Historical dataset of population level and growth rate for the Tokyo, Japan metro area from 1950 to 2025.

In 2023, the total population in Japan's capital Tokyo Prefecture amounted to approximately **** million inhabitants. Tokyo's population rebounded after it declined for the first time post-WWII in ****.

In 2023, there were close to **** million people aged 15 years and older in Tokyo Prefecture, of which about ** percent were women. The population aged 15 years and older in the prefecture decreased in 2021 for the first time in the last decade.

Estimation results for the weekend afternoon.

As of 2025, Tokyo-Yokohama in Japan was the largest world urban agglomeration, with 37 million people living there. Delhi ranked second with more than 34 million, with Shanghai in third with more than 30 million inhabitants.

Tokyo is a city with a population of 13,569,446 and lies in the 5000 and above (Very High) density category. The city has an area of 1311.09 km² with a total green space of 20% and a tree coverage of 14%. The city lies in the North Temperate Zone of the world. The city has improved its Average health of urban vegetation when compared to Global Average and also improved its Urban green space per capita when compared to previous year. Within East, Southeast Asia and Oceania, 31.2% of cities are ranked lower than Tokyo.

Estimation results for detailed periods.

Saitama Prefecture, one of the few landlocked prefectures in Japan, is located north of Tokyo in the Kanto region of Honshu. It is considered to be a part of the Greater Tokyo Metropolitan Area, and many of its residents commute to Tokyo daily, making Saitama Prefecture's economy largely dependent on Tokyo. The population of Saitama Prefecture is 7.19 million. Much of Saitama's population lives in its larger cities; Saitama City, the capital, Soka, Misato, as well as many other smaller cities. Many Tokyoites travel to Saitama for shopping. Costco, Lalaport, IKEA and one of the largest shopping malls in Japan, Koshigaya LakeTown are all located in Saitama.

In 2023, the male population in Tokyo Prefecture amounted to around 6.6 million. The number of men in the prefecture declined in 2021 for the first time in the past decade.

Enhancement of collective immunity by selective vaccination against an emerging influenza pandemic. Contains Figure S1, Figure S2, Figure S3, and Table S1. Figure S1. Pseudo code of a single step of the simulation. All information on the simulated urban area is contained in the structure instance city, which is located in shared memory. Iterations and branches are in a Fortran-like code, but the structure name and its field are split by a dot. Simulations are carried out in parallel based on OpenMP, and iterations marked by !OMP DO are adequately split by the compiler and carried out in parallel. Calculation of the transition probability places{key = v}.pr is implemented to conform to the diagram of Eq. (2). Figure S2. Age-specific distribution of the population of Tokyo in 2005. We sampled from this distribution to obtain the ages of individuals, and their roles were assigned according to their ages. The proportions of roles in the simulation are represented by different colors (blue: students, red: employees, and yellow: domiciliaries). Figure S3. Distribution of corporation sizes. The rank in the corporation size versus the number of employees. Table S1. List of parameters configuring simulation. (PDF)

CONTENT

• It is perhaps unsurprising that the majority of the most populous cities in the world are in the two most populated countries in the world, China and India. Among these are Shanghai and Beijing, with populations of 25 and 22 million respectively, Delhi (27 million), and Mumbai (over 21.5 million).

• Tokyo is the largest city in the world if the entire Tokyo metro area is included, with a total of more than 38 million residents. Another Japanese city, Osaka, also has a very large population of almost 20.5 million. There are also a number of non-Asian cities with high populations, including Mexico City (over 21 million), Cairo (almost 19.5 million), and Buenos Aires (almost 15.5 million).

• European cities, Istanbul is the most populous, with more than 14.5 million residents. This is followed by Moscow (over 12 million) and Paris (11 million including the Paris metro area). These cities are of course also culturally significant and between them welcome millions of tourists each year.

• There are quite a number of popular and culturally rich cities that have smaller populations, often making for higher living standards for their residents. Barcelona, Sydney, Berlin and Vancouver all have fewer than five million residents, but are very popular choices for city living. There are also some comparatively very small cities with big cultural, historical or political reputations, such as Sarajevo (314,000), Edinburgh (502,000), and Venice (631,000), demonstrating that small cities can be highly significant regardless of the size of their population.

In 2023, around 137,240 deaths were recorded in Tokyo, Japan, decreasing slightly compared to the previous year. In 2023, the number of deaths reported in the Japanese metropolis was the highest among all 47 prefectures.

How can we identify the epidemiologically high-risk communities in a metapopulation network? The network centrality measure, which quantifies the relative importance of each location, is commonly utilized for this purpose. As the disease invasion condition is given from the basic reproductive ratio R0, we have introduced a novel centrality measure based on the sensitivity analysis of this R0 and shown its capability of revealing the characteristics that has been overlooked by the conventional centrality measures. The epidemic dynamics over the commute network of the Tokyo metropolitan area is theoretically analyzed by using this centrality measure. We found that, the impact of countermeasures at the largest station is more than 1,000 times stronger compare to that at the second largest station, even though the population sizes are only around 1.5 times larger. Furthermore, the effect of countermeasures at every station is strongly dependent on the existence and the number of commuters to this largest station. It is well known that the hubs are the most influential nodes, however, our analysis shows that only the largest among the network plays an extraordinary role. Lastly, we also found that, the location that is important for the prevention of disease invasion does not necessarily match the location that is important for reducing the number of infected.

Chiba Prefecture borders the east side of Tokyo and is considered a part of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. Many large cities can be found in Chiba, including Chiba City, the capital, and Funabashi. Despite a high population density and bedroom communities connected with Tokyo, Chiba Prefecture boasts the second highest agricultural industry output in Japan. The most famous produce of which is peanuts. There are also a large number of manufacturing centers and shipping ports. Financially, Chiba Prefecture is one of the richest prefectures in Japan. Tokyo Disney Resort can be found in Urayasu, Chiba, as well as Narita International Airport in Narita.

In 2023, Tokyo Prefecture recorded a 0.99 total fertility rate (TFR). The total fertility rate in the prefecture showed a steady decrease in recent years and fell below one for the first time in 2023.

Cities ranking and mega citiesTokyo is the world’s largest city with an agglomeration of 37 million inhabitants, followed by New Delhi with 29 million, Shanghai with 26 million, and Mexico City and São Paulo, each with around 22 million inhabitants. Today, Cairo, Mumbai, Beijing and Dhaka all have close to 20 million inhabitants. By 2020, Tokyo’s population is projected to begin to decline, while Delhi is projected to continue growing and to become the most populous city in the world around 2028.By 2030, the world is projected to have 43 megacities with more than 10 million inhabitants, most of them in developing regions. However, some of the fastest-growing urban agglomerations are cities with fewer than 1 million inhabitants, many of them located in Asia and Africa. While one in eight people live in 33 megacities worldwide, close to half of the world’s urban dwellers reside in much smaller settlements with fewer than 500,000 inhabitants.About the dataThe 2018 Revision of the World Urbanization Prospects is published by the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA). It has been issued regularly since 1988 with revised estimates and projections of the urban and rural populations for all countries of the world, and of their major urban agglomerations. The data set and related materials are available at: https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/

Description of population size class model (PSCM). Formulation of PSCM from the commute network data of Tokyo metropolitan area is given in Section A. The stochastic version of PSCM to analyze the probability of a global epidemic is given in Section B. The deterministic version of PSCM to analyze the final size of the global epidemic, the time until the global epidemic attains its peak, the final size of the local epidemic, and the arrival time of the epidemic in each local population is given in Section C. (PDF)

In 2023, the female population in Tokyo Prefecture amounted to around 6.85 million. The number of women in the prefecture decreased in 2021 for the first time in years.

The dataset contains indicators of urban growth: population, city budget, tax revenue and tourist arrivals from 1960 to 2016.

In terms of evolutionary biology, a population admixture of more than two distinct lineages may lead to strengthened genetic variation through hybridization. However, a population admixture arising from artificial secondary contact poses significant problems in conservation biology. In urban Tokyo, a population admixture has emerged from two lineages of Japanese common toad: native Bufo japonicus formosus and nonnative B. japonicus japonicus, of which the latter was introduced in the early 20th century. To evaluate the degree of genetic disturbance in the admixed population of these two subspecies, we analyzed genotypes of toads distributed within and outside Tokyo by assessing mtDNA and seven microsatellite loci. We found that the introduced B. japonicus japonicus genotype dominates six local populations in the Tokyo admixture zone and was clearly derived from past introgressive hybridization between the two subspecies. These observations were supported by morphological assessments. Fu...