Structural and functional approaches were used to study cotton (Gossypium) genes implicated in water-deficit stress. A genetic map representing the hypothetical ancestral diploid genome (Consensus Map) was used to map 1,907 of 15,784 tentative consensus sequences (TCs). These TCs represent 25,119 cotton ESTs derived from various tissues under irrigated and water-limited condition. The correspondence of mapped TCs and 42 stress-related quantitative trait loci (QTLs) revealed that 391 of the initial 1907 TCs co-localized within a QTL interval. About 31% of these TCs were annotated as genes involved in plant responses to abiotic stress. By comparison, only 18% of the total annotated TCs mapped on the Consensus map were classified as abiotic stress genes. The enrichment of stress-related TCs that map to stress-related QTLs could not be explained by chance (P = 1.5 x 10-7). Gene expression profiling experiments were carried out using a microarray composed of 12,006 oligonucleotides. Transcriptional responses to imposed water-deficit stress in root and leaf tissue of 8-week old cotton plants revealed 1401 transcripts identified as drought responsive. A total of 158 (84 drought-induced and 74 drought-repressed) genes were mapped, of which 22 (8 induced and 14 repressed) genes co-localized with a QTL. A total of 539 unique genes were identified in the drought-stressed libraries. However, only 91 of these genes are contained on the array. Of these genes, 12 showed significant changes in transcript abundance between stressed and irrigated leaf and root. Forty-five candidate genes implicated in drought-stress response at some level of characterization were identified. Keywords: stress response Overall design: Cotton plants (FiberMax 989) were grown under greenhouse conditions (30ºC/25ºC, day/night) for 8 weeks. Plants were fertilized twice weekly with 50% Hoagland’s solution. Water-deficit stress was imposed by withholding irrigation and monitored based on leaf water potential measured with a pressure bomb. Additionally, leaf level gas-exchange was measured as water-deficit increased using a portable infrared gas analyzer (Li-COR, Model LI-6400, Lincoln, NE, USA). Leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit (VPD), air temperature, and CO2 concentration (400 µmol mol-1) of the cuvette were set to ambient environmental values for each measurement period and maintained constant for all measurements across plots. Irradiance was set to saturating light conditions (2000 µmol m-2 s-1) using a light-emitting diode (Licor LI-6400-002). Data were logged three times for each leaf and then averaged for each plant to be used as a statistical unit. At the time of leaf and root tissue harvest, leaf water potentials averaged -8.7 Bars (+ 0.37 SE) for fully irrigated control plants and -23.1 Bars (+ 0.28 SE) for stressed plants, and leaf photosynthetic rates had decreased to approximately 60% of the rates seen in the irrigated controls. The youngest, nearly fully expanded leaf (4th leaf from the apical meristem) was sampled from each plant and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. Root tissue was harvested by sampling lateral roots in two sequential steps of flash freezing in liquid nitrogen. Gene expression profiling experiments were carried out using the second-generation cotton oligonucleotide microarray. The array is composed of 12,006 oligonucleotides derived from an assembly of more than 180,000 Gossypium ESTs sequenced from 30 cDNA libraries (www.cottonevolution.info/microarray). Expression data were subjected to LOWESS normalization and a Benjamini and Hochberg multiple testing correction. Differential expression was defined as >2 fold change in expression level at p

Damage probability maps for offshore wind turbines exposed to tropical cyclones (TCs) under both historical and future climate scenarios along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coasts are presented in this dataset. TCs are generated using The Risk Analysis Framework for Tropical Cyclones (RAFT), forced by CMIP6 historical and future global climate simulations. Maximum wind speeds for 20- and 50-year TCs are processed through a fragility function specific to offshore wind (OSW) turbines in order to estimate the probability of damage – specifically yielding and buckling – based on wind speed intensity.

Included data:

TC wind speeds: Peak 10-min mean hub height (90m) TC wind speed maps

Damage states: Yielding and Buckling probability maps for OSW turbines

Geographic coverage: U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coasts (up to 200km from the shoreline)

Time periods: Historic (1980-2014) and Future (2066-2100)

Methodology:

Tropical cyclone simulation: The RAFT TC model is used to simulate storms for historical and future climates using CMIP6 environmental conditions.

TC impact metric: Wind speeds associated with 20- and 50-year return period TCs are used to estimate the aerodynamic and sea wave loading on OSW turbines.

Fragility functions: Wind speeds are input into a fragility function developed for OSW turbines, estimating the probability of yielding and buckling damage.

Damage probability maps: The results consist of eight (8) gridded damage probability maps representing the likelihoods of yielding and buckling to OSW turbines from 20- and 50-year TCs under historical and future climatic conditions.

Potential Uses:

Assessing the spatial vulnerability of OSW infrastructure to TCs

Supporting decision-making for the design and siting of turbines

Evaluating the impact of climate change on the risk of damage to OSW infrastructure

For further insights into this dataset, users are encouraged to refer to the associated paper: https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01887-6

This dataset offers valuable insights into the potential impact of TCs on offshore wind infrastructure, aiding in risk assessment and resilience planning for the renewable energy sector.

The uploaded are the data associated with the figures in the paper titled "Climatological characteristics of thunderstorm clouds over the Tibetan Plateau indicated by TRMM/RPFs with lightning" which is submitted to the JGR.

Using radar precipitation feature (RPF) data from 1998 to 2014 derived from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite observations, we analyzed the activity and properties of thunderstorm clouds (TCs) over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and compared them with those over two contrasting land regions (CR1 and CR2). We revealed the properties of TCs over the TP including their flash rate, flash density, flash properties (duration, length and radiance), horizontal and vertical extent, and vertical profiles of reflectivity and compared them with those over CR1 and CR2. We further suggested a comparison of the effective charge regions (ECRs) in the TCs over the three regions and indicated the possible relationship between the flash rate of the TC and number of ECRs as well as between the flash density of the TC and the proportional ECR area. A conceptual sketch map was proposed that reveals the uniqueness of TCs over the TP. The results indicate that TCs over the central TP are most active; generally, the flash rates, flash properties, and sizes of the TCs are greater over the eastern TP than over the western TP. Meanwhile, the TCs over the southern and western TP have a larger vertical extent and flash density, respectively. The analysis of monthly and diurnal variations indicated the prominent preference of TC activity to occur in the warm season and afternoon, and multiple variations of TC properties.