Inflation is generally defined as the continued increase in the average prices of goods and services in a given region. Following the extremely high global inflation experienced in the 1980s and 1990s, global inflation has been relatively stable since the turn of the millennium, usually hovering between three and five percent per year. There was a sharp increase in 2008 due to the global financial crisis now known as the Great Recession, but inflation was fairly stable throughout the 2010s, before the current inflation crisis began in 2021. Recent years Despite the economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic, the global inflation rate fell to 3.26 percent in the pandemic's first year, before rising to 4.66 percent in 2021. This increase came as the impact of supply chain delays began to take more of an effect on consumer prices, before the Russia-Ukraine war exacerbated this further. A series of compounding issues such as rising energy and food prices, fiscal instability in the wake of the pandemic, and consumer insecurity have created a new global recession, and global inflation in 2024 is estimated to have reached 5.76 percent. This is the highest annual increase in inflation since 1996. Venezuela Venezuela is the country with the highest individual inflation rate in the world, forecast at around 200 percent in 2022. While this is figure is over 100 times larger than the global average in most years, it actually marks a decrease in Venezuela's inflation rate, which had peaked at over 65,000 percent in 2018. Between 2016 and 2021, Venezuela experienced hyperinflation due to the government's excessive spending and printing of money in an attempt to curve its already-high inflation rate, and the wave of migrants that left the country resulted in one of the largest refugee crises in recent years. In addition to its economic problems, political instability and foreign sanctions pose further long-term problems for Venezuela. While hyperinflation may be coming to an end, it remains to be seen how much of an impact this will have on the economy, how living standards will change, and how many refugees may return in the coming years.

In case prices for goods and services go up significantly in 2023, over 20 percent of consumers around the world said they would shop less in general and cut down on spending as a response. A fifth of survey respondents said they would look for and purchase cheaper and better value products. Less than five percent of those surveyed worldwide believed inflation would be unlikely to impact their habits. What does inflation look like? The world entered a new inflation crisis in 2021, driven by a confluence of factors including the COVID-19 pandemic which restricted global supply chains, and the Russian-Ukraine war which exacerbated food and energy shortages. In 2022, global inflation hit 8.71 percent, the highest annual increase in decades. The rate of inflation is estimated to remain high in the near future, at around 6.9 percent in 2023 and 5.8 percent in 2024. Inflation dominated the list of most important problems facing the world according to a survey conducted in October 2023 – leading ahead of poverty and social inequality, crime and violence, and unemployment. In a global consumer trends survey, the majority of respondents said that inflation impacted them completely or a lot – for instance, seven in 10 respondents in the United States admitted they had been seriously impacted. Inflation’s impact on the holidays The end-of-year holiday season is typically regarded as a period of increased retail spending, driven by a series of major shopping events such as Black Friday and Cyber Monday, as well as the public holidays Thanksgiving and Christmas. However, inflation has put a damper on the holiday cheer, with consumers expressing their intentions to cut back spending amid the cost-of-living crisis. In 2022, a significant share of consumers in Europe said they planned to cut at least some related expenses. In fact, 40 percent of respondents in the United Kingdom planned to cut all expenses related to Black Friday and Christmas.

Inflation in the table below is defined as the percent change in the CPI from the same month last year. The first column of numbers shows the latest value available from the national authorities and the next two columns show the levels of annual inflation three months and one year prior to the latest release. The data are updated daily. Over long stretches of time - typically years - inflation is a byproduct of the expansion of money supply. In the short run the inflation rate fluctuates with economic growth as recessions slow down the increase in prices and rapid output growth accelerates it. Shits in exchange rates, commodity prices, and natural phenomena like droughts also have an impact. Over time, however, these factors have only a transitory effect and the only variable that matters is money supply growth. The control of inflation is delegated to central banks that typically try to balance between relatively low inflation and low unemployment. For more, you can read our articles about optimal inflation and the causes of inflation in the short run and the long run.

Cost of food in the United States increased 2.90 percent in May of 2025 over the same month in the previous year. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Food Inflation - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

In a January 2025 survey on domestic travel in the United Kingdom, 23 percent of respondents planned to book cheaper accommodation services in the next six months due to the cost of living crisis. Looking for more free activities and spending less on eating out were other popular strategies planned by domestic travelers to save money.

Description: This dataset provides a comprehensive overview of monthly inflation rates in Nigeria from March 2003 to June 2024, alongside key economic indicators such as crude oil prices, production levels, and various Consumer Price Index (CPI) components. The data captures important economic trends and is suitable for time series analysis, forecasting, and economic modeling.

The dataset includes the following features:

Inflation Rate: The monthly inflation rate in Nigeria, reflecting the change in consumer prices.

Crude Oil Price: The monthly average price of crude oil, which plays a significant role in Nigeria's economy.

Production and Export: Monthly crude oil production and export figures, representing key components of Nigeria's GDP.

CPI Components: Detailed breakdown of the Consumer Price Index, including food, energy, health, transport, communication, and education.

This dataset is ideal for economists, data scientists, and analysts interested in exploring the dynamics of inflation in a developing economy heavily influenced by oil prices and production. Potential applications include inflation forecasting, economic policy analysis, and studying the impact of global oil prices on domestic inflation.

Inflation Rate in India decreased to 2.82 percent in May from 3.16 percent in April of 2025. This dataset provides - India Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Inflation Rate in Vietnam increased to 3.24 percent in May from 3.12 percent in April of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Vietnam Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Inflation Rate in Brazil decreased to 5.32 percent in May from 5.53 percent in April of 2025. This dataset provides - Brazil Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Inflation Rate in China remained unchanged at -0.10 percent in May. This dataset provides - China Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Ausgangspunkt der Untersuchung zur Finanzpolitik des Deutschen Reichs bildet die verbreitete Furcht vor einer neuen Inflation in den 30er Jahren. Auch bestehen kaum Zweifel daran, von einer Instrumentalisierung der Inflationsangst durch die Regierung Brüning auszugehen. Bleibt die Frage offen, mit welchen Zielsetzungen – gleich bleibenden oder sich ändernden – erfolgte sie. Damit verbunden ist die Frage, wie von verantwortlichen Politikern, Wirtschaftsführern und Gewerkschaftlern die große Inflation in den Jahren des Ersten Weltkriegs bis zum totalen Zusammenbruch der Währung im Jahre 1923 wahrgenommen worden ist, wo ihrer Ansicht nach die Ursachen gelegen hatten, wie sie die Wirkungen einschätzten und welche Schlussfolgerungen sie hieraus für staatliches Handeln, insbesondere für die Finanzpolitik, gezogen haben. Aus der Wahrnehmung der Inflationsursachen (Reparationen, Handelsdiskriminierungen ) wurden für die Finanzpolitik des Reiches eine Reihe von inhaltlichen und formalen Schlussfolgerungen gezogen, die im Kern bereits während der Stabilisierungsphase 1923/24 formuliert wurden, deren finanzpolitischen Grundsätze aber erst 1929 angesichts der schwierigen Lage der Reichsfinanzen wieder Beachtung fanden. Thesenhaft lassen sich diese ‚Vorstellungen‘ wie folgt darstellen: (1) Die öffentlichen Haushalte sollten on der Regel in Einnahmen und Ausgaben ausgeglichen sein. Kreditfinanzierte Ausgaben sollten nur für Investitionen getätigt werden. (2) Das System der öffentlichen Einnahmen sollte Konsumtion bestrafen und Investitionen fördern; zugleich sollte es bestimmten, sonst weder unter binnenwirtschaftlichen noch Weltmarktbedingungen überlebensfähigen Wirtschaftszweigen (vor allem der Großlandwirtschaft, aber auch einzelnen Industrien) die Lebensfähigkeit garantieren – und auch dies zu Lasten der Konsumtion. (3) Ergaben sich aus diesen Postulaten Zielkonflikte für die öffentliche Finanzwirtschaft, standen auf der Ausgabenseite zuallererst die massenbelastenden Verbrauchs- und Verkehrssteuern für eine Erhöhung zur Disposition. „Die Krise der Staatsfinanzen, die für das Reich schon zu Beginn des Haushaltsjahres 1928 für alle aufmerksamen Beobachter, in jedem Fall aber für die verantwortlichen Politiker und Beamten sowie Interessenvertreter, offen zutage lag, wirkte zusammen mit der Regierungsübernahme der Großen Koalition, die nun auch noch die bisher weniger berücksichtigten Interessen zufriedenzustellen drohte, als Katalysator: Die bisher eher unkoordiniert nebeneinander stehenden ‚Vorstellungen‘ über die rechte Finanzpolitik auf dem Erfahrungshintergrund der Inflation wurden zu einer Konzeption zusammengeschweißt. Diesen Prozeß gilt es im Folgenden aufzuhellen. Dies geschieht im Wesentlichen durch eine Analyse der Schuldenpolitik, der Steuerpolitik und der Verteilungspolitik“ (Witt, P.-C., 1985, a. a. O., S. 53f). Dabei werden die Haushaltsjahre seit November 1923 bis 1934/35 als eine Einheit gesehen, begrenzt durch das Ende der Inflation 1914-1923. Aus der Fülle des veröffentlichten und unveröffentlichten statistischen Materials arbeitet der Autor ein Bild von den öffentlichen Finanzen für den betrachteten Untersuchungszeitraum heraus. Datentabellen in HISTAT:A.01 Die jährlichen Wachstumsraten von Preisen, Löhnen, Gehältern und Renten (1925-1935)A.02a Die Einnahmen der Gebietskörperschaften und des Sozialversicherungssystems und ihre Ausgaben, in laufenden Preisen (1913-1935)A.02b Die Einnahmen des Reiches und seine Ausgaben, ohne Sozialversicherung, in laufenden Preisen (1924-1935)A.02c Die Entwicklung der Reichsschuld, Nominalbeträge, in Mill. RM (1924-1933)A.03 Einnahmen von Reich, Ländern, Gemeinden, Gemeindeverbänden und dem Sozialversicherungssystem nach Einnahmegruppen, in Prozent (1913-1936)A.04 Steuern, Abgaben und Beiträge zum Sozialversicherungssystem, Index 1928/29 = 100, in Preisen von 1928/29 (1913-1936)A.05 Zolleinnahmen und Zollbelastung der Einfuhren (1913-1936)A.06a Die Struktur der öffentlichen Ausgaben: Gebietskörperschaften und Sozialversicherungssystem, in Prozent (1913-1933)A.06b Die Struktur der öffentlichen Ausgaben: Reich, in Prozent (1913-1933)A.07 Durchschnittliche Rentenentwicklung im Deutschen Reich (1914-1936)

In the United States, almost one in five online shoppers profited from Amazon Prime Day deals to stock up on items that got more expensive because of inflation in 2022. According to a poll, over one-third of the surveyed U.S. consumers even waited for Amazon Prime in order to purchase a product at a lower price. Overall, the inflation rate had no effect on a limited share of consumers – less than 20 percent.

The data and programs replicate tables and figures from "The impact of inflation targeting: Testing the good luck hypothesis", by Ravenna and Mølbak Ingholt. Please see the ReadMe file for additional details.

Pakistan inflation rate for 2024 was 12.63%, a 18.14% decline from 2023.

<ul style='margin-top:20px;'>

<li>Pakistan inflation rate for 2023 was <strong>30.77%</strong>, a <strong>10.89% increase</strong> from 2022.</li>
<li>Pakistan inflation rate for 2022 was <strong>19.87%</strong>, a <strong>10.38% increase</strong> from 2021.</li>
<li>Pakistan inflation rate for 2021 was <strong>9.50%</strong>, a <strong>0.24% decline</strong> from 2020.</li>
</ul>Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. The Laspeyres formula is generally used.

Graph and download economic data for Inflation, consumer prices for the United States (FPCPITOTLZGUSA) from 1960 to 2024 about consumer, CPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

In this paper we use GARCH-M methods to test four hypotheses about the effects of real and nominal uncertainty on average inflation and output growth in the United States from 1948 to 1996. We find no evidence that higher inflation uncertainty or higher output growth uncertainty raises the average inflation rate. We also find no support for the idea that more risky output growth is associated with a higher average real growth rate. Our key result is that in a variety of models and sample periods, inflation uncertainty significantly lowers real output growth.

We report average expected inflation rates over the next one through 30 years. Our estimates of expected inflation rates are calculated using a Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland model that combines financial data and survey-based measures. Released monthly.

Inflation Rate: 12 Months Expectation: Average data was reported at 7.000 % in Apr 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 6.000 % for Mar 2025. Inflation Rate: 12 Months Expectation: Average data is updated monthly, averaging 4.800 % from Aug 1987 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 453 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7.900 % in Jun 2022 and a record low of 3.600 % in Oct 1995. Inflation Rate: 12 Months Expectation: Average data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The Conference Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.H050: Consumer Confidence Index: Inflation Rate Expectation. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

Inflation Rate in Japan decreased to 3.50 percent in May from 3.60 percent in April of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Japan Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

In the third quarter of 2024, half of Norwegian companies had problems with increasing purchase prices as a result of rising inflation seen around the world. Moreover, more than 40 percent faced problems due to an unstable economic framework. On the other hand, only 10 percent had issues with lack of credits or financing. As a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the Russian War in Ukraine that started in February 2022, inflation has been surging worldwide. For more information about inflation in the Nordic countries, please visit our dedicated topic page.