Taken from sections of the report:

The aim of the survey and mapping program on V5.1 was to carry out various surveying tasks at Mawson and Casey as listed later in this report. The vessel used in Voyage 5.1 was The Polar Queen.

Voyage 5.1 left Capetown on Thursday 18th February and arrived Fremantle Friday 19th. March.

Depart Capetown Thursday 18th February Arrive Mawson Sunday 28th February Depart Mawson Tuesday 2nd March Arrive Davis Thursday 4th March Depart Davis Thursday 4th March Arrive Casey Monday 8th March Depart Casey Thursday 11th March Arrive Fremantle Thursday 18th March

The survey team was: Henk Brolsma Australian Antarctic Division - surveyor. John Hyslop Australian Antarctic Division - volunteer surveyor.

The surveying at Mawson and Casey included bringing the data representing the station infrastructure up to date. The station infrastructure data is available for download in GIS format (shapefiles) from Related URLs below. The data resulting from this survey has a Dataset_id of 15. The data is formatted according to the SCAR Feature Catalogue. For data quality information about a particular feature use the Qinfo number of the feature to search for information using the 'Search datasets and quality' tab at a Related URL below.

Matt King, Rachel Manson and Lee Palfrey assisted with survey work at Casey. They carried out GPS surveys for aerial photo control, Casey and Wilkes, tide gauge bench marks at Casey, buildings detail at Wilkes and route markers around the station. Their work is not covered in this report.

This map shows coastal flooding around Honolulu, Hawaii due to 3 feet (0.914 m) of sea level rise. This scenario was derived using a National Geospatial Agency (NGA)-provided digital elevation model (DEM) based on LiDAR data of the Honolulu area collected in 2009. This 'bare earth 'DEM (vegetation and structures removed) was used to represent the current topography of the study area above zero elevation for the urban corridor stretching from Honolulu International Airport to Waikiki and Diamond Head along the south shore of Oahu. The accuracy of the DEM was validated using a selection of 16 Tidal Benchmarks located within the study area. The single value tidal water surface of mean higher high water (MHHW) modeled at the Honolulu tide gauge was used to represent sea level for the purposes of this study. Water levels are shown as they would appear during the highest high tides (excluding wind-driven tides).Data produced in 2014 by Dr. Charles 'Chip 'Fletcher of the department of Geology & Geophysics (G&G) in the School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST) of the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Supported in part by the NOAA Coastal Storms Program (CSP) and the University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program. These data do not consider future changes in coastal geomorphology and natural processes such as erosion, subsidence, or future construction. These data do not specify timing of inundation depths and are not appropriate for conducting detailed spatial analysis. The entire risk associated with the results and performance of these data is assumed by the user. These data should be used strictly as a planning reference and not for navigation, permitting, or other legal purposes.This map shows coastal flooding around Honolulu, Hawaii due to 3 feet (0.914 m) of sea level rise. This scenario was derived using a National Geospatial Agency (NGA)-provided digital elevation model (DEM) based on LiDAR data of the Honolulu area collected in 2009. This 'bare earth 'DEM (vegetation and structures removed) was used to represent the current topography of the study area above zero elevation for the urban corridor stretching from Honolulu International Airport to Waikiki and Diamond Head along the south shore of Oahu. The accuracy of the DEM was validated using a selection of 16 Tidal Benchmarks located within the study area. The single value tidal water surface of mean higher high water (MHHW) modeled at the Honolulu tide gauge was used to represent sea level for the purposes of this study. Water levels are shown as they would appear during the highest high tides (excluding wind-driven tides).Data produced in 2014 by Dr. Charles 'Chip 'Fletcher of the department of Geology & Geophysics (G&G) in the School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST) of the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Supported in part by the NOAA Coastal Storms Program (CSP) and the University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program. These data do not consider future changes in coastal geomorphology and natural processes such as erosion, subsidence, or future construction. These data do not specify timing of inundation depths and are not appropriate for conducting detailed spatial analysis. The entire risk associated with the results and performance of these data is assumed by the user. These data should be used strictly as a planning reference and not for navigation, permitting, or other legal purposes.This map shows coastal flooding around Honolulu, Hawaii due to 3 feet (0.914 m) of sea level rise. This scenario was derived using a National Geospatial Agency (NGA)-provided digital elevation model (DEM) based on LiDAR data of the Honolulu area collected in 2009. This 'bare earth 'DEM (vegetation and structures removed) was used to represent the current topography of the study area above zero elevation for the urban corridor stretching from Honolulu International Airport to Waikiki and Diamond Head along the south shore of Oahu. The accuracy of the DEM was validated using a selection of 16 Tidal Benchmarks located within the study area. The single value tidal water surface of mean higher high water (MHHW) modeled at the Honolulu tide gauge was used to represent sea level for the purposes of this study. Water levels are shown as they would appear during the highest high tides (excluding wind-driven tides).Data produced in 2014 by Dr. Charles 'Chip 'Fletcher of the department of Geology & Geophysics (G&G) in the School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST) of the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Supported in part by the NOAA Coastal Storms Program (CSP) and the University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program. These data do not consider future changes in coastal geomorphology and natural processes such as erosion, subsidence, or future construction. These data do not specify timing of inundation depths and are not appropriate for conducting detailed spatial analysis. The entire risk associated with the results and performance of these data is assumed by the user. These data should be used strictly as a planning reference and not for navigation, permitting, or other legal purposes.

Taken from sections of the Report:

This report details the survey work carried out during Voyage 6 in March and April 1999 by LANDINFO staff on behalf of the Australian Antarctic Divisions Mapping Program. The main task of the survey team was to acquire aerial photography at Casey Station and surrounding areas as well as capturing aerial photography of Macquarie Island. Other tasks involved data retrieval and installation of tide gauges at all ANARE stations.

The following team carried out the survey-mapping work: Tom Gordon - LANDINFO Surveyor David Clements - Antarctic Division assistant

David Clements was a returning expeditioner from Mawson Station who volunteered his assistance during the voyage.

Project Outline

Work was undertaken by LANDINFO for Antarctic Division in a number of operational areas on this voyage. The Aurora Australis departed from Fremantle on the 8th of March and sailed to Mawson, Davis, Casey and Macquarie Island. The principle areas of interest were to be Casey Station and Macquarie Island where aerial photography had been planned. At all the ANARE Stations work associated with the tide gauges was to be undertaken.

A copy of the Surveyors brief has been included in Appendix A.

First floor elevations of buildings were collected from two regions in Biloxi. The first region was between Division St (north), Oak St (east), Howard Ave (south) and Caillavet St (west) and data were collected between 8/1/2019 and 7/31/2020. The second region, added at the ask of the City of Biloxi, was bound by Back Bay Blvd (north), Oak St (east), Division St (south) and Main St (west) and data were collected between 8/1/2020 and 7/31/2021. First floor elevations were collected through a combination of acquiring elevation certificates, taking GPS field measurements and calculating building elevations with street level imagery analysis. GPS field measurements were conducted in March 2020, whereas street level imagery were collected from August 2019 through July 2020, and then again in April and May 2021 in the project extension area. Street level imagery data were created through interpretation of Google Street View images, following the methodology provided by Needham and McIntyre (2018). Historical flood elevations for the city of Biloxi were collected through primary and secondary sources that included reviewing historical newspapers, official damage reports, sampling during storm events, and scientific literature. This process built upon data construction begun in Needham and Keim (2012) and Needham et al. (2013). Observation-driven water elevation return frequencies were developed based on the historical flood elevations using the log-linear regression method, determined to be the most accurate for calculating the frequency of extreme water levels in Needham (2014). A time series of historic floods for Biloxi required the establishment of Mean Sea Level. GPS field measurements taken in March, 2020, revealed that MSL was approximately 0.60 feet above NAVD88 datum. A histogram that shows how much saltwater each hurricane or tropical storm pushed above sea level for the year of the storm, removed the influence of long-term sea level rise in Biloxi. Following guidance from the Northern Gulf of Mexico Sentinel Site Cooperative, the rates of sea level rise used in this study were 0.0074 ft/ year from 1880-1994, then 0.0442 ft/ year from 1994-2021. Biloxi has no long-term tide gauge, and our understanding is that those sea level rise rates are estimates that take into account the rate of sea level rise at Bay Waveland Yacht Club to the west and Dauphin Island to the east of Biloxi. The datasets were combined to identify structures that were not elevated above specific water elevation return frequencies both now and with three sea level rise scenarios for the year 2060: intermediate-low, intermediate and intermediate-high. Localized sea-level rise scenarios were provided by Mississippi State University at this link: https://webapps.msucares.com/slr/ Rates of sea level rise from years 2000-2060 were given as 1.07 feet for intermediate-low, 1.75 feet for intermediate and 2.48 feet for intermediate-high. We estimated Mean Sea Level to be -0.28 feet in the year 2000, using sea level rise rates provided by the Northern Gulf of Mexico Sentinel Site Cooperative. This provides sea level estimates of 0.47 feet, 1.15 feet, and 1.88 feet above NAVD88 datum in the year 2060, for intermediate-low, intermediate and intermediate-high sea level rise rates, respectively. We subtracted 0.60 feet, the mean sea level for 2020, from each of these levels, to estimate future sea level rise changes. Purpose Data were collected to inform City of Biloxi floodplain management, response, and recovery efforts to current-day floods and to support planning action for the City of Biloxi planner. DOI: Suggested Citation

Taken from sections of the report:

Introduction

This report details the survey work carried out on Macquarie Island during November and December of 1996 by the Australian Surveying and Land Information Group (AUSLIG) on behalf of the Australian Antarctic Division's Mapping Program. The principle aim of the program was to acquire aerial photography to enable the production of a new topographic map of the island. A number of other tasks were also required to be carried out. This report deals with each task and the results achieved.

The survey work was carried out by the following people:

Frank Hoogesteger - Tasmanian Department of Environment and Land Management Roger Handsworth - Platypus Engineering Richard Lemon - Australian Surveying and land Information Group

Although this report touches on the work carried out by Roger Handsworth and Frank Hoogesteger, it does not cover the specifics of their work, that being the subject of separate reports to be submitted the them.

Time Frame

The Macquarie Island field party departed Hobart at about 5pm on Monday 25th November 1996 aboard the Aurora Australis, voyage 3 of the ANARE re-supply season. Voyage 3 arrived at Macquarie Island at about 9am eastern standard summer time (UT+11) on Thursday 28th November. The survey party departed Macquarie Island at about 10am on Monday 2nd December and arrived back in Hobart at about 7am on Thursday 5th December 1996.

This provided three and a half days on the island in which to complete the survey program.

Aims and Project Brief

The 1996/97 Survey Program for Macquarie Island lists the following tasks and those responsible for their execution:

1. Aerial Photography of the island and station area (Lemon/Handsworth)
2. Precise leveling from AFN station, AUS211 RM1 and RM2 to Garden Cove Bench Mark AUS228 (Lemon)
3. Field survey of station buildings and services to check and update Digital Station Information System (Lemon)
4. Install tide gauge staff and carry out water level observations at Garden Cove (Handsworth/Lemon-assist)
5. GPS baseline from the AFN Station AUS211 to the Garden Cove Tide Gauge Bench Mark AUS92 (Lemon)
6. Retrieval of corner cube reflectors for use on Heard Island (Lemon)
7. Re-establish the Management Zone boundaries and identify to the new Station Leader (Hoogesteger)
8. Level connection by GPS from the aurora camera stand NMX1 to Hurd Point Trig. NMX7 (Hoogesteger)
9. Level connection by EDM from Hurd Point Trig NMX7 to tide gauge sensor (Hoogesteger)
10. Download data and Check Hurd Point Tide Gauge. Install temporary tide staff at Hurd Point and take water level and temperature readings (Hoogesteger)
11. Carry out maintenance of the tide gauges at Garden Cove (Handsworth)
12. On an opportunity basis check height and position of features on the plateau for ground truthing of SAR DEM (Lemon)

These tasks are listed in order of priority.

A copy of the 1996/97 Survey Brief for Macquarie Island is included as Appendix A.

Taken from sections of the Report:

The purpose of the 1998/99 Antarctic survey season was to provide survey control around Davis, Beaver Lake and the Prince Charles Mountains in support of the ANARE mapping program (ANAREMAGIP) as well as providing survey support for other ANARE science programs.

Surveyors Matt King and Rachael Manson from the Centre for Spatial Information Science, University of Tasmania, already travelling to Davis as part of a ASAC project, were appointed as surveyors for the 1998/99 season.

The Royal Australian Army provided Cartographer/Surveyor Lee Palfrey to assist with the survey program in the Davis region.

The Antarctic Division's Brief to Surveyors which outlines the details of the program is included in Appendix A. The survey program consisted of the following major areas:

• Photo control
  • Vestfold Hills (Platcha, Ellis Narrows and Marine Plain)
  • Larsemann Hills
  • Beaver Lake, Pagodroma Gorge and Soyuz station
• Field checking of photogrammetric plotting
  • Davis station digital map
  • Vestfold Hills
  • Larsemann Hills
• Providing GPS coordinates for all uncoordinated survey marks in the Vestfold Hills.
• Completion of various tasks relating to the Davis tide gauge
  • Downloading and retrieval of the existing tide gauge at Davis.
  • Installation of the new tide gauge at Davis.
  • Timed water-level measurements.
  • Precise levelling connection of the tide gauge bench marks with the ARGN GPS site at Davis.
  • Third order levelling to connect the current tide gauge bench marks to those previously used by the Royal Australian Navy.*
• Lake levels within the Vestfold Hills.
• Installation of a new tide pole for Deep Lake.
• Engineering surveys at Davis

• Aerial photography of penguin colonies along the coast near Davis.*

• These tasks were not included in the original brief but were carried out at the request of the Mapping Officer during the season.

Flight lines and photo centres representing the aerial photography of penguin colonies were later created in the Australian Antarctic Data Centre. This data has Dataset_id 24 and is included in the the aerial photography data available for download (see URL below).

GIS data was also created from data resulting from Matt King's survey of some features at Davis. The features include a fuel tank, some aerials, some electrical cables, some buildings, the SHIRE box (Physics apparatus) and a concrete pad. This GIS data has Dataset_id 24 and is included in the Davis GIS data available for download (see URL below).

Recommendations

Several recommendations can be made from our experiences over the summer.

We recommend a complete inventory of all GPS base station observations be taken and summarised. After observing NMVS 4, HBM 1 and HBM 2 we found that these marks had already been observed during the 1997/98 season (Note: the latitude of NMVS4 is listed incorrectly on page 24 of the 1997/98 report). It has been proposed by the Mapping Officer that all GPS data over 2 hours in length be made available on CDROM in the future.

We further recommend that the various height datums in use in the Vestfold Hills be combined into the one datum. A least-squares adjustment of all height measurements made in the region would be a reasonably simple process (if all the data can be found!).

It is our understanding that the current differential GPS transmitter (for real time GPS corrections) at Davis is of poor quality and broadcasts broadband noise, interfering with other radio sources. As a result, the communications technicians are loathe to place the transmitter on a large antenna tower, thus significantly limiting the usefulness of real time differential GPS at Davis. If it is envisaged that real-time GPS corrections will be required in the future at Davis (or even the Vestfold Hills), this transmitter will need to be replaced.

It is widely held around station that significant errors exist in the current 1:50000 Vestfold Hills map. We are glad to hear that a new generation map is nearing completion.

Having used the Davis Science digital camera during the season, we recommend that a digital camera be regarded as an essential component of future mapping programs. It may prove beneficial if ANAREMAGIP were to purchase such a camera.