Due to increasing use of technology-enhanced educational assessment, data mining methods have been explored to analyse process data in log files from such assessment. However, most studies were limited to one data mining technique under one specific scenario. The current study demonstrates the usage of four frequently used supervised techniques, including Classification and Regression Trees (CART), gradient boosting, random forest, support vector machine (SVM), and two unsupervised methods, Self-organizing Map (SOM) and k-means, fitted to one assessment data. The USA sample (N = 426) from the 2012 Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) responding to problem-solving items is extracted to demonstrate the methods. After concrete feature generation and feature selection, classifier development procedures are implemented using the illustrated techniques. Results show satisfactory classification accuracy for all the techniques. Suggestions for the selection of classifiers are presented based on the research questions, the interpretability and the simplicity of the classifiers. Interpretations for the results from both supervised and unsupervised learning methods are provided.

Ensemble Data Mining Methods, also known as Committee Methods or Model Combiners, are machine learning methods that leverage the power of multiple models to achieve better prediction accuracy than any of the individual models could on their own. The basic goal when designing an ensemble is the same as when establishing a committee of people: each member of the committee should be as competent as possible, but the members should be complementary to one another. If the members are not complementary, i.e., if they always agree, then the committee is unnecessary---any one member is sufficient. If the members are complementary, then when one or a few members make an error, the probability is high that the remaining members can correct this error. Research in ensemble methods has largely revolved around designing ensembles consisting of competent yet complementary models.

Ensemble Data Mining Methods, also known as Committee Methods or Model Combiners, are machine learning methods that leverage the power of multiple models to achieve better prediction accuracy than any of the individual models could on their own. The basic goal when designing an ensemble is the same as when establishing a committee of people: each member of the committee should be as competent as possible, but the members should be complementary to one another. If the members are not complementary, i.e., if they always agree, then the committee is unnecessary---any one member is sufficient. If the members are complementary, then when one or a few members make an error, the probability is high that the remaining members can correct this error. Research in ensemble methods has largely revolved around designing ensembles consisting of competent yet complementary models.

This chapter presents theoretical and practical aspects associated to the implementation of a combined model-based/data-driven approach for failure prognostics based on particle filtering algorithms, in which the current esti- mate of the state PDF is used to determine the operating condition of the system and predict the progression of a fault indicator, given a dynamic state model and a set of process measurements. In this approach, the task of es- timating the current value of the fault indicator, as well as other important changing parameters in the environment, involves two basic steps: the predic- tion step, based on the process model, and an update step, which incorporates the new measurement into the a priori state estimate. This framework allows to estimate of the probability of failure at future time instants (RUL PDF) in real-time, providing information about time-to- failure (TTF) expectations, statistical confidence intervals, long-term predic- tions; using for this purpose empirical knowledge about critical conditions for the system (also referred to as the hazard zones). This information is of paramount significance for the improvement of the system reliability and cost-effective operation of critical assets, as it has been shown in a case study where feedback correction strategies (based on uncertainty measures) have been implemented to lengthen the RUL of a rotorcraft transmission system with propagating fatigue cracks on a critical component. Although the feed- back loop is implemented using simple linear relationships, it is helpful to provide a quick insight into the manner that the system reacts to changes on its input signals, in terms of its predicted RUL. The method is able to manage non-Gaussian pdf’s since it includes concepts such as nonlinear state estimation and confidence intervals in its formulation. Real data from a fault seeded test showed that the proposed framework was able to anticipate modifications on the system input to lengthen its RUL. Results of this test indicate that the method was able to successfully suggest the correction that the system required. In this sense, future work will be focused on the development and testing of similar strategies using different input-output uncertainty metrics.

Abstract The objective of this work is to improve the quality of the information that belongs to the database CubaCiencia, of the Institute of Scientific and Technological Information. This database has bibliographic information referring to four segments of science and is the main database of the Library Management System. The applied methodology was based on the Decision Trees, the Correlation Matrix, the 3D Scatter Plot, etc., which are techniques used by data mining, for the study of large volumes of information. The results achieved not only made it possible to improve the information in the database, but also provided truly useful patterns in the solution of the proposed objectives.

This data set belongs to the paper "Video-to-Model: Unsupervised Trace Extraction from Videos for Process Discovery and Conformance Checking in Manual Assembly", submitted on March 24, 2020, to the 18th International Conference on Business Process Management (BPM).Abstract: Manual activities are often hidden deep down in discrete manufacturing processes. For the elicitation and optimization of process behavior, complete information about the execution of Manual activities are required. Thus, an approach is presented on how execution level information can be extracted from videos in manual assembly. The goal is the generation of a log that can be used in state-of-the-art process mining tools. The test bed for the system was lightweight and scalable consisting of an assembly workstation equipped with a single RGB camera recording only the hand movements of the worker from top. A neural network based real-time object classifier was trained to detect the worker’s hands. The hand detector delivers the input for an algorithm, which generates trajectories reflecting the movement paths of the hands. Those trajectories are automatically assigned to work steps using the position of material boxes on the assembly shelf as reference points and hierarchical clustering of similar behaviors with dynamic time warping. The system has been evaluated in a task-based study with ten participants in a laboratory, but under realistic conditions. The generated logs have been loaded into the process mining toolkit ProM to discover the underlying process model and to detect deviations from both, instructions and ground truth, using conformance checking. The results show that process mining delivers insights about the assembly process and the system’s precision.The data set contains the generated and the annotated logs based on the video material gathered during the user study. In addition, the petri nets from the process discovery and conformance checking conducted with ProM (http://www.promtools.org) and the reference nets modeled with Yasper (http://www.yasper.org/) are provided.

Nearly two thirds of surveyed top managers of large companies operating in Russia viewed process mining as useful for purchasing, in 2021. Furthermore, over ** percent of respondents saw the technology's potential in improving the customer journey map and IT processes.

The number of publications of ^ per year. The percentile is given for the sake of comparison with the literature.

Data Mining Tools Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Data Mining Tools market size reached USD 1.93 billion in 2024, reflecting robust industry momentum. The market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 12.7% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a projected value of USD 5.69 billion by 2033. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing adoption of advanced analytics across diverse industries, rapid digital transformation, and the necessity for actionable insights from massive data volumes.

One of the pivotal growth factors propelling the Data Mining Tools market is the exponential rise in data generation, particularly through digital channels, IoT devices, and enterprise applications. Organizations across sectors are leveraging data mining tools to extract meaningful patterns, trends, and correlations from structured and unstructured data. The need for improved decision-making, operational efficiency, and competitive advantage has made data mining an essential component of modern business strategies. Furthermore, advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning are enhancing the capabilities of these tools, enabling predictive analytics, anomaly detection, and automation of complex analytical tasks, which further fuels market expansion.

Another significant driver is the growing demand for customer-centric solutions in industries such as retail, BFSI, and healthcare. Data mining tools are increasingly being used for customer relationship management, targeted marketing, fraud detection, and risk management. By analyzing customer behavior and preferences, organizations can personalize their offerings, optimize marketing campaigns, and mitigate risks. The integration of data mining tools with cloud platforms and big data technologies has also simplified deployment and scalability, making these solutions accessible to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) as well as large organizations. This democratization of advanced analytics is creating new growth avenues for vendors and service providers.

The regulatory landscape and the increasing emphasis on data privacy and security are also shaping the development and adoption of Data Mining Tools. Compliance with frameworks such as GDPR, HIPAA, and CCPA necessitates robust data governance and transparent analytics processes. Vendors are responding by incorporating features like data masking, encryption, and audit trails into their solutions, thereby enhancing trust and adoption among regulated industries. Additionally, the emergence of industry-specific data mining applications, such as fraud detection in BFSI and predictive diagnostics in healthcare, is expanding the addressable market and fostering innovation.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the Data Mining Tools market owing to the early adoption of advanced analytics, strong presence of leading technology vendors, and high investments in digital transformation. However, the Asia Pacific region is emerging as a lucrative market, driven by rapid industrialization, expansion of IT infrastructure, and growing awareness of data-driven decision-making in countries like China, India, and Japan. Europe, with its focus on data privacy and digital innovation, also represents a significant market share, while Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are witnessing steady growth as organizations in these regions modernize their operations and adopt cloud-based analytics solutions.

Component Analysis

The Component segment of the Data Mining Tools market is bifurcated into Software and Services. Software remains the dominant segment, accounting for the majority of the market share in 2024. This dominance is attributed to the continuous evolution of data mining algorithms, the proliferation of user-friendly graphical interfaces, and the integration of advanced analytics capabilities such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, and natural language pro

Missing data is an inevitable aspect of every empirical research. Researchers developed several techniques to handle missing data to avoid information loss and biases. Over the past 50 years, these methods have become more and more efficient and also more complex. Building on previous review studies, this paper aims to analyze what kind of missing data handling methods are used among various scientific disciplines. For the analysis, we used nearly 50.000 scientific articles that were published between 1999 and 2016. JSTOR provided the data in text format. Furthermore, we utilized a text-mining approach to extract the necessary information from our corpus. Our results show that the usage of advanced missing data handling methods such as Multiple Imputation or Full Information Maximum Likelihood estimation is steadily growing in the examination period. Additionally, simpler methods, like listwise and pairwise deletion, are still in widespread use.

The Supplementary Material of the paper "Supplementary Material: Predictive model using Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining" includes: 1) APPENDIX 1: SQL Statements for data extraction. Appendix 2: Interview for operating Staff. 2) The DataSet of the normalized data to define the predictive model.

Data Analysis is the process that supports decision-making and informs arguments in empirical studies. Descriptive statistics, Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA), and Confirmatory Data Analysis (CDA) are the approaches that compose Data Analysis (Xia & Gong; 2014). An Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) comprises a set of statistical and data mining procedures to describe data. We ran EDA to provide statistical facts and inform conclusions. The mined facts allow attaining arguments that would influence the Systematic Literature Review of DL4SE.

The Systematic Literature Review of DL4SE requires formal statistical modeling to refine the answers for the proposed research questions and formulate new hypotheses to be addressed in the future. Hence, we introduce DL4SE-DA, a set of statistical processes and data mining pipelines that uncover hidden relationships among Deep Learning reported literature in Software Engineering. Such hidden relationships are collected and analyzed to illustrate the state-of-the-art of DL techniques employed in the software engineering context.

Our DL4SE-DA is a simplified version of the classical Knowledge Discovery in Databases, or KDD (Fayyad, et al; 1996). The KDD process extracts knowledge from a DL4SE structured database. This structured database was the product of multiple iterations of data gathering and collection from the inspected literature. The KDD involves five stages:

Selection. This stage was led by the taxonomy process explained in section xx of the paper. After collecting all the papers and creating the taxonomies, we organize the data into 35 features or attributes that you find in the repository. In fact, we manually engineered features from the DL4SE papers. Some of the features are venue, year published, type of paper, metrics, data-scale, type of tuning, learning algorithm, SE data, and so on.

Preprocessing. The preprocessing applied was transforming the features into the correct type (nominal), removing outliers (papers that do not belong to the DL4SE), and re-inspecting the papers to extract missing information produced by the normalization process. For instance, we normalize the feature “metrics” into “MRR”, “ROC or AUC”, “BLEU Score”, “Accuracy”, “Precision”, “Recall”, “F1 Measure”, and “Other Metrics”. “Other Metrics” refers to unconventional metrics found during the extraction. Similarly, the same normalization was applied to other features like “SE Data” and “Reproducibility Types”. This separation into more detailed classes contributes to a better understanding and classification of the paper by the data mining tasks or methods.

Transformation. In this stage, we omitted to use any data transformation method except for the clustering analysis. We performed a Principal Component Analysis to reduce 35 features into 2 components for visualization purposes. Furthermore, PCA also allowed us to identify the number of clusters that exhibit the maximum reduction in variance. In other words, it helped us to identify the number of clusters to be used when tuning the explainable models.

Data Mining. In this stage, we used three distinct data mining tasks: Correlation Analysis, Association Rule Learning, and Clustering. We decided that the goal of the KDD process should be oriented to uncover hidden relationships on the extracted features (Correlations and Association Rules) and to categorize the DL4SE papers for a better segmentation of the state-of-the-art (Clustering). A clear explanation is provided in the subsection “Data Mining Tasks for the SLR od DL4SE”. 5.Interpretation/Evaluation. We used the Knowledge Discover to automatically find patterns in our papers that resemble “actionable knowledge”. This actionable knowledge was generated by conducting a reasoning process on the data mining outcomes. This reasoning process produces an argument support analysis (see this link).

We used RapidMiner as our software tool to conduct the data analysis. The procedures and pipelines were published in our repository.

Overview of the most meaningful Association Rules. Rectangles are both Premises and Conclusions. An arrow connecting a Premise with a Conclusion implies that given some premise, the conclusion is associated. E.g., Given that an author used Supervised Learning, we can conclude that their approach is irreproducible with a certain Support and Confidence.

Support = Number of occurrences this statement is true divided by the amount of statements Confidence = The support of the statement divided by the number of occurrences of the premise

Improving the accuracy of prediction on future values based on the past and current observations has been pursued by enhancing the prediction's methods, combining those methods or performing data pre-processing. In this paper, another approach is taken, namely by increasing the number of input in the dataset. This approach would be useful especially for a shorter time series data. By filling the in-between values in the time series, the number of training set can be increased, thus increasing the generalization capability of the predictor. The algorithm used to make prediction is Neural Network as it is widely used in literature for time series tasks. For comparison, Support Vector Regression is also employed. The dataset used in the experiment is the frequency of USPTO's patents and PubMed's scientific publications on the field of health, namely on Apnea, Arrhythmia, and Sleep Stages. Another time series data designated for NN3 Competition in the field of transportation is also used for benchmarking. The experimental result shows that the prediction performance can be significantly increased by filling in-between data in the time series. Furthermore, the use of detrend and deseasonalization which separates the data into trend, seasonal and stationary time series also improve the prediction performance both on original and filled dataset. The optimal number of increase on the dataset in this experiment is about five times of the length of original dataset.

The worldwide civilian aviation system is one of the most complex dynamical systems created. Most modern commercial aircraft have onboard flight data recorders that record several hundred discrete and continuous parameters at approximately 1Hz for the entire duration of the flight. These data contain information about the flight control systems, actuators, engines, landing gear, avionics, and pilot commands. In this paper, recent advances in the development of a novel knowledge discovery process consisting of a suite of data mining techniques for identifying precursors to aviation safety incidents are discussed. The data mining techniques include scalable multiple-kernel learning for large-scale distributed anomaly detection. A novel multivariate time-series search algorithm is used to search for signatures of discovered anomalies on massive datasets. The process can identify operationally significant events due to environmental, mechanical, and human factors issues in the high-dimensional flight operations quality assurance data. All discovered anomalies are validated by a team of independent domain experts. This novel automated knowledge discovery process is aimed at complementing the state-of-the-art human-generated exceedance-based analysis that fails to discover previously unknown aviation safety incidents. In this paper, the discovery pipeline, the methods used, and some of the significant anomalies detected on real-world commercial aviation data are discussed.

Companies in this industry develop software for data mining. Data mining is the process of extracting patterns from large data sets.

This chapter presents theoretical and practical aspects associated to the implementation of a combined model-based/data-driven approach for failure prognostics based on particle filtering algorithms, in which the current esti- mate of the state PDF is used to determine the operating condition of the system and predict the progression of a fault indicator, given a dynamic state model and a set of process measurements. In this approach, the task of es- timating the current value of the fault indicator, as well as other important changing parameters in the environment, involves two basic steps: the predic- tion step, based on the process model, and an update step, which incorporates the new measurement into the a priori state estimate. This framework allows to estimate of the probability of failure at future time instants (RUL PDF) in real-time, providing information about time-to- failure (TTF) expectations, statistical confidence intervals, long-term predic- tions; using for this purpose empirical knowledge about critical conditions for the system (also referred to as the hazard zones). This information is of paramount significance for the improvement of the system reliability and cost-effective operation of critical assets, as it has been shown in a case study where feedback correction strategies (based on uncertainty measures) have been implemented to lengthen the RUL of a rotorcraft transmission system with propagating fatigue cracks on a critical component. Although the feed- back loop is implemented using simple linear relationships, it is helpful to provide a quick insight into the manner that the system reacts to changes on its input signals, in terms of its predicted RUL. The method is able to manage non-Gaussian pdf’s since it includes concepts such as nonlinear state estimation and confidence intervals in its formulation. Real data from a fault seeded test showed that the proposed framework was able to anticipate modifications on the system input to lengthen its RUL. Results of this test indicate that the method was able to successfully suggest the correction that the system required. In this sense, future work will be focused on the development and testing of similar strategies using different input-output uncertainty metrics.

The global Data Mining Software market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing need for businesses to extract valuable insights from massive datasets. The market, estimated at $15 billion in 2025, is projected to witness a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 12% from 2025 to 2033, reaching an estimated $45 billion by 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. The burgeoning adoption of cloud-based solutions offers scalability and cost-effectiveness, attracting both large enterprises and SMEs. Furthermore, advancements in machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms are enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of data mining processes, leading to better decision-making across various sectors like finance, healthcare, and marketing. The rise of big data analytics and the increasing availability of affordable, high-powered computing resources are also significant contributors to market growth. However, the market faces certain challenges. Data security and privacy concerns remain paramount, especially with the increasing volume of sensitive information being processed. The complexity of data mining software and the need for skilled professionals to operate and interpret the results present a barrier to entry for some businesses. The high initial investment cost associated with implementing sophisticated data mining solutions can also deter smaller organizations. Nevertheless, the ongoing technological advancements and the growing recognition of the strategic value of data-driven decision-making are expected to overcome these restraints and propel the market toward continued expansion. The market segmentation reveals a strong preference for cloud-based solutions, reflecting the industry's trend toward flexible and scalable IT infrastructure. Large enterprises currently dominate the market share, but SMEs are rapidly adopting data mining software, indicating promising future growth in this segment. Geographic analysis shows that North America and Europe are currently leading the market, but the Asia-Pacific region is poised for significant growth due to increasing digitalization and economic expansion in countries like China and India.

Background

Any set of related activities that are executed in a repeatable manner and with a defined goal can be seen as process.

Process analytic approaches allow organizations to support the practice of Business Process Management and continuous improvement by leveraging all process-related data to extract knowledge, improve process performance and support managerial-decision making across the organization.

For organisations interested in continuous improvement, such datasets allow data-driven approach for identifying performance bottlenecks, reducing costs, extracting insights and optimizing the utilization of available resources. Understanding the properties of ‘current deployed process’ (whose execution trace is available), is critical to knowing whether it is worth investing in improvements, where performance problems exist, and how much variation there is in the process across the instances and what are the root-causes.

What is Process Mining (PM) ?

→ process of extracting valuable information from event logs/databases that are generated by processes.

Two topics are important i) process discovery where a process model describing the control flow is inferred from the data and ii) of conformance checking which deals with verifying that the behavior in the event log adheres to a set of business rules, e.g., defined as a process model. Rhese two use cases focus on the control-flow perspective,

Why Process Mining ?

→ identifying hidden nodes and bottlenecks in business processes.

About the Dataset

A synthetic event log with 100,000 traces and 900,000 events that was generated by simulating a simple artificial process model. There are three data attributes in the event log: Priority, Nurse, and Type. Some paths in the model are recorded infrequently based on the value of these attributes.

Noise is added by randomly adding one additional event to an increasing number of traces. CPN Tools (http://cpntools.org) was used to generate the event log and inject the noise. The amount of noise can be controlled with the constant 'noise'.

Smaller dataset:

The files test0 to test5 represent process traces and maybe used for debugging and sanity check purposes

Global process mining software market is expected to revenue of around USD 41.74 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of around 42.86% between 2024-2032.

This research used data mining approaches to better understand factors affecting the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Although numerous laboratory and computational studies have been completed on SOA formation, it is still challenging to determine factors that most influence SOA formation. Experimental data were based on previous work described by Offenberg et al. (2017), where volume concentrations of SOA were measured in 139 laboratory experiments involving the oxidation of single hydrocarbons under different operating conditions. Three different data mining methods were used, including nearest neighbor, decision tree, and pattern mining. Both decision tree and pattern mining approaches identified similar chemical and experimental conditions that were important to SOA formation. Among these important factors included the number of methyl groups, the number of rings and the presence of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5). This dataset is associated with the following publication: Olson, D., J. Offenberg, M. Lewandowski, T. Kleindienst, K. Docherty, M. Jaoui, J.D. Krug, and T. Riedel. Data mining approaches to understanding the formation of secondary organic aerosol. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT. Elsevier Science Ltd, New York, NY, USA, 252: 118345, (2021).