Abstract

The purpose of the Household Budget Survey is to collect data on income, expenditures and household consumption. In addition, the Survey collects data on some important data on living standards (housing conditions, home heating method, durable consumer goods) as well as basic data on demographic, economic and sociological characteristics of households.

The collected data, by applying the appropriate methods, gives the opportunity to understand the level and structure of the personal consumption in the households as a whole and especially in certain socio-economic categories. The distribution of households in socio-economic categories allows to perceive the existing differences in the level and structure of personal consumption of households as an important material component of the living standard of the population. In addition, the survey data is used to make the weights for calculating the Consumer Price Index, calculate the balance of the personal consumption of the population, and more.

Geographic coverage

The household consumption survey is conducted on the entire territory of the Republic of Macedonia.

Universe

All household members

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

A Household Budget Survey, to be conducted continuously at 15-day intervals during 2018, has designed a two-stratified stratified sample. The sample is representative for the entire territory of the Republic of Macedonia and for the eight regions (Skopje, Pelagonia, Vardar, Northeast, Southwest, Southeast, Polog and East region).

The selection frame (census circles from the 2002 Census) is divided into 16 stratums. The stratification is territorial according to the NUTS3 eight regions and by type (city and other). Census circles and households are randomly selected within these stratums. In this way, 5040 households were randomly selected across the whole territory of the Republic of Macedonia. The sample is without replacement.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The survey is conducted through 4 basic forms: 1. Form APD-1 (15-day Diary) 2. Form APD-2 (Questionnaire-replacement for a Diary) 3. Form APD-3 (Household Questionnaire) 4. Form APD-4 (Non-response Questionnaire)

Abstract

THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 100% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STATISTICS - TUNISIA (INS)

The National Survey on Household Budget, Consumption, and Standard of Living, 2005 is a quinquennial survey. It is the eighth survey of its kind that was carried out by the National Institute of Statistics (INS) in Tunisia. The seven previous surveys were conducted in 1968, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995 and 2000, concurrently with the preparatory work for the Tunisian development plans. The 2005 survey was conducted as part of the preparation work for the Tenth Development Plan (2007-2011). Its expected findings would allow assessing the progress made in the improvements of the living level & conditions of the population.

The survey aims at providing detailed information on the procurement of goods and services for consumption (food consumption as well as household access to community services of health and education). And its data was collected from direct observation of household consumption to allow for having the necessary elements to assess the situation & changes in the living standards & conditions of the households.

Thus, the 2005 survey tackles three major areas of study: 1 - Household expenditure and acquisitions during the survey period 2 - Food consumption and nutritional status of households. 3 - Household access to community services of health and education.

The objectives of the survey are: a- Identifying levels of expenditure on the household level: The survey aims to assess the levels of household expenditure .The total expenditure of the household, is not only an indicator of income, but it is also a quantitative assessment of the standard of living index.

b- Income distribution: Due to the absence of data on income distribution, the mass distribution of expenditure between the different categories of the population constitutes a first outline for the income distribution in the country.

c- Investigating the structure of expenditure: Detailed information collected on expenditures per product used to establish the structures of the household expenditure as well as the budget coefficients according to different levels of classifications of goods in the nomenclature of goods and services. These factors coefficients are particularly useful for revision and development of the weights of the Consumer Prices Index (CPI). It should also be noted that the change in expenditure structure is an indicator of the evolution of living standards.

d- Analysis of household demand: Household behavior in terms of product demand is synthesized by the coefficients of income elasticity which, according to the model of consumption retained and under the assumptions of the growth of income and population, allows predicting future household demand.

e- Resources-use balance in the national accounts: The results related to the consumption by product are necessary elements for the development of balanced resource-use of products in the frame of national accounts.

The raw survey data provided by the Statistical Agency were cleaned and harmonized by the Economic Research Forum, in the context of a major project that started in 2009. During which extensive efforts have been exerted to acquire, clean, harmonize, preserve and disseminate micro data of existing household surveys in several Arab countries.

Geographic coverage

Covering a sample of all urban, small and medium towns and rural areas.

Analysis unit

1- Household/family. 2- Individual/person.

Universe

The survey covered a national sample of households and all individuals permanently residing in surveyed households.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 100% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STATISTICS - TUNISIA (INS)

Sampling method

The National Survey on Household Budget, Consumption and Standard of Living, 2005 has focused initially on a sample of 13,392 households representing 0.61% of total households in the country (61 surveyed household for every 10,000 household) . This sample is distributed across 1116 districts covering all the country governorates, cities, urban and rural areas. The sample was also equally divided on the months of the survey year to take the seasonal changes in household expenditure into account.

These households were drawn using a two stages stratified random sampling in each governorate. The sampling frame follows that of the general Census of Population and Housing in 2004.

Stratification criteria: The sampling frame is stratified by two geographical criteria: namely the governorate and the living area. The latter is stratified as follows: large municipalities, medium and small towns, major cities and the rest of the non-municipal areas. These stratification criteria (governorate, habitat and size of municipalities) represent the differentiation variable of lifestyles households. Strata used are as follows:

Stratum of large cities (stratum 1): the municipalities of the city of Tunis and its suburbs, the city of Bizerte and its suburbs, the city of Sousse and its suburbs, the city of Kairouan and its suburbs, the city Sfax and its suburbs, and the general Gabes. Thus, this stratum is formed of large urban centers corresponding to municipalities with more than 100.000 inhabitants and neighboring municipalities.

Stratum of other cities (stratum 2): This is all small and medium sized cities other than those classified in the stratum of large cities.

Stratum of the main cities (stratum 3): These are non-municipal urban areas classified as major cities during the general census of population and housing 2004 (with a population of more than 70 households).a city is considered a main city if the number of its inhabitants exceeds 400 during the census of 2004.

Stratum dispersed outside communes (stratum 4): These are areas of land located outside the main towns and cities. Households in these areas live in houses scattered or grouped in small towns.

This strata classification is closely related to the levels of household income and lifestyle.

Survey type:

The sampling frame is divided on the level of each governorate according to strata previously defined. It was set, at the level of each stratum, to make a two-stage random sampling for the selection of the household survey sample. This drawing process allows to breakdown the sample into clusters of 12 households relatively little distant from each other, thereby facilitating the conduct of the survey at the time of the information collection in the field

In the first stage: a sample of primary units is drawn in proportion to their size in number of households as they were identified. Taking into consideration that the primary units correspond to the districts that have been defined in the census of the population and these geographic areas contain on average 70 households.

In the second stage: in each sampled district, 12 households are selected according to the following method: The households in each sampled district are classified primarily according to the number of employed persons in the household. Within each category of classified households, households are also classified according to the number of persons in each household. A systematic sampling is then performed to select 12 sampled households per primary unit (sampled district). For each sampled district, another 12 households are drawn according to the same previously illustrated criteria. These households serve as a substitutive sample so that in case the interviewer failed to get in contact with the originally selected household (due to long absence- change of place of residence) , after coordinating with the supervisor, this household can be replaced by one from the substitutive sample. For this purpose, two lists of the names of head of households were developed (original list, substitutive list) that the survey is supposed to cover.

Distribution of districts and households sampled by governorates

Abstract

The Bosnia and Herzegovina Household Budget Survey (HBS) collects data on household expenditure for food and beverages, housing, furniture, clothing and footwear, health, transportation, communication, recreation and leisure, culture and education. In addition, basic information about household members, dwelling characteristics, household income and investment and data on social inclusion of their members were collected.

Household Budget Survey in BiH is a statistical survey by which households surveyed compile data on expenditures for consumption, consumption from own production, household investment and income. At the same time, the survey also collects data on more important indicators of living standard (housing conditions, households supply with durable consumer goods, way of heating the apartment, travel, or annual breaks), as well as data on basic demographic, economic and social characteristics of households. Continuous conducting of the survey ensures the comparability of the obtained data in different time periods.

The collected data will provide an opportunity to calculate and perceive the level and structure of personal consumption of households as a whole and according to socio-economic characteristics. One of the specific objectives of the Household Budget Survey is to obtain the necessary data used to produce weightings for the calculation of the consumer price index. In addition, research should provide data that are used as inputs for measuring personal consumption of households and their investments in BiH, over a certain period of time, and which are components for calculating gross domestic product by expenditure approach.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

Households, individuals

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The household consumption survey is conducted through the following forms:

1. Procurement logbook (APD /1) used by households to enter values and quantities of purchased foodstuffs, beverages and tobacco and the value of purchased other products and services;
2. Self-Consumption (APD /1A) diary in which households enter the quantities consumed / estimated and the estimated value of products that the household has produced only;
3. Final interview (APD /2) used to collect data on housing expenditures, supply of durable consumer goods and other non-food products, investment and income;
4. The Health and Social Inclusion Questionnaire (MS) is used to collect data on the health status of household members and various aspects of social life and inclusion.

Abstract

The purpose of the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) survey is to obtain information on the income, consumption pattern, incidence of poverty, and saving propensities for different groups of people in Palau. This information will be used to guide policy makers in framing socio-economic developmental policies and in initiating financial measures for improving economic conditions of the people.

Some more specific outputs from the survey are listed below:

a) To obtain expenditure weights and other useful data for the revision of the consumer price index; b) To supplement the data available for use in compiling official estimates of household accounts in the systems of national accounts; c) To supply basic data needed for policy making in connection with social and economic planning, including producing as many of Palau's National Minimum Development Indicators (NMDI's) as possible; d) To provide data for assessing the impact on household living conditions of existing or proposed economic and social measures, particularly changes in the structure of household expenditures and in household consumption; e) To gather information on poverty lines and incidence of poverty throughout Palau.

Geographic coverage

National Coverage, excluding Sonsorol and Hatohobei. Urban and Rural.

Analysis unit

• Households;
• Individuals.

Universe

All private households and group quarters (people living in Work dormitories, as it is an important aspect of the subject matter focused on in this survey, and not addressed elsewhere).

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling frame used was the 2012 Palau census, which provided population figures for everyone living in both private households and group quarters (e.g. worker barracks, school dormitories, prison). The sampling selection was done separately in private dwellings and group quarters.

It is an accepted practice for the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) to cover all living quarters regarded as private dwellings, and the Palau 2013/14 HIES will follow this recommendation.

For group quarters it is also recommended to exclude the prison, as it is not considered appropriate to include such institutions in a survey such as HIES.

A decision as to whether the remaining group quarters should be included is based on the following criteria:

1) Ease in accessing and covering them in a survey such as HIES 2) Relevance to the subject matter of the survey 3) Whether their impact on the subject matter is mostly covered already

Under these criteria, the following recommendations are made: -School/college dormitories: Will exclude from HIES as these individuals will be covered in the households from which they came (if selected) -Work dormitories: Aim to include in the HIES as they are an important aspect of the subject matter focused on in this survey, and not addressed elsewhere -Live aboard: Will exclude due to the movement of such vehicles, and the minimal impact they may have on such a survey -Convents/religious quarters: Will exclude based on their expected minimum impact on the survey subject matter

NB: Given students in dorms are expected to have a high portion of their income and expenses covered in their original household of origin, and there were no religious group quarters identified during the census, only persons in the prison and living aboard are expected to be excluded from the survey. These people account for 81 out of 2,322 group quarters residents (only 3.6%).

Although the response rates were down in the 2006 HIES, with a smaller more experienced team working over 12 months, it is expected there will be improvements in this area. However, the expected sample loss of 10 per cent was probably too ambitious, and given the actual rate ended up at 287/1,063 = 27 per cent, it is more realistic to assume a sample loss of around 15 per cent with improvements for the 2013/14 HIES. Based on the RSEs presented in 2.3.2, it also appears that the 20 per cent desirable sample produced sound results for the survey, and with higher response rates anticipated, these results from a sample error perspective should improve. It is therefore proposed for the 2013/14 Palau HIES that a sample size of 20 per cent be adopted, which also allows for sample loss of 15 per cent.

In the 2006 Palau HIES, effort was made to design a sample which could produce results for the six domains (stratum). Whilst reasonable results were generated for each of these domains, it was felt that post survey, there was no great use of these results at that level. For the 2013 HIES it is proposed to focus on generating reliable results at the national level, with focus also being place on producing results for the urban/rural split. In the case of Palau, the urban population is considered to consist of the states of Koror and Airai.

The last phase to finalizing the sample numbers was to adjust the desirable sample numbers, so that they could be easily applied by the HIES team in a practical manner over the course of the 12 month fieldwork. This was achieved by modifying the sample counts (not too much) to enable sample sizes each round would be of a similar size, and workloads for each enumerator were the same size each round. The desirable workload for an enumerator covering the PD population was 10 households, whereas this figure was increased to 14 persons for GQs as it was envisaged the amount of time required to cover a person in a GQ would be significantly less. With this in mind, we wanted to ideally have the PD sample to be divisible by 160 so this would enable an even number of households each round, whilst maintaining a workload of 10 households for interviewers covering these areas. For the GQ sample, given the desirable number of GQs was already 225, and 16x14=224, then a simple reduction of 1 in the GQ sample would result in a nice even workload of 14 persons per round for 1 interviewer. This logic was also applied to the split between urban and rural resulting in 14 workloads in urban and 2 workloads in rural.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Developped in English, a questionnaire consisting of four Modules and a Weekly Diary covering 2 weeks was used for the Republic of Palau Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2013. Each Module covers distinct but connected portion of the Household.

The Modules are as follows: -Module 1 - Demographic Information: · Demographic Profile · Labor Force Status · Health Status · Communication Status -Module 2 - Household Expenditure: · Housing Characteristics · Housing Tenure Expenditure · Utilities & Communication Details · Utilities & Communication Expenditure · Land & Home Details · Land & Home Expenditure · Household Goods & Assets Details · Household Goods & Assets Expenditures · Vehicles & Accessories Details · Vehicles & Accessories Expenditures · Private Travel Details · Private Travel Expenditures · Household Services Expenditure · Contributions to Special Occasions · Provisions of Financial Support · Loans · Household Assets Insurance & Taxes · Personal Insurance -Module 3 - Individual Expenditures: · Education grants and scholarships · Education Identifications · Education Expenditures · Health Identifications · Health Expenditures · Clothing Identification · Clothing Expenditure · Communication Identification · Communication Expenditures · Luxury Items Identification · Luxury Items Expenditures -Module 4 - Income: · Wages & Salary: In country (current) · Wages & Salary: Overseas (last 12 months) · Wages & Salary: In country (last 12 months) · Income from Non Subsistence Business · Description of Agriculture & Forestry Activities · Income from Agriculture & Forestry Activities · Description of Handicraft & Home Processed Food Activities · Income from Handicraft & Home Processed Food Activities · Description of Livestock & Aquaculture Activities · Income from Livestock & Aquaculture Activities · Description of Fishing & Hunting Activities · Income from Fishing & Hunting Activities · Property Income, Transfer Income & Other Receipts · Remittances & Other Cash Gifts -Weekly Diary - Covering 14 Days (2 weeks): · Daily expenditure of food and non-food items · Payments of service made · Gambling winning and losses · Items received for free · Home produced food and non-food items.

All questionnaires are provided as external resources in this documentation.

Cleaning operations

Program: CSPro 5.1x

Data editing took place at a number of stages throughout the processing, including:

a) Office editing and coding b) During data entry; Error report correction; Secondary editing by Quality Control Officer (QCO) c) Structure checking and completeness

Detailed documentation of the editing of data can be found in the "Data processing guidelines" document provided as an external resource.

Response rate

Some 1,145 households were selected (in private dwellings and workers quarters) to participate in the survey, and the response rate was 75.8% (i.e. 869 households responded). This response rate allows for statistically significant analysis at the national, urban and rural level.

Response rates for private households by State: -Koror: 355 households responded out of 480 selected => 73.9%; -Airai: 119 households responded out of 160 selected => 74.4%; -URBAN: 474 households responded out of 640 selected => 74.1%; -Kayangel: 0 households responded out of 10 selected => 0%; -Ngarchelong: 27 households responded out of 30 selected => 90%; -Ngaraard: 22 households responded

Abstract

THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 50% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE CENTRAL AGENCY FOR PUBLIC MOBILIZATION AND STATISTICS (CAPMAS)

The Household Income, Expenditure and Consumption Survey (HIECS) is of great importance among other household surveys conducted by statistical agencies in various countries around the world. This survey provides a large amount of data to rely on in measuring the living standards of households and individuals, as well as establishing databases that serve in measuring poverty, designing social assistance programs, and providing necessary weights to compile consumer price indices, considered to be an important indicator to assess inflation.

The HIECS 2008/2009 is the tenth Household Income, Expenditure and Consumption Survey that was carried out in 2008/2009, among a long series of similar surveys that started back in 1955.

The survey main objectives are: - To identify expenditure levels and patterns of population as well as socio- economic and demographic differentials. - To estimate the quantities, values of commodities and services consumed by households during the survey period to determine the levels of consumption and estimate the current demand which is important to predict future demands. - To measure mean household and per-capita expenditure for various expenditure items along with socio-economic correlates. - To define percentage distribution of expenditure for various items used in compiling consumer price indices which is considered important indicator for measuring inflation. - To define mean household and per-capita income from different sources. - To provide data necessary to measure standard of living for households and individuals. Poverty analysis and setting up a basis for social welfare assistance are highly dependant on the results of this survey. - To provide essential data to measure elasticity which reflects the percentage change in expenditure for various commodity and service groups against the percentage change in total expenditure for the purpose of predicting the levels of expenditure and consumption for different commodity and service items in urban and rural areas. - To provide data essential for comparing change in expenditure against change in income to measure income elasticity of expenditure. - To study the relationships between demographic, geographical, housing characteristics of households and their income and expenditure for commodities and services. - To provide data necessary for national accounts especially in compiling inputs and outputs tables. - To identify consumers behavior changes among socio-economic groups in urban and rural areas. - To identify per capita food consumption and its main components of calories, proteins and fats according to its sources and the levels of expenditure in both urban and rural areas. - To identify the value of expenditure for food according to sources, either from household production or not, in addition to household expenditure for non food commodities and services. - To identify distribution of households according to the possession of some appliances and equipments such as (cars, satellites, mobiles ...) in urban and rural areas. - To identify the percentage distribution of income recipients according to some background variables such as housing conditions, size of household and characteristics of head of household.

Compared to previous surveys, the current survey experienced certain peculiarities, among which: 1- Doubling the number of area segments from 1200 in the previous survey to 2526 segments with decreasing the number of households selected from each segment to be (20) households instead of (40) in the previous survey to ensure appropriate representatives in the society. 2- Changing the survey period to 15 days instead of one month in the previous one 200412005, to lighten the respondent burden and encourage more cooperation. 3- Adding some additional questions: a- Participation or the benefits gained from pension and social security system. b- Participation in health insurance system. 4- Increasing quality control Procedures especially for fieldwork to ensure data accuracy and avoid any errors in suitable time.

The raw survey data provided by the Statistical Agency were cleaned and harmonized by the Economic Research Forum, in the context of a major project that started in 2009. During which extensive efforts have been exerted to acquire, clean, harmonize, preserve and disseminate micro data of existing household surveys in several Arab countries.

Geographic coverage

Covering a sample of urban and rural areas in all the governorates.

Analysis unit

1- Household/family. 2- Individual/person.

Universe

The survey covered a national sample of households and all individuals permanently residing in surveyed households.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 50% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE CENTRAL AGENCY FOR PUBLIC MOBILIZATION AND STATISTICS (CAPMAS)

The sample of HIECS, 2008-2009 is a two-stage stratified cluster sample, approximately self-weighted, of nearly 48000 households. The main elements of the sampling design are described in the following.

1- Sample Size
It has been deemed important to retain the same sample size of the previous two HIECS rounds. Thus, a sample of about 48000 households has been considered. The justification of maintaining the sample size at this level is to have estimates with levels of precision similar to those of the previous two rounds: therefore trend analysis with the previous two surveys will not be distorted by substantial changes in sampling errors from round to another. In addition, this relatively large national sample implies proportional samples of reasonable sizes for smaller governorates. Nonetheless, over-sampling has been introduced to raise the sample size of small governorates to about 1000 households As a result, reasonably precise estimates could be extracted for those governorates. The over-sampling has resulted in a slight increase in the national sample to 48658 households.

2- Cluster size
An important lesson learned from the previous two HIECS rounds is that the cluster size applied in both surveys is found to be too large to yield an accepted design effect estimates. The cluster size was 40 households in the 2004-2005 round, descending from 80 households in the 1999-2000 round. The estimates of the design effect (deft) for most survey measures of the latest round were extraordinary large. As a result, it has been decided to decrease the cluster size to only 19 households (20 households in urban governorates to account for anticipated non-response in those governorates: in view of past experience non-response is almost nil in rural governorates).

A more detailed description of the different sampling stages and allocation of sample across governorates is provided in the Methodology document available among the documentation materials published in both Arabic and English.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three different questionnaires have been designed as following: 1- Expenditure and consumption questionnaire. 2- Diary questionnaire for expenditure and consumption. 3- Income questionnaire.

In designing the questionnaires of expenditure, consumption and income, we were taking into our consideration the following: - Using the recent concepts and definitions of International Labor Organization approved in the International Convention of Labor Statisticians held in Geneva, 2003. - Using the recent Classification of Individual Consumption according to Purpose (COICOP). - Using more than one approach of expenditure measurement to serve many purposes of the survey.

A brief description of each questionnaire is given next:

1- Expenditure and Consumption Questionnaire

This questionnaire comprises 14 tables in addition to identification and geographic data of household on the cover page. The questionnaire is divided into two main sections.

Section one: Household schedule and other information. It includes: - Demographic characteristics and basic data for all household individuals consisting of 18 questions for every person. - Members of household who are currently working abroad. - The household ration card. - The main outlets that provide food and beverage. - Domestic and foreign tourism. - The housing conditions including 15 questions. - Means of transportation used to go to work or school. - The household possession of appliances and means of transportation. - This section includes some questions which help to define the social and economic level of households which in turn, help interviewers to check the plausibility of expenditure, consumption and income data.

Section two: Expenditure and consumption data It includes 14 tables as follows: - The quantity and value of food and beverages commodities actually consumed. - The quantity and value of the actual consumption of alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics. - The quantity and value of the clothing and footwear. - The household expenditure for housing. - The household expenditure for furnishings, household equipment and routine maintenance of the house. - The household expenditure for health care services. - The household expenditure for transportation. - The household

Abstract

THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 25% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS OF THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN

Surveys related to the family budget are considered one of the most important surveys types carried out by the Department Of Statistics, since it provides data on household expenditure and income and their relationship with different indicators. Therefore, most of the countries undertake periodic surveys on household income and expenditures. The Department Of Statistics, since established, conducted a series of Expenditure and Income Surveys during the years 1966, 1980, 1986/1987, 1992, 1997, 2002/2003, 2006/2007, and 2008/2009 and because of continuous changes in spending patterns, income levels and prices, as well as in the population internal and external migration, it was necessary to update data for household income and expenditure over time. Hence, the need to implement the Household Expenditure and Income Survey for the year 2010 arises. The survey was then conducted to achieve the following objectives: 1. Provide data on income and expenditure to enable computation of poverty indices and determine the characteristics of the poor and prepare poverty maps. 2. Provide data weights that reflect the relative importance of consumer expenditure items used in the preparation of the consumer price index. 3. Provide the necessary data for the national accounts related to overall consumption and income of the household sector. 4. Provide the data necessary for the formulation, follow-up and evaluation of economic and social development programs, including those addressed to eradicate poverty. 5. Identify consumer spending patterns prevailing in the society, and the impact of demographic, social and economic variables on those patterns. 6. Calculate the average annual income of the household and the individual, and identify the relationship between income and different socio-economic factors, such as profession and educational level of the head of the household and other indicators. 7. Study the distribution of individuals and households by income and expenditure categories and analyze the factors associated with it.

The raw survey data provided by the Statistical Agency were cleaned and harmonized by the Economic Research Forum, in the context of a major project that started in 2009. During which extensive efforts have been exerted to acquire, clean, harmonize, preserve and disseminate micro data of existing household surveys in several Arab countries.

Geographic coverage

The General Census of Population and Housing in 2004 provided a detailed framework for housing and households for different administrative levels in the Kingdom. Where the Kingdom is administratively divided into 12 governorates, each governorate is composed of a number of districts, each district (Liwa) includes one or more sub-district (Qada). In each sub-district, there are a number of communities (cities and villages). Each community was divided into a number of blocks. Where in each block, the number of houses ranged between 60 and 100 houses. Nomads, persons living in collective dwellings such as hotels, hospitals and prison were excluded from the survey framework.

Analysis unit

1- Household/family. 2- Individual/person.

Universe

The survey covered a national sample of households and all individuals permanently residing in surveyed households.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 25% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS OF THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN

The Household Expenditure and Income survey sample, for the year 2010, was designed to serve the basic objectives of the survey through providing a relatively large sample in each sub-district to enable drawing a poverty map in Jordan. A two stage stratified cluster sampling technique was used. In the first stage, a cluster sample proportional to the size was uniformly selected, where the number of households in each cluster was considered the weight of the cluster. At the second stage, a sample of 8 households was selected from each cluster, in addition to another 4 households selected as a backup for the basic sample, using a systematic sampling technique. Those 4 households were sampled to be used during the first visit to the block in case the visit to the original household selected is not possible for any reason. For the purposes of this survey, each sub-district was considered a separate stratum to ensure the possibility of producing results on the sub-district level. In this respect, the survey framework adopted that provided by the General Census of Population and Housing Census in dividing the sample strata. To estimate the sample size, the coefficient of variation and the design effect of the expenditure variable provided in the Household Expenditure and Income Survey for the year 2008 was calculated for each sub-district. These results were used to estimate the sample size on the sub-district level so that the coefficient of variation for the expenditure variable in each sub-district is less than 10%, at a minimum, of the number of clusters in the same sub-district (6 clusters). This is to ensure adequate presentation of clusters in different administrative areas to enable drawing an indicative poverty map. It should be noted that in addition to the standard non response rate assumed, higher rates were expected in areas where poor households are concentrated in major cities. Therefore, those were taken into consideration during the sampling design phase, and a higher number of households were selected from those areas, aiming at well covering all regions where poverty spreads.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

To reach the survey objectives, 3 forms have been developed. Those forms were finalized after being tested and reviewed by specialists taking into account making the data entry, and validation, process on the computer as simple as possible.

(1) General Form/Questionnaire This form includes: - Housing characteristics such as geographic location variables, household area, building material predominant for external walls, type of tenure, monthly rent or lease, main source of water, lighting, heating and fuel cooking, sanitation type and water cycle, the number of rooms in the dwelling, in addition to providing ownership status of some home appliances and car. - Characteristics of household members: This form focused on the social characteristics of the family members such as relation to the head of the family, gender, age and educational status and marital status. It also included economic characteristics such as economic activity, and the main occupation, employment status, and the labor sector. to the additions of questions about individual continued to stay with the family, in order to update the information at the beginning of the second, third and fourth rounds. - Income section which included three parts · Family ownership of assets · Productive activities for the family · Current income sources

(2) Expenditure on food commodities form/Questionnaire This form indicates expenditure data on 17 consumption groups. Each group includes a number of food commodities, with the exception of the latter group, which was confined to some of the non-food goods and services because of their frequent spending pattern on daily basis like food commodities. For the purposes of the efficient use of results, expenditure data of the latter group was moved with the non-food commodities expenditure. The form also includes estimated amounts of own-produced food items and those received as gifts or in an in-kind form, as well as servants living with the family spending on themselves from their own wages to buy food.

(3) Expenditure on non-food commodities form/Questionnaire This form indicates expenditure data on 11 groups of non-food items, and 5 sets of spending on services, in addition to a group of consumption expenditure. It also includes an estimate of self-consumption, and non-food gifts or other items in an in-kind form received or sent by the household, as well as servants living with the family spending on themselves from their own wages to buy non-food items.

Cleaning operations

Raw Data

The data collection phase was then followed by the data processing stage accomplished through the following procedures: 1- Organizing forms/questionnaires A compatible archive system, with the nature of the subsequent operations, was used to classify the forms according to different round throughout the year. This is to effectively enable extracting the forms when required for processing. A registry was prepared to indicate different stages of the process of data checking, coding and entry till forms are back to the archive system. 2- Data office checking This phase is achieved concurrently with the data collection phase in the field, where questionnaires completed in the fieldwork are immediately sent to data office checking phase. 3- Data coding A team was trained to work on the data coding phase, which in this survey is only limited to education specialization, profession and economic activity. In this respect, international classifications were use, while for the rest of the questions, all coding were predefined during

Abstract

The objective of the Household Budget Survey is to obtain data on the level and structure of household consumption expenditures. Data obtained from the Survey is used for updating and constructing of weights for national consumer price index. Furthermore, the data on the structure of household consumption expenditure is used for the needs of national accounts, i.e. for calculating of final household consumption, for calculating of imputed housing rents and for estimating figures on grey economy.

As the Household Budget Survey provides a number of information for monitoring economic and social conditions of life in households, the range of data users is very wide. Survey data are used for analyses and studies on living standards in population, measuring poverty, analyses of consumer habits and so on. Besides data on household expenditure, the Survey also collects other important data such as demographic data on household members, data on income and earnings by household members, data on housing characteristics and conditions, and so on.

Geographic coverage

Croatia

Universe

All household members. Exclusions: people who live in collective households or students in dormitories.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sample design for the Household Budget Sample is a stratified two-stage sample and is related to the sample desing of the Labour Force Survey. The sample units selected in the first stage are segments. Segments are territorial units formed by grouping neighbouring enumeration areas, selected in a systematic way with a probability proportional to the segment size. The segment size is measured by the number of housing units in a given segment.

In the annual sample for the Survey from around 4000 to 4500 housing units are selected. The annual sample is divided into 26 sub-samples, of which each refers to a bi-weekly period in a year (interval). Hence, every two weeks, part of the selected households are surveyed i.e. surveyed sub-sample covers size of around 150 to 170 housing units.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Instruments used for data collection in the Household Budget Survey are survey questionnaires. There are four questionnaires:

• Questionnaire for Household Members, HBS-1
• Questionnaire for Households, HBS-2
• Diary, HBS-3.1
• Questionnaire on Food, Beverages, Tobacco and Consumer Products, HBS-3.2

Cleaning operations

Based on the defined deadlines, the collected survey data from regional units is submitted to the Statistics Department at the Croatian Bureau of Statistics, which is responsible for further actions relating to data processing procedure.

Data processing includes data entry, data checking, weighting, tabulating, analysis of results and final preparation of data for publishing. Data entry and checking is performed using the Blaise software program while data weighting and tabulation is done using the SAS software (Statistical Analysis System).

Response rate

A household response rate of around 60-65% is consider as the acceptable minimum considering the complexity of the Survey and the burden of respondents.

Abstract

Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) collects a wealth of information on HH income and expenditure, such as source of income by industry, HH expenditure on goods and services, and income and expenditure associated with subsistence production and consumption. In addition to this, HIES collects information on sectoral and thematic areas, such as education, health, labour force, primary activities, transport, information and communication, transfers and remittances, food expenditure (as a proxy for HH food consumption and nutrition analysis), and gender.

The Pacific Islands regionally standardized HIES instruments and procedures were adopted by the Government of Tokelau for the 2015/16 Tokelau HIES. These standards were designed to feed high-quality data to HIES data end users for:

1. deriving expenditure weights and other useful data for the revision of the consumer price index;
2. supplementing the data available for use in compiling official estimates of various components in the System of National Accounts;
3. supplementing the data available for production of the balance of payments; and
4. gathering information on poverty lines and the incidence of poverty in Tokelau.

The data allow for the production of useful indicators and information on the sectors covered in the survey, including providing data to inform indicators under the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This report, the above listed outputs, and any thematic analyses of HIES data, collectively provide information to assist with social and economic planning and policy formation.

Geographic coverage

National coverage.

Analysis unit

Households and Individuals.

Universe

The universe of the 2015/16 Tokelau Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) is all occupied households (HHs) in Tokelau. HHs are the sampling unit, defined as a group of people (related or not) who pool their money, cook and eat together. It is not the physical structure (dwelling) in which people live. The HH must have been living in Tokelau for a period of six months, or have had the intention to live in Tokelau for a period of twelve months in order to be included in the survey.

Household members covered in the survey include: -usual residents currently living in the HH; -usual residents who are temporarily away (e.g., for work or a holiday); -usual residents who are away for an extended period, but are financially dependent on, or supporting, the HH (e.g., students living in school dormitories outside Tokelau, or a provider working overseas who hasn't formed or joined another HH in the host country) and plan to return; -persons who frequently come and go from the HH, but consider the HH being interviewed as their main place of stay; -any person who lives with the HH and is employed (paid or in-kind) as a domestic worker and who shares accommodation and eats with the host HH; and -visitors currently living with the HH for a period of six months or more.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The 2015/16 Tokelau Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) sampling approach was designed to generate reliable results at the national level. That is, the survey was not designed to produce reliable results at any lower level, such as for the three individual atolls. The reason for this is partly budgetary constraint, but also because the HIES will serve its primary objectives with a sample size that will provide reliable national aggregates.

The sampling frame used for the random selection of HHs was from December 2013, i.e. the HH listing updated in the 2013 Population Count.

The 2015/16 Tokelau HIES had a quota of 120 HHs. The sample covered all three populated atolls in Tokelau (Fakaofo, Nukunonu and Atafu) and the sample was evenly allocated between the three atoll clusters (i.e., 40 HHs per atoll surveyed over a ten-month period). The HHs within each cluster were randomly selected using a single-stage selection process.

In addition to the 120 selected HHs, 60 HHs (20 per cluster) were randomly selected as replacement HHs to ensure that the desired sample was met. The replacement HHs were only approached for interview in the case that one of the primarily selected HHs could not be interviewed.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaires for this Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) are composed of a diary and 4 modules published in English and in Tokelauan. All English questionnaires and modules are provided as external resources.

Here is the list of the questionnaires for this 2015-2016 HIES: - Diary: week 1 an 2; - Module 1: Demographic information (Household listing, Demographic profile, Activities, Educational status, Communication status...); - Module 2: Household expenditure (Housing characteristics, Housing tenure expenditure, Utilities and communication, Land and home...etc); - Module 3: Individual expenditure (Education, Health, Clothing, Communication, Luxury items, Alcohonl & tobacco); - Module 4: Household and individual income (Wages and salary, Agricultural and forestry activities, Fishing gathering and hunting activities, livestock and aquaculture activities...etc).

Cleaning operations

All inconsistencies and missing values were corrected using a variety of methods: 1. Manual correction: verified on actual questionnaires (double check on the form, questionnaire notes, local knowledge, manual verifications) 2. Subjective: the answer is obvious and be deducted from other questions 3. Donor hot deck: the value is imputed based on similar characteristics from other HHs or individuals (see example below) 4. Donor median: the missing or outliers were imputed from similar items reported median value 5. Record deletion: the record was filled by mistake and had to be removed.

Several questions used the hotdeck method of imputation to impute missing and outlying values. This method can use one to three dimensions and is dependent on which section and module the question was placed. The process works by placing correct values in a coded matrix. For example in Tokelau the “Drink Alcohol” questions used a three dimension hotdeck to store in-range reported data. The constraining dimensions used are AGE, SEX and RELATIONSHIP questions and act as a key for the hotdeck. On the first pass the valid yes/no responses are place into this 3-dimension hotdeck. On the second pass the data in the matrix is updated one person at a time. If a “Drink Alcohol” question contained a missing response then the person's coded age, sex and relationship key is searched in the “valid” matrix. Once a key is found the result contained in the matrix is imputed for the missing value. The first preferred method to correct missing or outlying data is the manual correction (trying to obtain the real value, it could have been miss-keyed or reported incorrectly). If the manual correction was unsuccessful at correcting the values, a subjective approach was used, the next method would be the hotdeck, then the donor median and the last correction is the record deletion. The survey procedure and enumeration team structure allow for in-round data entry, which gives the field staff the opportunity to correct the data by manual review and by using the entry system-generated error messages. This process was designed to improve data quality. The data entry system used system-controlled entry, interactive coding and validity and consistency checks. Despite the validity and consistency checks put in place, the data still required cleaning. The cleaning was a two-stage process, which included manual cleaning while referencing the questionnaire, whereas the second stage involved computer-assisted code verification and, in some cases, imputation. Once the data were clean, verified and consistent, they were recoded to form a final aggregated database, consisting of: Person level record - characteristics of every (household) HH member, including activity and education profile; HH level record - characteristics of the dwelling and access to services; Final aggregated income - all HH income streams, by category and type; Final aggregated expenditure - all HH expenditure items, by category and type.

The cleaning was a two-stage process, which included manual cleaning while referencing the questionnaire, whereas the second stage involved computer-assisted code verification and, in some cases, imputation. Once the data were clean, verified and consistent, they were recoded to form a final aggregated database.

Response rate

Overall, 99% of the response rate objective was achieved.

Sampling error estimates

Refer to Appendix 2 of the Tokelau 2015/2016 Household Income and Expenditure Survey report attached as an external resource.

Abstract

Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) collects a wealth of information on household income and expenditure, such as source of income by industry, HH expenditure on goods and services, and income and expenditure associated with subsistence production and consumption. In addition to this, HIES collects information on sectoral and thematic areas, such as education, health, labour force, primary activities, transport, information and communication, transfers and remittances, food expenditure (acquisition) and gender.

The Pacific Islands regionally standardized HIES instruments and procedures were adopted by Tonga Statistics Department (TSD) for the 2015/2016 HIES. These standards, were designed to feed high-quality data to HIES data end users for: deriving expenditure weights and other useful data for the revision of the CPI, supplementing the data available for use in compiling official estimates of various components in the System of NA, supplementing the data available for production of the balance of payments; and gathering information on poverty lines and the incidence of poverty in Tonga.

The 2015/2016 HIES was conducted to update the 2009 HIES data and aimed to estimate the total amount HH spent and earnt over the past 12 months at the national and island group level (total expenditure and income).

Geographic coverage

National coverage.

Analysis unit

Individuals and Households.

Universe

Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) covered all persons who were considered to be usual residents of private dwellings (must have been living in Tonga for a period of 12-months, or have intention to live in Tonga for a period of 12-months in order to be included in the survey).

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The 2 stages sample method used in the 2015 Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) aims to select randomly: Census blocks (with probability proportional to size - each blocks will have a different probability of selection) - based on the 2011 population census; and households (HHs) (within each selected blocks all the HHs have the same probability of selection) - based on a update of the HH listing conducted by the HIES field team.

To make the probability of selection more even, some small census blocks were merged and some large census blocks split. There's more detail in the methodological report on this process. Before each round, the field teams updated the HH listing in each randomly selected block (stage 1 sample selection) and, after the listing was updated, the team randomly selected 18 HHs, which were 12 HHs as primary target HHs to interview; and 6 HHs in case that a primary selected HH cannot participate and a replacement is needed (e.g., refusal, absence, etc.) - this is done in order to achieve a high response rate.

Sampling deviation

Two-stage selection is used in Tongatapu (urban and rural), Vava’u, Ha’apai and ‘Eua, with the selection of census blocks (merged and split) in the first stage and the selection of households (HHs) in the second stage. HHs in Ongo Niua were selected directly from the updated HH listing (one-stage).

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The use of a common questionnaire developed by the Statistics for Development Division (SDD) of the Pacific Community (SPC) was adopted by Tonga Statistics Department (TSD) to conduct Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2015. Addition to the 4 Modules was a section on Deprivation.

4 modules to collect socio-demographic information, and expenditure and income; and o a two-week diary to collect daily expenditure, gifts received and home produced items Four modules are completed by paper-based personal interview, including: 1. Demographic information – characteristics of household (HH) members, including activity and education profile; 2. Household characteristics and expenditure (Housing characteristics, Housing tenure expenditure, Utilities and communication...etc); 3. Individual expenditure (Education, Health, Clothing, Communication...etc); 4. Individual and HH income (Wages and salaries, Agricultural and Forestry activities, Fishing, gatehring and hunting activities...etc).

Depending on the information being collected, a recall period (ranging from the last 7 days to the last 12 months) is applied to various sections of the questionnaire.
The forms were completed by face-to-face interview, usually with the Household (HH) head providing most of the information, with other HH members being interviewed when necessary. The interviews took place over a 2-week period such that the HH diary, which is completed by the HH on a daily basis for 2 weeks, can be monitored while the module interviews take place.

The HH diary collects information on the HH’s daily expenditure on goods and services; and the harvest, capture, collection or slaughter of primary produce (fruit, vegetables and animals) by intended purpose (home consumption, sale or to give away).

The 4 Modules were published in English but with a Tongan version that was made available to enumerators to help them with the interview. For the diaries they were published in both Tongan and English which ever version that the household find easy to fill in.

Cleaning operations

A first set of edits was done on the raw data via questionnaire checks, which was the first set of corrections. A summary of findings includes: 1820 questionnaires retrieved from the field in which 17 households with no diaries were removed. The process for the manual cleaning included checking the following information in the questionnaire: Labour force section (waged job) declared in module 1 and salaries declared in module 4 (income section). Imputation of wages in households: 30011, 40176, 40190, 40097. Electricity connection and payment of electric bill (module 2). Imputation of electricity bill in households: 20290, 20302, 20304, 30051. Households who are using butane for cooking and payment for butane.Ages and relationship to the household head.Check all the government pension in the salary section. Check the remittances sent by household members who are currently picking fruits overseas (that have to be transferred in wages & salary section).Check if the household members who are in Australia/NZ for fruit picking have declared their resident status in the household accordingly (option 4). After the first clean of the raw data, 1803 valid questionnaires were kept.

Further edits that was done to the raw data set was done using the software STATA.

Response rate

The table below shows the response rates by strata: -Tongatapu - urban: 99.8% -Tongatapu - rura: 99.8% -Vava'u: 100.0% -Ha'apai: 94.3% -Eua: 96.4% -Ongo Niua: 99.0% -Total: 99%

Sampling error estimates

Standard error, the relative sampling errors (RSE) and 95 percentage confidence interval were calculated for the total household expenditure, total household consumption expenditure, total household non consumption expenditure, total household cash expenditure, total household subsistence expenditure, total household expenditure on COICOP division 1, total household net income, total household net cash income, total net wages and salary cash income and total net primary cash income by strata. At the national level the RSE calculated was of good quality however caution should be made at the strata level.

Details of the sampling errors are presented in the sampling errors appendix 2 of the report presented in the external resources.

Non-sampling errors cannot be readily measured, however it is worth noting the issues associated with non-sampling errors, including: both respondents and interviewers may not entirely understand the information required from the survey, which can result in misinterpretation of the question being asked and the incorrect response; enumerator and respondent fatigue, resulting in underreporting, especially in completion of the household (HH) diary; unwillingness to fully disclose information – especially in a small-island context - such as income and expenditure on some items (e.g., alcohol, tobacco and cash donations); the questionnaire being in English, which could be a second language for both the interviewers and respondents, and the need to complete a written diary (noting that: three-quarters of diaries were in Tongan; HHs were given the opportunity to complete a Tongan written diary; and enumerators could mostly converse in Tongan when required); and the inability to interview HHs members living abroad but remain dependent on the HH (e.g., students living in school dormitories) or are working to support the HH (e.g., seamen living on a ship), but who have not formed another HH outside of Tonga.

The Household Budget Survey (Encuesta de Presuspuestos Familiares) provides annual information on the nature and destination of consumption expenditures, as well as on various characteristics related to household living conditions. The whole data its collected by the National Statistic Institute from Spain (Instituto Nacional de Estadística or INE in Spanish)

Consumption expenditures refer both to the money flow that the household allocates to the payment of certain final consumption goods and services, and to the value of goods received as self-consumption, self-supply, salary in kind, free or subsidized meals, and rent imputed to the dwelling in which the household resides (when it owns it or has it on loan from other households or institutions). Expenses are recorded at the time of acquisition, regardless of whether they are paid in cash or in installments.

The sample size is approximately 24,000 households per year.

The dataset has been made using the public data provided by the National Statistic Institute from Spain (INE). I have used the microdata downloadable from their website.

The data that you can download from the official website comes in a painful format that makes it difficult to be analysed by an inexperienced user of this type of data. Thus, I transformed the currently available time series to a CSV format so anyone can use it.

As it is very hard to summarize the whole structure of the columns included in each table, here you can find the official file (Spanish) describing the methodology used to build the table structure and what do every value mean.

Have fun!

Table columns description:

Gastos:

Hogar

Abstract

The main purpose of a HIES survey was to present high quality and representative national household data on income and expenditure in order to update Consumer Price Index (CPI), improve statistics on National Accounts and measure poverty within the country. These statistics are a requirement for evidence based policy-making in reducing poverty within the country and monitor progress in the national strategic plan "Te Kakeega 3".

The 2015-16 Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) is the third HIES that was conducted by the Central Statistics Division since Tuvalu gained political independence in 1978. With great assitance from the Pacific Community (SPC) experts, the HIES was conducted over a period of 12 months in urban (Funafuti) and rural (4 outer islands) areas. From a total of 1,872 households on Tuvalu, an amount of 38 percent sample of all households in Tuvalu was selected to provide valid response.

Geographic coverage

National Coverage.

Analysis unit

Household and Individual.

Universe

The scope of the 2015/2016 Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) was all occupied households in Tuvalu. Households are the sampling unit, defined as a group of people (related or not) who pool their money, and cook and eat together. It is not the physical structure (dwelling) in which people live. HIES covered all persons who were considered to be usual residents of private dwellings (must have been living in Tuvalu for a period of 12-months, or have intention to live in Tuvalu for a period of 12-months in order to be included in the survey). Usual residents who are temporary away are included as well (e.g., for work or a holiday).

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Out of the total 1,872 households (HHs) listed in 2015, a sample 706 households which is 38 percent of the the total households were succesfully interviewed for a response rate of 98%.

SAMPLING FRAME: The 2010 (Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) sample was spread over 12 months rounds - one each quarter - and the specifications of the final responding households are summarised below: Tuvalu urban: Selected households: 259 = 217 responded; Tuvalu rural: Selected households: 346 = 324 responded.

In 2010, 605 HHs were selected and 541 sufficiently responded. The 2010 HIES provided solid estimates for expenditure aggregates at the national level (sampling error for national expenditure estimate is 3.1%).

Similarly to the 2010 HIES, private occupied dwellings were the statistical unit for the 2015/2016 HIES. Institutions and vacant dwellings were removed from the sampling frame. Some areas in Tuvalu are very difficult to reach due to the cost of transportation and the remoteness of some islands, which is why they are excluded from the sample selection. The following table presents the distribution of the HHs according to their location (main island or outer islands in each domain) based on the 2012 Population and Housing Census: -Urban - Funafuti: 845 (48%); -Rural - Nanumea: 115 (7%); -Rural - Nanumaga: 116 (7%); -Rural - Niutao: 123 (7%); -Rural - Nui: 138 (8%); -Rural - Vaitupu: 226 (13%); -Rural - Nukufetau: 124 (%); -Rural - Nukulaelae: 67 (%); -Rural - Niulakita: 7 (%); -TOTAL: 1761 (100%).

The 2012 Population and Household Census (PHC) wsa used to select the island to interview, and then in each selected island the HH listing was updated for selection. For budget and logistics reasons the islands of Nui, Nukufetau, Nukulaelae and Niukalita were excluded from the sample selection. In total 19% of the HHs were excluded from the selection but this decision should not affect the HIES outputs as those 19% show similar profile as other HHs who live in the outer islands. This exclusion will be take into consideration in the sampling weight computation in order to cover 100% of the outer island HHs.

SAMPLE SELECTION AND SAMPLE SIZE: A simple random selection was used in each of the selected island (HHs were selected directly from the sampling frame). Based on the findings from the 2010 Tuvalu HIES, the sample in Funafuti has been increased and the one in rural remains stable. Within each rural selected atolls, the allocation of the sample size is proportional to its size (baed on the 2012 population census). The table below shows the number of HHs to survey: Urban - Funafuti: 384; Rural - Vaitupu: 126; Rural - Nanumea: 63; Rural - Niutao: 84; Rural - Nanumaga: 63; TUVALU: 720.

The expected sample size has been increased by one third (361 HHs) with the aim of pre-empting the non contacted HHs (refusals, absence….). The 2015/2016 HIES adopted the standardized HIES methodology and survey instruments for the Pacific Islands region. This approach, developed by the Pacific Community (SPC), has resulted in proven survey forms being used for data collection. It involves collection of data over a 12-month period to account for seasonal changes in income and expenditure patterns, and to keep the field team to a smaller and more qualified group. Their implementation had the objective of producing consistent and high quality data.

Sampling deviation

For budget and logistics reasons the islands of Nui, Nukufetau, Nukulaelae and Niukalita were excluded from the sample selection. In total 19% of the HHs were excluded from the selection but this decision should not affect the HIES outputs as those 19% show similar profile as other HHs who live in the outer islands. This exclusion will be take into consideration in the sampling weight computation in order to cover 100% of the outer island HHs.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The survey contain 4 modules and 2 Diaries (1 diary for each of the two weeks that a household was enumerated). The purpose of a Diary is to record all the daily expenses and incomes of a Household as shown by its topics below; - DIARY
The Diary module contains questions such as "What did your Household buy Today (Food and Non-Food Items)?", "Payments for Services made Today", "Food, Non-Food and Services Received for Free", "Home-Produced Items Today", "Overflow Sheet for Items Bought This Week", "Overflow Sheet for Services Paid for This Week", "Overflow Sheet for Items Received for Free this Week", and an "Overflow Sheet for Home-Produced Items This Week".

The 4 modules are detailed below; - MODULE 1 - DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION The module contains individual demograhic questions on their Demographic Profiles, Labour Force status (Activities), Education status, Health status, Communication status and questions on "Household members that have left the household". - MODULE 2 - HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE The module contains household expenditure questions the housing characteristics, Housing tenure expenditures, Utilities and Communication, Land, Household goods and assets, Vehicles and accessories, Private Travel details, Household services expenditures, Cash contributions, Provisions of Financial support, Household asset insurance and taxes and questions on Personal insurance. - MODULE 3 - INDIVIDUAL EXPENDITURE This module contains individual expenditure questions on Education, Health, Clothing, Communication, Luxury Items, Alcohol, Kava and Tobacco, and Deprivation questions. - MODULE 4 - HOUSEHOLD & INDIVIDUAL INCOME
This module contains household and individual questions on their income, on topics such as Wages and Salary, Agricultural and Forestry Activities, Fishing, Gathering and Hunting Activities, Livestock and Aquaculture Activities, Handicraft/Home-processed Food Activities, Income from Non-subsistence Business, Property income, transfer income & other Receipts, and Remmitances and other Cash gifts.

Depending on the information being collected, a recall period (ranging from the last 7 days to the last 12 months) is applied to various sections of the questionnaire. The forms were completed by face-to-face interview, usually with the HH head providing most of the information, with other household (HH) members being interviewed when necessary. The interviews took place over a 2-week period such that the HH diary, which is completed by the HH on a daily basis for 2 weeks, can be monitored while the module interviews take place. The HH diary collects information on the HH's daily expenditure on goods and services; and the harvest, capture, collection or slaughter of primary produce (fruit, vegetables and animals) by intended purpose (home consumption, sale or to give away). The income and expenditure data from the modules and the diary are concatenated (ensuring that double counting does not occur), annualised, and extrapolated to form the income and expenditure aggregates presented herein.

Cleaning operations

The survey procedure and enumeration team structure allowed for in-round data entry, which gives the field staff the opportunity to correct the data by manual review and by using the entry system-generated error messages. This process was designed to improve data quality. The data entry system used system-controlled entry, interactive coding and validity and consistency checks. Despite the validity and consistency checks put in place, the data still required cleaning. The cleaning was a 2-stage process, which included manual cleaning while referencing the questionnaire, whereas the second stage involved computer-assisted code verification and, in some cases, imputation. Once the data were clean, verified and consistent, they were recoded to form a final aggregated database, consisting of: 1. Person level record - characteristics of every HH member, including activity

Abstract

Annual Household Survey 2012-2013 is a nation- wide household survey, data collection operation of which was conducted from December 2012 to July 2013. The AHS consists of multiple topics related to household information including demography, education, housing facilities, consumption and labour force. However the survey is primarily focused on the annual household consumption and current labour force statistics. The food consumption and labour force related information was collected for past 7 days of the reference period whereas for other information related to non-food was past 12 months. Therefore, the result of the survey refers to the year 2012-201313. The results of AHS are presented in this statistical report covering five sections of the survey questionnaire. Structurally, the report contains six chapters including 42 tables, 21 figures and 5 appendices. Since the design of the survey questionnaire has followed the concepts and definitions adopted in Nepal Living Standards Surveys and Nepal Labour Force Surveys especially to capture household consumption aggregates and the current labour force related information respectively, the data analysis and tabulation is also done accordingly.

Objectives The objectives of Annual Household Survey 2012-2013 are: • to estimate the label and structure of household consumption expenditure each year; • to measure unemployment and underemployment on yearly basis; • to collect information on the areas of demography, literacy, housing facilities etc; and • to create an annual database of household sector.

The survey is intended to support the National Accounts estimates, particularly of household sector. Moreover, the survey will explore the possibility of consumption based poverty measurement also.

Geographic coverage

The survey covers the whole country(National), Ecological belts( Mountain , Hill , Terai), rural and urban.

Analysis unit

Household and Induvisual

Universe

• All households in the country determined on the basis of the usual place of their residence (de jure househols). The households of diplomatic missions, the institutional households (like people living in schools hostels, prisons, army camps and hospitals) were excluded from the survey.
• All persons aged 5 years and above household members.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample frame from the National Population and Housing Census 2011 is being used for sampling of AHS 2012-2013. The Annual Household Survey 2012-2013 is the multi-stage random sampling design with equal PSUs or households distributed between urban and rural areas considering the heterogeneous labour force activities to provide a detailed picture of employment situation in the urban areas. So the prescribed 200 PSUs are divided equally in two parts, i.e., 100 PSUs each for urban and rural. The design has applied the concept of master sample frame. The sample size for the survey has been estimated at 3000 households in 200 Primary Sampling Units (PSUs). These 200 PSU shave been equally distributed between two study domains, viz. Urban Nepal and Rural Nepal. The PSUs were selected with Probability Proportional to Size, the measure of size being the square root of the number of households in each ward. Fifteen households were selected for the interview from each of the selected PSU using Systematic Sampling. The technical note of the sampling procedure is given at Appendix I of report AHS 2012-2013 .

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaire of AHS 2012/13 survey contains five sections. The first section contains individual or demographic information. Section two, three and four includes on household consumption including housing and housing expenses, food expenses and home production, and non-food expenses, consumption of durables and own account production respectively. The last section deals with current economic activity or labour force. The food consumption part of the questionnaire has covered broad food categories only. The household consumption part of the questionnaire has been designed in line with that of Nepal Living Standards Survey. Likewise, for the labour force part, it has followed the structure of Nepal Labour Force Survey 2008, but in current basis only. A 16-paged household questionnaire with 5 sections and 4 appendices in Nepali language was administered in the AHS. The English translation of the questionnaire has been presented at Appendix II of AHS 2012/13 report.

Cleaning operations

Data entry and data verification of Annual Household Survey 2012-2013was conductaed at field. For this task, a simple and clear data entry programme was developed in CSPro software, and each team was given a personal computer having the entry program so that every team could be able to enter the interviewed household data in the respective field area. In other words, data entry and data verification work was done in the field residing in the corresponding PSU. Therefor both mannual and batch editing was carried out and CSPro programme wsa used for consistancy checking.

Response rate

The survey enumerated 1485 (99%) sample households from 99 PSUs out of 100 PSUs of rural area. As regards to urban sample, all 1500 (100%) sample household from 100 PSUs are interviewed. Thus, in total 2985 (99.5%) households were enumerated in the survey.

Abstract

A Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) collects a wealth of information on household expenditure, income, own-account production and consumption. HIES also collects information on sectoral and thematic areas such as gender, education, health, labour, primary activities, transport, information and communication and cash transfers and remittances. The HIES data will be used to: · derive expenditure weights for the revision of the Consumer Price Index (CPI); · supplement the data available for use in compiling official estimates of various components in the System of National Accounts; and · gather information on welfare and food security in Palau. The data will inform indicators under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and guide social and economic policy.

Geographic coverage

National coverage.

Analysis unit

Households and individuals.

Universe

Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) covered all persons who were considered to be usual residents of private dwellings as well as those living in barracks.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The 2023/24 Palau Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) questionnaire was developed in English language and it follows the Pacific Standard HIES questionnaire structure. It is administered on CAPI using Survey Solutions, and the diary is no longer part of the form. All transactions (food, non food, home production and gifts) are collected through different recall sections during the same visit. The traditional 14 days diary is no longer recommended in the region. This new method of implementing the HIES present some interesting and valuable advantages such as: cost saving, data quality, time reduction for data processing and reporting.

Below is a list of all modules in this questionnaire: -Household ID -Demographic characteristics -Education -Health -Functional difficulties -Communication -Alcohol -Other individual expenses -Labour force -Dwelling characteristics -Assets -Home maintenance -Vehicles -International trips -Domestic trips -Household services -Financial support -Other household expenditure -Ceremonies -Remittances -Food insecurity -Livestock -Agriculture -Fisheries -Hunting -Handicraft and home-processed food -Horticulture -Legal services

The survey questionnaire can be found in this documentation.

Cleaning operations

Data was edited and cleaned using the software Stata. Data cleaning was made manually and in close collaboration with the Statistics Office of Palau.

Response rate

Private households urban: 77,5% Private households rural: 81,2% Workers barracks urban: 76,1% Worker barracks rural: 80,8% Grand Total: 78,2%

Abstract

The survey was conducted during December 2006, following an initial mini census listing exercise which was conducted about two months earlier in late September 2006. The objectives of the HIES were as follows: a) Provide information on income and expenditure distribution within the population; b) Provide income estimates of the household sector for the national accounts; c) Provide data for the re-base on the consumer price index; d) Provide data for the analysis of poverty and hardship.

Geographic coverage

National coverage: whole island was covered for the survey.

Analysis unit

• Household;
• Individual.

Universe

The survey covered all private households on the island of Nauru. When the survey was in the field, interviewers were further required to reduce the scope by removing those households which had not been residing in Nauru for the last 12 months and did not intend to stay in Nauru for the next 12 months. Persons living in special dwellings (Hospital, Prison, etc) were not included in the survey.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample size adopted for the survey was 500 households which allowed for expected sample loss, whilst still maintaining a suitable responding sample for the analysis.

Before the sample was selected, the population was stratified by constituency in order to assist with the logistical issues associated with the fieldwork. There were eight constituencies in total, along with "Location" which stretches across the districts of Denigamodu and Aiwo, forming nine strata in total. Although constituency level analysis was not a priority for the survey, sample sizes within each stratum were kept to a minimum of 40 households, to enable some basic forms of analysis at this level if required.

The sample selection procedure within each stratum was then to sort each household on the frame by household size (number of people), and then run a systematic skip through the list in order to achieve the desirable sample size.

Sampling deviation

No deviations from the sample design took place.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The survey schedules adopted for the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) included the following: · Expenditure questionnaire; · Income questionnaire; · Miscellaneous questionnaire; · Diary (x2).

Whilst a Household Control Form collecting basic demographics is also normally included with the survey, this wasn't required for this HIES as this activity took place for all households in the mini census.

Information collected in the four schedules covered the following: -Expenditure questionnaire: Covers basic details about the dwelling structure and its access to things like water and sanitation. It was also used as the vehicle to collect expenditure on major and infrequent expenditures incurred by the household. -Income questionnaire: Covers each of the main types of household income generated by the household such as wages and salaries, business income and income from subsistence activities. -Miscellaneous questionnaire: Covers topics relating to health access, labour force status and education. -Diary: Covers all day to day expenditures incurred by the household, consumption of items produced by the household such as fish and crops, and gifts both received and given by the household.

All questionnaires are provided as External Resources.

Cleaning operations

There were 3 phases to the editing process for the 2006 Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) of Nauru which included: 1. Data Verification operations; 2. Data Editing operations; 3. Data Auditing operations.

The software used for data editting is CSPro 3.0. After each batch is completed the supervisor should check that all person details have been entered from the household listing form (HCF) and should review the income and expenditure questionnaires for each batch ensuring that all items have been entered correctly. Any omitted or incorrect items should be entered into the system. The supervisor is required to perform outlier checks (large or small values) on the batched diary data by calculating unit price (amount/quantity) and comparing prices for each item. This is to be conducted by loading the data into Excel files and sorting data by unit price for each item. Any changes to prices or quantities will be made on the batch file.

For more information on what each phase entailed go the document HIES Processing Instructions attached to this documentation.

Response rate

The survey response rates were a lot lower than expected, especially in some districts. The district of Aiwo, Uaboe and Denigomodu had the lowest response rates with 16.7%, 20.0% and 34.8% respectively. The area of Location was also extremely low with a responses rate of 32.2%. On a more positive note, the districts of Yaren, Ewa, Anabar, Ijuw and Anibare all had response rates at 80.0% or better.

The major contributing factor to the low response rates were households refusing to take part in the survey. The figures for responding above only include fully responding households, and given there were many partial responses, this also brought the values down. The other significant contributing factor to the low response rates was the interviewers not being able to make contact with the household during the survey period.

Unfortunately, not only do low response rates often increase the sampling error of the survey estimates, because the final sample is smaller, it will also introduce response bias into the final estimates. Response bias takes place when the households responding to the survey possess different characteristics to the households not responding, thus generating different results to what would have been achieved if all selected households responded. It is extremely difficult to measure the impact of the non-response bias, as little information is generally known about the non-responding households in the survey. For the Nauru 2006 HIES however, it was noted during the fieldwork that a higher proportion of the Chinese population residing in Nauru were more likely to not respond. Given it is expected their income and expenditure patterns would differ from the rest of the population, this would contribute to the magnitude of the bias.

Below is the list of all response rates by district: -Yaren: 80.5% -Boe: 70% -Aiwo: 16.7% -Buada: 62.5% -Denigomodu: 34.8% -Nibok: 68.4% -Uaboe: 20% -Baitsi: 47.8% -Ewa: 80% -Anetan: 76.5% -Anabar: 81.8% -Ijuw: 85.7% -Anibare: 80% -Meneng: 64.3% -Location: 32.2% -TOTAL: 54.4%

Sampling error estimates

To determine the impact of sampling error on the survey results, relative standard errors (RSEs) for key estimates were produced. When interpreting these results, one must remember that these figures don't include any of the non-sampling errors discussed in other sections of this documentation

To also provide a rough guide on how to interpret the RSEs provided in the main report, the following information can be used:

Category  Description
RSE < 5%  Estimate can be regarded as very reliable
5% < RSE < 10% Estimate can be regarded as good and usable
10% < RSE < 25% Estimate can be considered usable, with caution
RSE > 25%  Estimate should only be used with extreme caution

The actual RSEs for the key estimates can be found in Section 4.1 of the main report

As can be seen from these tables, the estimates for Total Income and Total Expenditure from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) can be considered to be very good, from a sampling error perspective. The same can also be said for the Wage and Salary estimate in income and the Food estimate in expenditure, which make up a high proportion of each respective group.

Many of the other estimates should be used with caution, depending on the magnitude of their RSE. Some of these high RSEs are to be expected, due to the expected degree of variability for how households would report for these items. For example, with Business Income (RSE 56.8%), most households would report no business income as no household members undertook this activity, whereas other households would report large business incomes as it's their main source of income.

Data appraisal

Other than the non-response issues discussed in this documentation, other quality issues were identified which included: 1) Reporting errors Some of the different aspects contributing to the reporting errors generated from the survey, with some examples/explanations for each, include the following:

a) Misinterpretation of survey questions: A common mistake which takes place when conducting a survey is that the person responding to the questionnaire may interpret a question differently to the interviewer, who in turn may have interpreted the question differently to the people who designed the questionnaire. Some examples of this for a Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) can include people providing answers in dollars and cents, instead of just dollars, or the reference/recall period for an “income” or “expenditure” is misunderstood. These errors can often see reported amounts out by a factor of 10 or even 100, which can have major impacts on final results.

b) Recall problems for the questionnaire information: The majority of questions in both of the income and expenditure questionnaires require the respondent to recall what took place over a 12 month period. As would be expected, people will often forget what took place up to 12 months ago so some

Abstract

The purpose of the HIES survey is to obtain information on the income, consumption pattern, incidence of poverty, and saving propensities for different groups of people in Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). This information will be used to guide policy makers in framing socio-economic developmental policies and in initiating financial measures for improving economic conditions of the people. Some more specific outputs from the survey are listed below: a) To obtain expenditure weights and other useful data for the revision of the consumer price index; b) To supplement the data available for use in compiling official estimates of household accounts in the systems of national accounts; c) To supply basic data needed for policy making in connection with social and economic planning, including producing as many of FSM's National Minimum Development Indicators (NMDI's) as possible; d) To provide data for assessing the impact on household living conditions of existing or proposed economic and social measures, particularly changes in the structure of household expenditures and in household consumption; e) To gather information on poverty lines and incidence of poverty throughout FSM.

Geographic coverage

All four States of the Federatred States of Micronesia (FSM) were covered in the survey. They are: 1. Yap 2. Chuuk 3. Pohnpei 4. Kosrae

Analysis unit

Household, Individual

Universe

Households who had lived in the country for at least 12 months or are intending to live in the country for the next 12 months.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The first stage of the sample design involved splitting the 4 states of FSM in to stratum which separated areas based on the level of access to certain facilities. In all, three different ratings of access were developed: "good access", "medium access" and "rare access". For the state of Kosrae, all areas were considered to have "good access".

Once the stratum had been formed then the sample allocation was performed. This was initially done at the state level, with the smaller states of Kosrae and Yap getting a higher fraction of sample than the larger states of Chuuk and Pohnpei. This was so that suitable quality results could still be achieved for the smaller states. Once the sample size was determined for the states, this was then split up amongst the stratum. The allocation was done to try and spread the workloads out as much as possible across each stratum. State managers were then required to determine the number of field workers they would require, keeping in mind it was more suitable to recruit interviewers from those selected areas.

The sample within each stratum was selected by initially selecting EAs, and then selecting 10 household per selected EA which in turn would equate to one workload over a 3 week period for one interviewer.

94.6 per cent of households across FSM are in-scope of the survey. Chuuk with only 89.2 percent of households in scope had the lowest representation, whilst Kosrae had all households in scope for the survey.

For the 2013/14 FSM HIES, it was decided by the Technical Working Group (TWG), which comprised of members from Statistics Division and the Statistics State Managers, that a responding sample of 10 percent would be desirable. In order to achieve this, undertake the following steps: 1) Allocate a 10 percent responding sample to each of the 4 states proportional to the square root of the population (households) 2) Distribute this sample to each stratum, separately within state, proportional to the stratum population for that state 3) Increase each stratum sample size to allow for 15 percent sample loss 4) Adjust each stratum sample to allow for workload sizes of 10 households, also topping up the “good access” stratum where variability in survey responses is expected to be greater.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

A Questionnaire consisting of four Modules and a Weekly Diary covering 2 weeks was used for the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2013. Each Module covers distinct but connected portion of the Household.

The Modules & Diaries are as follows: - Module 1: Demographic Information - Module 2: Household Expenditure - Module 3: Individual Expenditures - Module 4: Income - Diary Week 1: Covering the first 7 Days (1 - 7) - Diary Week 2: Covering the second 7 Days (8 - 14)

Cleaning operations

Program: CSPro 5.1x

Data editing took place at a number of stages throughout the processing, including: a) Office editing and coding b) During data entry; Error report correction; Secondary editing by Quality Control Officer (QCO) c) Structure checking and completeness

Detailed documentation of the editing of data can be found in the "Data processing guidelines" document provided as an external resource.

The purpose of this survey is to obtain information on the income, consumption pattern, incidence of poverty, and saving propensities for different groups of people in the Republic of Palau. This information will be used to guide policy makers in framing socio-economic developmental policies and in initiating financial measures for improving economic conditions of the people.

Some more specific outputs from the survey are listed below: a) To obtain expenditure weights and other useful data for the revision of consumer price indices. b) To supplement the data available for use in compiling official estimates of household accounts in the systems of national accounts. c) To supply basic data needed for policy making in connection with social and economic planning d) To provide data for assessing the impact on household living conditions of existing or proposed economic and social measures, particularly changes in the structure of household expenditures and in household consumption e) To gather information on poverty lines and incidence of poverty throughout Palau.

Version 1.0 - Edited data not anonymized. Bases for published reports

Household Control Form: Collects basic demographic information from each member of the household such as, age, sex, marital status, ethnicity, etc.

Expenditure Questionnaire: Covers basic details about the dwelling structure and its access to things like water and sanitation. It was also used as a vehicle to collect expenditure on major and infrequent expenditures incurred by the household.

Income Questionnaire: Covers each of the main types of household income generated by the household such as wages and salaries, business income and income from subsistence activities.

Diary: Covers all daily expenditures incurred by the household, consumption of items produced by the household such as fish and crops, and gifts both received and given by the household.

• Collection start: 2006
• Collection end: 2006

Abstract

The Household Budget Survey (HBS) is a national survey collecting information from a representative sample of households, on households’ composition, members’ employment status, living conditions and, mainly, focusing on their members’ expenditure on goods and services as well as on their income. The expenditure information collected from households is very detailed. That is, information is not collected on the basis of total expenditure categories like "food", ‘'clothing - footwear', "health ", etc., but separately for each expenditure, for example, white bread, fresh whole milk, fresh beef etc, footwear for men, footwear for women etc., services of medical analysis laboratories, pharmaceutical products etc.

The main purpose of the HBS is to determine in detail the household expenditure pattern in order to revise the Consumer Price Index. Moreover, the HBS is the most appropriate source in order to: - Complete the available statistical data for the estimation of the total private consumption; - Study the households expenditures and their structure in relation to their income and other economic, social and demographic characteristics; - Analyze the changes in the living conditions of the households in comparison with the previous surveys; - Study the relationship between households purchases and receipts in kind; - Study low income limits in the different socio-economic categories and population groups; - Study the changes in the nutritional habits of the households.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Households,
• Individuals.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Frequency of data collection

The frequency of data collection is continual spread within the reference year.

Sampling procedure

The two-stage area stratified sampling was applied for the Household Budget Survey 2008. The sample of private households was selected in two stages. The primary units are the areas (one or more unified building blocks) and the ultimate sampling units selected in each sampling area are the households.It is estimated that 4.000 questionnaires will be filled in (number equal to, approximately, 1/1000 of the households within the whole Greek territory).

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Abstract

Extracted from the Field Work Instruction Manual NRU HIES 2013 (Attached):

1.2 Objectives

The purpose of the HIES survey is to obtain information on the income, consumption pattern, incidence of poverty, and saving propensities for different groups of people in Nauru. This information will be used to guide policy makers in framing socio-economic developmental policies and in initiating financial measures for improving economic conditions of the people. Some more specific outputs from the survey are listed below: a) To obtain expenditure weights and other useful data for the revision of the consumer price index; b) To supplement the data available for use in compiling official estimates of household accounts in the systems of national accounts; c) To supply basic data needed for policy making in connection with social and economic planning; d) To provide data for assessing the impact on household living conditions of existing or proposed economic and social measures, particularly changes in the structure of household expenditures and in household consumption; e) To gather information on poverty lines and incidence of poverty throughout Nauru.

Geographic coverage

National coverage.

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals
• Expenditure items

Universe

The scope of the 2012-2013 Household Income Expenditure Survey (HIES) was all occupied households in Nauru. HIES covered all persons who were considered to be usual residents of private dwellings, usual residents who were away for a short amount of time and those away for a for a longer amount of time but still financially linked to the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

-SAMPLE DESIGN: The sample was selected to be representative of the whole country of Nauru. Approximately 37 per cent of households were selected across Nauru, although not all responded to the survey - these details are provided in Section 4 of the Methodology Report (provided as External Resources). The sample fractions applied to each of the eight constituencies (plus Location) within Nauru were roughly the same, although they were slightly modified to create even workloads for interviewers. Whilst a 37 per cent sample seems exceptionally large for even a small country like Nauru, due to the large levels of non-response experienced in the 2006 HIES it was considered necessary. At the household level the survey is targeting All members of the Household; however, the main respondent will be the Household Head which could be either the Husband or spouse. If both are unavailable during the survey then any responsible adult will become the respondent. Additional information will also be sought from members of the household who are 15 years with respect to their economic activity and income earning activities.

The selection of the households was based on the 2011 Census of Population and Housing. The process for making the selections was to order the households within each constituency by size (number of persons in the household) and running a systematic skip through each constituency list to achieve the desirable sample size. Such a procedure should ensure each constituency is suitably represented as well as each household size type.

-SAMPLE SELECTION: Yaren: 40 (out of 105); Boe: 49 (out of 51); Aiwo: 81 (out of 84); Buada: 49 (out of 51); Ubenide: 101 (out of 104); Ewa/Anetan: 51 (out of 53); Anabar/Ijuw/Anibane: 51 (out of 53); Meneng: 86 (out of 89); Location (phosphate mining barracks): 116 (out of 120).

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

A Questionnaire consisting of four Modules and a Weekly Diary covering 2 weeks was used for Nauru Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2013. Each Module covers distinct but connected portion of the Household.

The Modules are as follows:

• Module 1: Demographic Information (basic demographic information from each member of the household);
• Module 2: Household Expenditure;
• Module 3: Individual Expenditures;
• Module 4: Income
• Diary Week 1: Covering the first 7 Days (1 - 7)
• Diary Week 2: Covering the second 7 Days (8 - 14).

The questionnaires were published in English.

Cleaning operations

Data editing was done using the program: CSPro 5.1.

-DATA CLEANING PHASE 1: MANUAL CLEANING Although a heads-up interactive system was used in the processing of Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) data, data errors are always inevitable. This can be contributed to a multitude of reasons and additional efforts must be made to have accurate data. Data cleaning Phase 1 was done in-country where access to original questionnaires allowed us to correct data by referencing source documents. Errors were identified using an edit specification program which checks keyed data for: • missing information • value specific ranges • data item relations • sequencing errors.

Steps were taken to ensure that missing items were not replaced with assumed values from those involved with data corrections. Data items such as these were addressed in Data Cleaning Phase 2.

-DATA RECODING PHASE 1: SUB_RECORDS OF RELATED DATA ITEMS The objective of this phase was to combine similar data items in the questionnaire into 17 unique databases. The process involved identifying questions and sections in the questionnaire that were related either by subject area, classifications, and transaction types. The advantages of these databases are listed below: • Simplify data corrections - when the data is organised into liked data items, it makes for easier data corrections when implementing sub-routines to check for further data inconsistencies, outliers and code verifications. • Allow for area specific analysis - because the data is organised into similar subject areas, classifications and transaction types, the emerging databases then can be used independently or cross-referenced to other databases. • Simplify the creation of aggregated data - the overall intention of these sub-databases is to create four main databases used in the analysis of HIES data.

-DATA CLEANING PHASE 2: VALIDATION, IMPUTATION AND REMOVAL Before any data could be properly recoded into the main aggregated income and expenditure databases the information needed to be properly coded. After field collection this activity was very time consuming because each transaction needed to be verified for relevance and completeness. Activities in this process included: • deletion of households having inefficient amount of diary transactions or missing large amount of data • data item code validation and correction (e.g. COICOP, ISIC, and ISCO) • imputation of missing or invalid data items • deletion of transactions with insufficient data items.

-DATA RECODING PHASE 2: OUTPUT The final phase was to recode the sub-databases into the four main databases (Income, Expenditure, Person and House). The activities in this phase included quality control measures that checked for consistencies and balancing between: • categories, reference periods and transaction types • income and expenditure • sub-databases and aggregated databases.

Response rate

The HIES 2012/2013 survey response rates were a significant improvement on those achieved for the 2006 HIES, reaching levels more in line with what is considered acceptable. The national response rate of the survey was 74% (460 households responded out of the 624 that were selected).

Yaren: 55%; Boe: 76%; Aiwo: 72%; Buada: 88%; Ubenide: 68%; Ewa/Anetan: 92%; Anabar/Ijuw/Anibane: 77%; Meneng: 93%; Location (phosphate mining barracks): 56%.

Sampling error estimates

Many factors contribute to the magnitude of the non-sampling errors associated with survey results. Unfortunately, unlike the sampling error, it is difficult to measure the extent of the impact. In order to better understand the reason behind this, one only needs to look at the different types of non-sampling errors to appreciate why it is difficult to measure their impact. Some of the more significant non-sampling errors which are discussed in the Methodology Report (provided as External Resource): • Non response bias • Reporting errors • Data entry errors • Changing economy.

Abstract

China Living Standards Survey (CLSS) consists of one household survey and one community (village) survey, conducted in Hebei and Liaoning Provinces (northern and northeast China) in July 1995 and July 1997 respectively. Five villages from each three sample counties of each province were selected (six were selected in Liaoyang County of Liaoning Province because of administrative area change). About 880 farm households were selected from total thirty-one sample villages for the household survey. The same thirty-one villages formed the samples of community survey. This document provides information on the content of different questionnaires, the survey design and implementation, data processing activities, and the different available data sets.

Geographic coverage

The China Living Standards Survey (CLSS) was conducted only in Hebei and Liaoning Provinces (northern and northeast China).

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The CLSS sample is not a rigorous random sample drawn from a well-defined population. Instead it is only a rough approximation of the rural population in Hebei and Liaoning provinces in Northeastern China. The reason for this is that part of the motivation for the survey was to compare the current conditions with conditions that existed in Hebei and Liaoning in the 1930’s. Because of this, three counties in Hebei and three counties in Liaoning were selected as "primary sampling units" because data had been collected from those six counties by the Japanese occupation government in the 1930’s. Within each of these six counties (xian) five villages (cun) were selected, for an overall total of 30 villages (in fact, an administrative change in one village led to 31 villages being selected). In each county a "main village" was selected that was in fact a village that had been surveyed in the 1930s. Because of the interest in these villages 50 households were selected from each of these six villages (one for each of the six counties). In addition, four other villages were selected in each county. These other villages were not drawn randomly but were selected so as to "represent" variation within the county. Within each of these villages 20 households were selected for interviews. Thus the intended sample size was 780 households, 130 from each county.

Unlike county and village selection, the selection of households within each village was done according to standard sample selection procedures. In each village, a list of all households in the village was obtained from village leaders. An "interval" was calculated as the number of the households in the village divided by the number of households desired for the sample (50 for main villages and 20 for other villages). For the list of households, a random number was drawn between 1 and the interval number. This was used as a starting point. The interval was then added to this number to get a second number, then the interval was added to this second number to get a third number, and so on. The set of numbers produced were the numbers used to select the households, in terms of their order on the list.

In fact, the number of households in the sample is 785, as opposed to 780. Most of this difference is due to a village in which 24 households were interviewed, as opposed to the goal of 20 households

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Household Questionnaire

The household questionnaire contains sections that collect data on household demographic structure, education, housing conditions, land, agricultural management, household non-agricultural business, household expenditures, gifts, remittances and other income sources, and saving and loans. For some sections (general household information, schooling, housing, gift-exchange, remittance, other income, and credit and savings) the individual designated by the household members as the household head provided responses. For some other sections (farm land, agricultural management, family-run non-farm business, and household consumption expenditure) a member identified as the most knowledgeable provided responses. Identification codes for respondents of different sections indicate who provided the information. In sections where the information collected pertains to individuals (employment), whenever possible, each member of the household was asked to respond for himself or herself, except that parents were allowed to respond for younger children. Therefore, in the case of the employment section it is possible that the information was not provided by the relevant person; variables in this section indicate when this is true.

The household questionnaire was completed in a one-time interview in the summer of 1995. The survey was designed so that more sensitive issues such as credit and savings were discussed near the end. The content of each section is briefly described below.

Section 0 SURVEY INFORMATION

This section mainly summarizes the results of the survey visits. The following information was entered into the computer: whether the survey and the data entry were completed, codes of supervisor’s brief comments on interviewer, data entry operator, and related revising suggestion (e.g., 1. good, 2. revise at office, and 3. re-interview needed). Information about the date of interview, the names of interviewer, supervisor, data enterer, and detail notes of interviewer and supervisor were not entered into the computer.

Section 1 GENERAL HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION

1A HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURE 1B INFORMATION ABOUT THE HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS’ PARENTS 1C INFORMATION ABOUT THE CHILDREN WHO ARE NOT LIVING IN HOME

Section 1A lists the personal id code, sex, relationship to the household head, ethnic group, type of resident permit (agricultural [nongye], non-agricultural [fei nongye], or no resident permit), date of birth, marital status of all people who spent the previous night in that household and for household members who are temporarily away from home. The household head is listed first and receives the personal id code 1. Household members were defined to include “all the people who normally live and eat their meals together in this dwelling.” Those who were absent more than nine of the last twelve months were excluded, except for the head of household. For individuals who are married and whose spouse resides in the household, the personal id number of the spouse is noted. By doing so, information on the spouse can be collected by appropriately merging information from the section 1A and other parts of the survey.

Section 1B collects information on the parents of all household members. For individuals whose parents reside in the household, parents’ personal id numbers are noted, and information can be obtained by appropriately merging information from other parts of the survey. For individuals whose parents do not reside in the household, information is recorded on whether each parent is alive, as well as their schooling and occupation.

Section 1C collects information for children of household members who are not living in home. Children who have died are not included. The information on the name, sex, types of resident permit, age, education level, education cost, reasons not living in home, current living place, and type of job of each such child is recorded.

Section 2 SCHOOLING

In Section 2, information about literacy and numeracy, school attendance, completion, and current enrollment for all household members of preschool age and older. The interpretation of pre-school age appears to have varied, with the result that while education information is available for some children of pre-school age, not all pre-school children were included in this section. But for ages 6 and above information is available for nearly all individuals, so in essence the data on schooling can be said to apply all persons 6 age and above. For those who were enrolled in school at the time of the survey, information was also collected on school attendance, expenses, and scholarships. If applicable, information on serving as an apprentice, technical or professional training was also collected.

Section 3 EMPLOYMENT

3A GENERAL INFORMATION 3B MAJOR NON-FARM JOB IN 1994 3C THE SECOND NON-FARM JOB IN 1994 3D OTHER EMPLOYMENT ACTIVITIES IN 1994 3E SEARCHING FOR NON-FARM JOB 3F PROCESS FOR GETTING MAJOR NON-FARM JOB 3G CORVEE LABOR

All individuals age thirteen and above were asked to respond to the employment activity questions in Section 3. Section 3A collects general information on farm and non-farm employment, such as whether or not the household member worked on household own farm in 1994, when was the last year the member worked on own farm if he/she did not work in 1994, work days and hours during busy season, occupation and sector codes of the major, second, and third non-farm jobs, work days and total income of these non-farm jobs. There is a variable which indicates whether or not the individual responded for himself or herself.

Sections 3B and 3C collect detailed information on the major and the second non-farm job. Information includes number of months worked and which month in 1994 the member worked on these jobs, average works days (or hours) per month (per day), total number of years worked for these jobs by the end of 1994, different components of income, type of employment contracts. Information on employer’s ownership type and location was also collected.

Section 3D collects information on average hours spent doing chores and housework at home every day during non-busy and busy season. The chores refer to cooking, laundry, cleaning, shopping, cutting woods, as well as small-scale farm yard animals raising, for example, pigs or chickens. Large-scale animal

Abstract

The purpose of the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) survey is to obtain information on the income, consumption pattern, incidence of poverty, and saving propensities for different groups of people in Kiribati. This information will be used to guide policy makers in framing socio-economic developmental policies and in initiating financial measures for improving economic conditions of the people.

Some more specific outputs from the survey are listed below:

a) To obtain expenditure weights and other useful data for the revision of the consumer price index; b) To supplement the data available for use in compiling official estimates of household accounts in the systems of national accounts; c) To supply basic data needed for policy making in connection with social and economic planning; d) To provide data for assessing the impact on household living conditions of existing or proposed economic and social measures, particularly changes in the structure of household expenditures and in household consumption; e) To gather information on poverty lines and incidence of poverty throughout Kiribati.

Geographic coverage

National Coverage and Regional Island Groups (Northern Gilberts, South Tarawa, Central Giberts, Southern Gilberts, Linix).

There are five main populations of interest for which estimates are required for the 2006 Kiribati HIES: South Tarawa, Northern, Central and Southern Gilbert Islands, and the Line Islands.

Analysis unit

Persons, Households, Expenditure items.

Universe

The survey covered all persons resident in private households during the month of October 2006. It excluded persons living in institutions such as dormitories, hospitals, prisons or other institutions. Also excluded from the survey were ex-patriot temporary residents and permanent residents who were not residing (and intending to reside) in Kiribati for at least 12 months.

Income data were collected from persons aged 15 years and over and expenditure data from obtained from all household members at a household level.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Documentation for Kiribati HIES Sample Selection:

SAMPLE SIZE:

In determining an appropriate sample size for a survey of this nature, numerous factors come into the equation. These include:

a) The degree of accuracy required for key estimates b) The population size of the country c) The manner in which the sample is selected d) Cost or staffing constraints which may exist e) Whether or not estimates are required for sub-populations f) The level of variability in the data being collected

Each of these factors have different magnitudes of importance, but the major priority should always be on selecting a sample big enough to produce results of suitable accuracy. Many of these issues are generally known as well - for instance:

· A user group may pre-specify what level of accuracy they may wish to achieve for the survey · The population of a country can normally be estimated to a reasonable level of accuracy · The sample selection technique adopted is known · Cost and staff constraints are generally known, and · A user group can once again provide information on whether estimates for sub-populations are required.

The one thing that normally isn't known is the degree of variability in the data being collected - this information comes after the survey. This factor is important because if there is not much variability in the data for key estimates, then the sample size does not need to be as large, and vice versa.

Without this sort of information, determining the appropriate sample size for a survey can often involve a bit of guess work. For that reason, based on previous survey experience in other Pacific Island countries, a sample of 10 per cent was considered more than sufficient for Kiribati. An additional 10 per cent of sample was selected to allow for sample loss.

As a result, a sample size of 1,555 households (10 per cent of 13,999, with a 10 per cent top-up) was considered suitable for the survey.

Allocation to "Target Areas"

For the Kiribati HIES, five target areas were identified as sub-populations for which estimates would be desirable. These five areas were:

1) South Tarawa 2) Northern Gilbert 3) Central Gilbert 4) Southern Gilbert 5) Line/Phoenix Islands

Once the sample size of 1,555 had been determined, the next step was determining how the sample should be allocated to each of these target areas in order to produce the required level of accuracy for each area. In order to achieve this, the sample was allocated in such a manner that the expected level of accuracy for each stratum would be similar. The resulting sample allocation can be found in the table below.

STRATIFICATION:

To achieve better representation within each target group, each target group was further stratified by grouping "like" islands. The plan from there was to select an island from each stratum to represent it. As a result, 11 strata were formed, with each of the 23 populated island/atolls of Kiribati allocated to one of these strata. The resulting strata, and islands which make them up, can be found in the following table.

The allocation of the sample to stratum within each target group was achieved by simply allocating the sample proportional to the population for that stratum. For example, for the target group Northern Gilbert, an overall sample size of 323 was desirable. To determine how much of that sample would be allocated to the first stratum which consisted of Makin and Butaritari, the following formula was applied:

n (Makin & Butaritari) = 323 * (889)/(889+1290+867)
  = 94

EXCLUDED AREAS:

Although it would be desirable to cover all of Kiribati for this survey, due to cost and time constraints a couple of areas were excluded from the frame before the selections were made. The two areas removed from scope were:

· Banaba · Kanton

The impact on final estimates is considered to be very small given the small populations on these two islands; 61 households on Banaba, and 9 households on Kanton. This accounts for about 0.5 per cent of the population of Kiribati.

SAMPLE SELECTION TECHNIQUE:

Selection of Islands: For the stratum with more than one island, an island had to be selected in order to represent that stratum. The process used for this stage of selection was probability proportional to size (pps) sampling, where the size measure was the number of households on the island.

An example of how this process worked can be found below for the Central Gilbert - Group 2. For this stratum, a random number was selected between 0 and 1,005. Given the random number (254), fell within the cumulative number of households for Abemama, then that island was selected.

Selection of Households: To minimize the travel requirements of interviewers, and thus travel costs, a two stage process was adopted to selected households.

The first stage of the process involved selecting EAs using probability proportional to size (pps) sampling. The required number of EAs to select from each island was simply determined by dividing the number of households to sample on that island by roughly 15, where 15 was the cluster size chosen from each selected EA.

Having selected the EAs in sample, a systematic skip was run through the list of households for each EA to determine which households would be selected in sample. These selections were performed in the NSO, and the lists provided to interviewers in the field. The lists used for this stage of selection were based on the 2005 Population Census, and thus would be out-of-date by a year or so, but given the significant gains in simplifying field logistics, this was the preferred option.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Four questionnaire forms were designed to collect information on household size and composition, personal and household income, major household expenditure, and regular food and household supply expenditures in the diaries. The income and expenditure questionnaires were administered by interview during the survey period, and the diaries were completed by the households over a two-week period. An additional questionnaire was developed and administered to collect detailed information on health facility utilization and access, educational attendance and attainment, and labour force status.

The questionnaires were published in English.

-HOUSEHOLD CONTROL FORM: The Household Control Form (HCF) should be filled in during the first visit to the household. Its main objective is to collect basic demographic information about members of the household. Before completing this form however, the interviewer needs to determine if the household is in scope for the survey.

Only those households which have been residing in Kiribati for more than 1 year, or those households who intend to reside in Kiribati for a total of 12 months or more, should complete this form and partake in the survey. These households can be identified by going through section (e) in the field book for interviewers. If the household does not meet these criteria, then the survey is over. In assessing the eligibility of a household to be in the survey, use some common sense - there will be many occasions when it will be clear that the household has always lived in Kiribati, so don't bother asking these questions.

Once this issue has been addressed, the HCF can be filled in for the household. The HCF form is to record names of all the usual members of the household. Information on relationship to head of household, sex, date of birth and ethnicity are asked of all members in the household. For persons aged 15 and