Historical dataset of population level and growth rate for the Tehran, Iran metro area from 1950 to 2025.

In 1800, the population of the modern-day territory of Iran was approximately 6.3 million. This figure would see modest growth throughout the 19th century, as several wars and a mass famine in 1870-1871 (modern estimates put its death toll at around 1.5 million people) were largely balanced out by a surge in migration to Iran; this migration came as the Russian Empire expanded into the Caucuses, and caused a wave of refugees to flee southwards to avoid forced expulsion and ethnic cleansing in the North Caucasus region, particularly from 1864 onwards. As a result, the population of Iran reached ten million by the turn of the 20th century.

Twentieth century growth Iran’s population would begin to grow rapidly in the 20th century, as the discovery of oil in the country in 1908 led to an economic boom, and the socio-economic reforms implemented under Reza Shah would see a number of medical and healthcare advancements across the country. Although unpopular with religious fundamentalists, Reza Shah's reforms had long-term influence on the demographic development of Iran, even after his abdication in 1941. Following the Second World War, Iran became increasingly westernized and developed relatively strong relations with the U.S.; however, western influence, economic imbalances and the oppression of the Mohammed Reza Shah's regime became the driving forces behind the Iranian Revolution, which was one of the most significant moments in the history of the region.

Growth after the Revolution The 1979 Iranian Revolution saw the removal of the Shah and an end to Iran's so called westernization; the monarchy was replaced by an Islamic, theocratic regime led by the Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. During Khomeini's decade in charge he oversaw Iran's transition into an Islamic Republic, which implemented radical political and cultural changes in the country, and this coincided with an increased population growth rate in the 1980s. This growth was promoted by the Iranian government, who encouraged a baby boom during the Iran–Iraq War between 1980 and 1988, as part of an effort to increase future Iranian military manpower. As a result of this strategy, the population of Iran would grow from approximately 38.6 million in 1980 to over 56 million just a decade later. Following the implementation of a UN-brokered ceasefire in 1988, population growth in Iran would slow, as economic sanctions and government implementation of family planning policies would lead to a drop in fertility. Population growth has continued steadily into the 21st century, however, and in 2020, Iran is estimated to have a population of 84 million.

Introduction of features Development indicators: - Housing indicators - Education indicators - Demographic indicators - Employment indicators - Information access indicators - Environmental indicators - Infrastructure indicators

Education indicators: - Literacy percentage of the population aged 6 years and older - Percentage of Basudans with higher education - Per capita users in the education sector

Housing indicators: - The age of the building - Type of building materials - Size of residential units - The number of rooms available to the household - How to occupy a residential unit

Demographic indicators - population density - Population growth percentage - Family size - Percentage of population up to 14 years old

access to information - Percentage of families with computers - using Internet

the environment - Disposal of kitchen sewage in the side well - Disposal of kitchen sewage in the surrounding environment - Toilet waste disposal in the side well

Infrastructure - Having electricity, landline phone, piped water, piped gas, central heating and cooling device - Having a bathroom and kitchen

Prices (1395 to 1402) - (2016 to 2023): (Average of 1 meter of an Apartments) - Price-1402-03 - Price-1401-08 - Price-1400-05 - Price-1399-05 - Price-1398-05 - Price-1397-05 - Price-1396-09 - Price-1395-08

Source: Statistics Center of Iran's Central Bank

The data include four datasets. The deaths dataset includes dead people and their attributes in the city of Tehran between 2008 and 2018. The attribute data includes the gender, date of the death, age and district where death occurred. Tehran has 22 geographical districts and population dataset in this study shows the population data separated by age groups and sex for each district. Furthermore, two spatial datasets about the city of Tehran are introduced; 1) the digital boundaries of districts and 2) urban suburbs of Tehran.

Urbanization as one of the dominant trends and ecological change in the 20th century has imposed a great physical expansion to cities. It is estimated that by 2050 about two-thirds of the world population are likely to be urban residents. Consequently, sensitivity to environmental issues such as energy conservation, sustainability and climate change has become a vital issue when addressing urbanization. Rapid increase in urban population and unbalance allocation of resources in cities such as Tehran is often equal to increased use of space and higher energy consumption. The massive use of fossil fuels as the main source of energy, rapid physical growth and continuous increase in population is argued to be contributing to climate change and many of negative environmental impacts in many metropolitan areas such as Tehran. Such trends call for actions to mitigate the negative impacts and create more energy efficient and sustainable spaces. In this context, city centres - as one of the fundamental elements of cities’ morphology and as the space of utmost human interactions associated with shopping or retail, social activities, commercial transactions and leisure/cultural activities - require a specific attention. City Centre Public Spaces (CCPSs) are the nodes with major public transport hubs, public and partly residential buildings, museums, streets, malls and other components. They are diverse in terms of form and functional arrangements and each component plays a potential role in the overall energy performance of the city centre. The focus in this research is on CCPSs and investigating their form and functional design components which contributes in minimizing the level of energy consumption. Factors such as mobility, accessibility and land use patterns as functional components and building and blocks configuration incl. the height of the neighbouring building, density, depth, type and orientation are analysed and surveyed as formal. The main aim of the research is to develop a comprehensive set of form and functional design strategies to create more sustainable and energy efficient city centre in Tehran. To do so, findings from literature review and good practices will be consolidated to create an energy efficiency design checklist (chapter two). The checklist will be utilized in chapter three for analysing the form and functional design components in the city centre of Tehran. Findings from the case study will be further elaborated in chapter four to develop a set of global design strategies that can be adapted by decision makers, authorities, and urban design experts for energy efficient public spaces design in the city centres.

The difference between the aggregate numbers and sum of the items is because of the votes casted outside of Iran. The votes casted in Ardebil province before its introduction have been inserted in Azarbayjan-e-Sharghi province. The votes casted in Alborz province before its introduction have been inserted in Tehran province. The votes casted in Khorasan Jonoubi and Khorasan Shomali provinces before their introduction have been inserted in Khorasan Razavi province. The votes casted in Qazvin and Qom provinces before their introduction have been inserted in Tehran province. The votes casted in Golestan province before its introduction have been inserted in Mazandaran province.

Urban sprawl and urbanization as driving forces of land degradation have direct and indirect impacts on local climate dynamic. In this paper, the hypothesis that urban sprawl and unsustainable land use change cause local climate changes has been studied. Tehran as a megacity has been considered to show the urban sprawl and urbanization impacts on local climate. The methodology is divided into two main parts based on the primary datasets (satellite imagery and local climate data). The Landsat images and digital elevation model maps extracted from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 1 Arc-Second Global data of Tehran acquired in every 5 years during June and July from 1975 to 2015 have been used for this study. The second dataset that has been used in this study contains daily mean temperature and precipitation (from 1990 to 2010) of eight meteorological synoptic stations in the study area. The results show that the rapid and unsustainable urban growth have significant effects on local climate. Moreover, it has been found that the urbanization and urban sprawl as well as unsustainable land use change caused significant change (P = 0.005) in evaporation rate in the study area (especially in east and center regions of the city with high population density).