Iran, Qatar, and Russia enjoy some of the cheapest electricity prices in the world. Here, the average household pays less than 0.1 U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour. In contrast, countries heavily reliant on fossil fuel imports for electricity generation are more vulnerable to market price fluctuations.

Residential electricity prices data for Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain, Oman and Kuwait collected from multiple sources. Saudi Arabia electricity tariffs: KAPSARC dataOman: Authority for Electricity Regulations - Link 2019 Annual Report Bahrain: Electricity & Water Authority - Link - ​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​Electricity Consumption Tariff for the years 2016-2019UAE electricity prices: Dubai: Dubai Electricity & Water Authority - Link Sharjah: Sharjah Electricity & Water Authority - Link Access Abu Dhabi prices dataset Link, Source: Abu Dhabi Distribution Company - Link Water & Electricity Tariffs 2017Other emirates in UAE: Federal Electricity & Water Authority - Link Global average price - link World average price is 0.14 U.S. Dollar per kWh for household users and 0.13 U.S. Dollar per kWh for business users.Note: Global average price for world countries include all items in the electricity bill such as the distribution and energy cost, various environmental and fuel cost charges and taxes.All prices are converted to (US cent/KWh). Citation: Alghamdi, Abeer. 2020. “GCC Residential Electricity Tariffs.” [dataset]. https://datasource.kapsarc.org/explore/dataset/gcc-electricity/information/?disjunctive.country_city&disjunctive.category&disjunctive.slabs.

Poland Retail Price: Electricity for Households, G-11 Tariff data was reported at 1.110 PLN/kWh in Feb 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 1.110 PLN/kWh for Jan 2025. Poland Retail Price: Electricity for Households, G-11 Tariff data is updated monthly, averaging 0.650 PLN/kWh from Jan 2010 (Median) to Feb 2025, with 182 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.110 PLN/kWh in Feb 2025 and a record low of 0.570 PLN/kWh in Jan 2010. Poland Retail Price: Electricity for Households, G-11 Tariff data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Poland. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Poland – Table PL.P002: Retail Price: Non Food Products and Services.

As of the second quarter of 2025, Australia had the highest average electricity price for households in the Asia-Pacific region, at about **** U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour. Singapore had the second-highest average electricity price, with households paying around **** U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour.

Energy consumption readings for a sample of 5,567 London Households that took part in the UK Power Networks led Low Carbon London project between November 2011 and February 2014.

Readings were taken at half hourly intervals. Households have been allocated to a CACI Acorn group (2010). The customers in the trial were recruited as a balanced sample representative of the Greater London population.

The dataset contains energy consumption, in kWh (per half hour), unique household identifier, date and time, and CACI Acorn group. The CSV file is around 10GB when unzipped and contains around 167million rows.

Within the data set are two groups of customers. The first is a sub-group, of approximately 1100 customers, who were subjected to Dynamic Time of Use (dToU) energy prices throughout the 2013 calendar year period. The tariff prices were given a day ahead via the Smart Meter IHD (In Home Display) or text message to mobile phone. Customers were issued High (67.20p/kWh), Low (3.99p/kWh) or normal (11.76p/kWh) price signals and the times of day these applied. The dates/times and the price signal schedule is availaible as part of this dataset. All non-Time of Use customers were on a flat rate tariff of 14.228pence/kWh.

The signals given were designed to be representative of the types of signal that may be used in the future to manage both high renewable generation (supply following) operation and also test the potential to use high price signals to reduce stress on local distribution grids during periods of stress.

The remaining sample of approximately 4500 customers energy consumption readings were not subject to the dToU tariff.

More information can be found on the Low Carbon London webpage

Some analysis of this data can be seen here.

Global electricity prices for households averaged some ** U.S. cents per kilowatt hour as of 2016. Europe and North America had the highest average prices, while households in sub-Saharan Africa paid the least for electricity. Germany has one of the highest electricity prices in the world at about ** U.S. cents per kilowatt hour; in comparison, the price of electricity in the United States averaged 13 U.S. cents per kilowatt hour. As Germany transitions from fossil fuels to renewable sources through the country’s Renewable Electricity Energy Sources Act (EEG or Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz), electricity prices have increased via taxes and levies on commercial and residential consumers. Prices are very different across the world and can also vary within municipalities in many countries.

Determining electricity rates Electricity prices (also called electricity tariffs) depend on a variety of factors such as price of primary power generation sources, government taxes, and grid infrastructure. A large portion of electricity prices are based on wholesale electricity costs. Tariffs will also differ based on customer groups, usually categorized by residential, commercial, and industrial customers. For example, prices for industrial customers tend to be very close to the wholesale price of electricity as they tend to consume more power at higher voltages which is more efficient, and thus, cheaper. Customers tend to be differentiated by load size and usage profiles – how much the customer contributes to the peak load is also important in determining rate class.

In January 2019 the European Commission published the third report on energy prices and costs in Europe. Published every two years, this most recent report finds that wholesale energy prices have fallen in recent years due to increasing competition on wholesale markets from greater amounts of renewable energy, improved interconnections and a more integrated internal electricity market.

The report also highlights how these lower supply costs, together with stable network tariffs, taxes and levies, enabled household electricity prices to fall in 2017 for the first time since 2008. However, the report also warns of the EU's ongoing high exposure to volatile and growing fossil fuel prices and notes that wholesale prices have started to rise again. Future electricity production costs are expected to increase for fossil fuel-generated electricity (due to import prices and the carbon price) and fall for renewables (linked to the decreasing costs of investment as technologies evolve), with the report suggesting that that electricity market prices could reduce the need for subsidising renewable energy technologies by 2030.

An average U.S. family of four pays about ***** U.S. dollars for water every month as of 2019, if each person used about 100 gallons per day. The price index of water and sewage maintenance have increased in recent years as infrastructure continues to age across the United States.

Setting water rates

Cities that have increased prices in water, generally use the increased rate to improve infrastructure. Families generally pay a fixed charge every month which is independent of water consumption, and a variable charge which is related to the amount of water used. Higher fixed charges are more commonly used to ensure revenue stability due to increased pipe repair costs, however, it reduces the incentive to conserve water and may punish households that use less water.

Water prices worldwide

Water prices vary across the countries and cities due to the various processes that are used to assign a price. Utilities generally set a water rate or tariff based on costs of water treatment, water storage, transport, wastewater treatment and collection, and other administrative operations. On the other hand, direct abstraction of water from sources such as lakes, is usually not charged, however, some countries require payment based on volume or abstraction rights.

Household electricity prices in China amounted to 7.5 U.S. dollar cents per kilowatt-hour in June 2024. Residential electricity prices increased steadily in the country from September 2020 to September 2021, when it reached 9.3 U.S. dollar cents per kilowatt-hour, and decreased to less than eight U.S. dollar cents per kilowatt-hour in the following months. Growing demand for affordable electricity Through China’s decades of industrialization, increasing power demand has been a constant factor, and policymakers and utility companies have had to balance it with affordability for a population with a relatively low per capita income. Keeping residential electricity prices at a low level is vital, given that many depend on air conditioning in China’s harsh summer months. However, with China’s ongoing electrification of private and public transportation, the demand for electricity will only increase. From black coal to sustainable green The history of the electricity industry is one of constant change and adaptation. Despite its size, China is not rich in energy resources. With coal being the only available fuel, it has supplied electricity to 1.4 billion people and an economy that has undergone incredible growth in the past four decades. However, the reliance on coal has left behind a black legacy of high carbon emissions and severe air pollution. With the highest investments in renewables worldwide, China attempts to transform its energy industry into a sustainable future.

In 2023, the average price of household natural gas in France amounted to *** euros per megawatt-hour, up from ** euros in the previous year. Supply and network costs accounted for the largest share of the natural gas bill. While supply costs almost doubled between 2020 and 2023, network costs, consumption tax, and transmission tariff remained stable or slightly increased.The household electricity price in France grew by approximately ** euros per megawatt-hour over the same period.