As the central bank of the United States, the Federal Reserve supports the effective operation of the US economy, acting in the public interest to promote the stability of the financial system.

View the total value of the assets of all Federal Reserve Banks as reported in the weekly balance sheet.

Among the ** Federal Reserve Banks of the Federal Reserve System in the United States, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York held by far the highest value of assets in 2024. With approximately ****trillion U.S. dollars on its balance sheet, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York held over ** percent of the Fed's total assets. It was followed by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.

Loretta J. Mester-President and Chief Executive Officer-Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland- Summer Institute 2023 Macro, Money, and Financial Frictions - National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, July 12, 2023, 4:00 PM EDT

Graph and download economic data for Liabilities and Capital: Other Factors Draining Reserve Balances: Reserve Balances with Federal Reserve Banks: Wednesday Level (WRBWFRBL) from 2002-12-18 to 2025-11-26 about balance, reserves, banks, depository institutions, and USA.

The Federal Reserve's balance sheet has undergone significant changes since 2007, reflecting its response to major economic crises. From a modest *** trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2007, it ballooned to approximately **** trillion U.S. dollars by October 29, 2025. This dramatic expansion, particularly during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic—both of which resulted in negative annual GDP growth in the U.S.—showcases the Fed's crucial role in stabilizing the economy through expansionary monetary policies. Impact on inflation and interest rates The Fed's expansionary measures, while aimed at stimulating economic growth, have had notable effects on inflation and interest rates. Following the quantitative easing in 2020, inflation in the United States reached ***** percent in 2022, the highest since 1991. However, by August 2025, inflation had declined to *** percent. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate hikes, with the rate peaking at **** percent in August 2023, before the first rate cut since September 2021 occurred in September 2024. Financial implications for the Federal Reserve The expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and subsequent interest rate hikes have had significant financial implications. In 2024, the Fed reported a negative net income of ***** billion U.S. dollars, a stark contrast to the ***** billion U.S. dollars profit in 2022. This unprecedented shift was primarily due to rapidly rising interest rates, which caused the Fed's interest expenses to soar to over *** billion U.S. dollars in 2023. Despite this, the Fed's net interest income on securities acquired through open market operations reached a record high of ****** billion U.S. dollars in the same year.

Speech by Loretta J. Mester, President and Chief Executive Officer, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland - The Federal Reserve and Monetary Policy Communications - The Tangri Lecture - Rutgers University - New Brunswick, NJ - January 17, 2018

Content

This dataset has no description from FRED.

Context

This is a dataset hosted by the Federal Reserve Economic Database (FRED). The organization has a data platform found here and they update their information according the amount of data that is brought in. Explore FRED using Kaggle and all of the data sources available through the FRED organization page!

• Update Frequency: This dataset is updated daily.

• Observation Start: 2002-12-18

• Observation End : 2018-08-08

Acknowledgements

This dataset is maintained using FRED's APIs and Kaggle's API.

Cover photo by Jongsun Lee on Unsplash
Unsplash Images are distributed under a unique Unsplash License.

A central bank is the term used to describe the authority responsible for policies that affect a country’s supply of money and credit. More specifically, a central bank uses its tools of monetary policy—open market operations, discount window lending, changes in reserve requirements—to affect short-term interest rates and the monetary base (currency held by the public plus bank reserves) and to achieve important policy goals.

Beth M. Hammack—President and Chief Executive Officer-Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland- Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs and The Bank Policy Institute, 9th Annual SIPA/BPI Bank Regulation Research Conference, New York, New York, February 27, 2025, 1:15 PM EST

Content

The FOMC has authorized temporary reciprocal currency arrangements (central bank liquidity swaps) with certain foreign central banks to help provide liquidity in U.S. dollars to overseas markets.

These swaps involve two transactions. First, when the foreign central bank draws on the swap line, it sells a specified amount of its currency to the Federal Reserve in exchange for dollars at the prevailing market exchange rate. The foreign currency that the Federal Reserve acquires is placed in an account for the Federal Reserve at the foreign central bank. This line in the statistical release reports the dollar value of the foreign currency held under these swaps.

Second, the dollars that the Federal Reserve provides are deposited in an account for the foreign central bank at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. At the same time as the draw on the swap line, the Federal Reserve and the foreign central bank enter into a binding agreement for a second transaction in which the foreign central bank is obligated to repurchase the foreign currency at a specified future date at the same exchange rate. At the conclusion of the second transaction, the foreign central bank pays a market-based rate of interest to the Federal Reserve. Central bank liquidity swaps are of various maturities, ranging from overnight to three months.

Context

This is a dataset from the Federal Reserve hosted by the Federal Reserve Economic Database (FRED). FRED has a data platform found here and they update their information according to the frequency that the data updates. Explore the Federal Reserve using Kaggle and all of the data sources available through the Federal Reserve organization page!

• Update Frequency: This dataset is updated daily.

• Observation Start: 2002-12-18

• Observation End : 2019-12-18

Acknowledgements

This dataset is maintained using FRED's API and Kaggle's API.

Cover photo by Hillie Chan on Unsplash
Unsplash Images are distributed under a unique Unsplash License.

Examiners in Banking Supervision conduct exams and inspections at more than 200 financial institutions in our district. This graphic describes the basics of the examination process and why supervision is one of the Federal Reserve’s key functions.

Among the ** Federal Reserve Banks of the Federal Reserve System in the United States, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York held by far the highest value of mortgage-backed securities in 2024. With approximately **** trillion U.S. dollars worth of securities, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York held over ** percent of the Fed's total mortgage-backed securities. It was followed by the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, which held roughly *** billion U.S. dollars worth of securities.

Loretta J. Mester-President and Chief Executive Officer-Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland- Keynote Speech, 2022 Chicago Payments Symposium: Building Customer-Centered and Adaptive Networks, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Chicago, IL, October 4, 2022, 9:15 a.m. EDT

With over *** billion U.S. dollars, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York reported the highest interest expense among the Federal Reserve Banks in 2024. It was followed by the Federal Reserve Banks of Richmond and San Francisco, with *****billion and **** billion U.S. dollars, respectively. The total net interest expense of the Federal Reserve amounted to approximately ****billion U.S. dollars at the end of 2024, representing a slight decrease from the previous year due to mild fall of interest rates throughout the year.

View weekly updates and historical trends for US Liabilities - Federal Reserve Notes, Net of Federal Reserve Bank Holdings in All Federal Reserve Banks. f…

Graph and download economic data for Resources and Assets: Redemption Fund of 5% for Federal Reserve Bank Notes (RARFFRBN) from 1916-06-09 to 1935-03-27 about funds, notes, assets, banks, depository institutions, and USA.

The Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) is normally a triennial cross-sectional survey of U.S. families. The survey data include information on families' balance sheets, pensions, income, and demographic characteristics.

The interest rate set by the Federal Reserve is a crucial tool for promoting economic conditions that meet the mandate established by the United States Congress, which includes high employment, low and stable inflation, sustainable economic growth, and the moderation of long-term interest rates. The interest rates determined by the Fed directly influence the cost of credit, making financing either more accessible or more restrictive. When interest rates are low, there is a greater incentive for consumers to purchase homes through mortgages, finance automobiles, or undertake home renovations. Additionally, businesses are encouraged to invest in expanding their operations, whether by purchasing new equipment, modernizing facilities, or hiring more workers. Conversely, higher interest rates tend to curb such activity, discouraging borrowing and slowing economic expansion.

The dataset analyzed contains information on the economic conditions in the United States on a monthly basis since 1954, including the federal funds rate, which represents the percentage at which financial institutions trade reserves held at the Federal Reserve with each other in the interbank market overnight. This rate is determined by the market but is directly influenced by the Federal Reserve through open market operations to reach the established target. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meets eight times a year to determine the federal funds rate target, which has been defined within a range with upper and lower limits since December 2008.

Furthermore, real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is calculated based on the seasonally adjusted quarterly rate of change in the economy, using chained 2009 dollars as a reference. The unemployment rate represents the seasonally adjusted percentage of the labor force that is unemployed. Meanwhile, the inflation rate is determined by the monthly change in the Consumer Price Index, excluding food and energy prices for a more stable analysis of core inflation.

The interest rate data was sourced from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis' economic data portal, while GDP information was provided by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, and unemployment and inflation data were made available by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

The analysis of this data helps to understand how economic growth, the unemployment rate, and inflation influence the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy decisions. Additionally, it allows for a study of the evolution of interest rate policies over time and raises the question of how predictable the Fed’s future decisions may be. Based on observed trends, it is possible to speculate whether the target range set in March 2017 will be maintained, lowered, or increased, considering the prevailing economic context and the challenges faced in conducting U.S. monetary policy.

Context

The Federal Reserve sets interest rates to promote conditions that achieve the mandate set by the Congress — high employment, low and stable inflation, sustainable economic growth, and moderate long-term interest rates. Interest rates set by the Fed directly influence the cost of borrowing money. Lower interest rates encourage more people to obtain a mortgage for a new home or to borrow money for an automobile or for home improvement. Lower rates encourage businesses to borrow funds to invest in expansion such as purchasing new equipment, updating plants, or hiring more workers. Higher interest rates restrain such borrowing by consumers and businesses.

Content

This dataset includes data on the economic conditions in the United States on a monthly basis since 1954. The federal funds rate is the interest rate at which depository institutions trade federal funds (balances held at Federal Reserve Banks) with each other overnight. The rate that the borrowing institution pays to the lending institution is determined between the two banks; the weighted average rate for all of these types of negotiations is called the effective federal funds rate. The effective federal funds rate is determined by the market but is influenced by the Federal Reserve through open market operations to reach the federal funds rate target. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meets eight times a year to determine the federal funds target rate; the target rate transitioned to a target range with an upper and lower limit in December 2008. The real gross domestic product is calculated as the seasonally adjusted quarterly rate of change in the gross domestic product based on chained 2009 dollars. The unemployment rate represents the number of unemployed as a seasonally adjusted percentage of the labor force. The inflation rate reflects the monthly change in the Consumer Price Index of products excluding food and energy.

Acknowledgements

The interest rate data was published by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis' economic data portal. The gross domestic product data was provided by the US Bureau of Economic Analysis; the unemployment and consumer price index data was provided by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Inspiration

How does economic growth, unemployment, and inflation impact the Federal Reserve's interest rates decisions? How has the interest rate policy changed over time? Can you predict the Federal Reserve's next decision? Will the target range set in March 2017 be increased, decreased, or remain the same?