In 2023, the total population in Japan's capital Tokyo Prefecture amounted to approximately **** million inhabitants. Tokyo's population rebounded after it declined for the first time post-WWII in ****.

In 2023, approximately *** million people within the age group of 15 to 64 years were counted in Tokyo Prefecture, an increase from about *** million people recorded in 2020. Over *** million inhabitants in the metropolis were aged 65 years and older.

In 2023, there were close to 12.6 million people aged 15 years and older in Tokyo Prefecture, of which about 51 percent were women. The population aged 15 years and older in the prefecture decreased in 2021 for the first time in the last decade.

In 2023, households in Tokyo Prefecture spent 2.04 times more on education compared to the average monthly household expenditures in Japan. The monthly housing expenses were 1.42 times more among households in the prefecture compared to the nation's average.

In 2023, the male population in Tokyo Prefecture amounted to around 6.6 million. The number of men in the prefecture declined in 2021 for the first time in the past decade.

In 2023, the female population in Tokyo Prefecture amounted to around 6.85 million. The number of women in the prefecture decreased in 2021 for the first time in years.

In 2023, Tokyo Prefecture recorded a 0.99 total fertility rate (TFR). The total fertility rate in the prefecture showed a steady decrease in recent years and fell below one for the first time in 2023.

As of December 2023, the JREI Home Price Index for existing condominiums in Tokyo Prefecture, Japan, stood at around 133.9 index points. Apart from 2016, there has been a continuous increase in home prices in the investigated area since 2014. Compared to the previous year, the index increased by over 4.7 percent.Besides, the JREI publishes home price indices for Tokyo, Chiba, and Saitama Prefectures, as well as a composite index for the Tokyo Metropolitan Area as a whole.

In the fiscal year 2023, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government generated approximately 6.3 trillion Japanese yen from metropolitan taxes. Around 638.2 billion yen of the general account revenue was from national treasury disbursements.

In the fiscal year 2023, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government spent approximately 1.6 trillion Japanese yen on welfare and public health. Around 837.9 billion yen of the general account expenditure was for education.

In the fiscal year 2023, the final settlement of the general account expenditure of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government amounted to around 8.2 trillion Japanese yen. The general account expenditure declined after reaching a decade high in fiscal 2021.

In 2023, Tokyo Prefecture registered 1.49 new divorces per 1,000 inhabitants, up from 1.43 divorces in the previous year. The divorce rate in the prefecture had shown a steady decrease until 2023.

The job openings-to-applicants ratio in Tokyo Prefecture stood at 1.78 in the fiscal year 2023. The ratio marked the highest point in 2018 at 2.13. The job-openings-to-applicants ratio is calculated based on the number of active job openings and job seekers to indicate how many jobs per job applicant are available in a certain period.

In 2024, the unemployment rate of women aged 15 years and older in Tokyo Prefecture in Japan stood at 2.5 percent, while that of men was 2.7 percent. The unemployment rate of men in the prefecture rose by 0.1 percentage point after declining for two consecutive years in 2022 and 2023.

In 2023, approximately 78.4 million passengers enplaned, deplaned, or transited at Tokyo International Airport, commonly known as Haneda Airport. Passenger traffic reached a record low in 2021, amounting to about 26.6 million passengers. Traveling within Japan Over the past decades, Japan established a well-connected and highly efficient public transportation system, boosting mobility for domestic and international travelers throughout the country’s main islands. Railway transit is the most frequently used mode of public transportation in Japan, connecting metropolitan areas and making city centers easily accessible for commuters from suburban and rural regions. Access to the island Since Japan is an archipelago, road and railway transportation are limited to domestic travels. The most common way of entry for the millions of international visitors is via aviation. With Narita International Airport serving as an international hub, Haneda functioned primarily as an airport for domestic flights until its extension to three terminals in 2014. Nowadays, Tokyo International Airport is the prime base for domestic flights conducted by Japan’s two largest airlines, All Nippon Airwaves (ANA) and Japan Airlines (JAL) and handles numerous international nonstop flights to and from Japan.

With approximately 14 million inhabitants, Tokyo Prefecture was the largest prefecture based on population size in Japan as of 2023. The smallest prefecture in this regard was Tottori Prefecture, which in the same year counted about 540,000 residents. Rural depopulation Like many industrial economies, Japan is facing the problem of depopulating rural areas. While the birth rate continues to decline, many young people decide to migrate from small towns and villages to large cities like Tokyo or Osaka for higher education and employment. The population of Tokyo Prefecture has shown substantial growth over the past decades and consists largely of working age citizens. Smaller communities are trying to counteract the depopulation process with initiatives meant to invite younger workers and tourists back. Migration to Japan Japan is often described as a very homogenous society, with a low share of foreign residents. Despite the declining birthrate and many businesses experiencing a labor shortage, companies have been hesitant to employ foreign workers, in part due to the strict immigration laws. The Japanese Government has tried to ease immigration restrictions and encourage foreigners to work in Japan. The largest share of foreign workers in Japan, however, is residing in the county with a permanent residence or as the family member of a Japanese national.

Population, female (% of total population) in Japan was reported at 51.22 % in 2024, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Japan - Population, female (% of total) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.

With approximately **** million inhabitants, Tokyo was Japan's most populous city as of 2023, followed by Yokohama, which, in the same year, counted about **** million inhabitants. In total, there were twelve cities with a population of over one million people in Japan.

Japan’s largest city, greater Tokyo, had a staggering ***** million inhabitants in 2023, making it the most populous city across the Asia-Pacific region. India had the second largest city after Japan with a population consisting of approximately ** million inhabitants. Contrastingly, approximately *** thousand inhabitants populated Papua New Guinea's largest city in 2023. A megacity regionNot only did Japan and India have the largest cities throughout the Asia-Pacific region but they were among the three most populated cities worldwide in 2023. Interestingly, over half on the world’s megacities were situated in the Asia-Pacific region. However, being home to more than half of the world’s population, it does not seem surprising that by 2025 it is expected that more than two thirds of the megacities across the globe will be located in the Asia Pacific region. Other megacities are also expected to emerge within the Asia-Pacific region throughout the next decade. There have even been suggestions that Indonesia’s Jakarta and its conurbation will overtake Greater Tokyo in terms of population size by 2030. Increasing populationsIncreased populations in megacities can be down to increased economic activity. As more countries across the Asia-Pacific region have made the transition from agriculture to industry, the population has adjusted accordingly. Thus, more regions have experienced higher shares of urban populations. However, as many cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Seoul have an aging population, this may have an impact on their future population sizes, with these Asian regions estimated to have significant shares of the population being over 65 years old by 2035.

Tokyo Prefecture continued to be a magnet for domestic migration in Japan, attracting nearly ****** new residents from other prefectures in 2023. By contrast, Hiroshima Prefecture showed the highest population loss due to outbound migration within the country, with a net loss of approximately ***** migrants. Attractiveness of Tokyo The population density in the prefecture has grown over the past two decades, surpassing ***** inhabitants per square kilometer in 2020. The appealing nature of Tokyo is also reflected in the age demographics of the metropolis, with most residents falling within the working-age group of 15 to 64 years. Numerous prestigious universities and large corporations make the area a popular destination for young people with aspirations. Depopulation of rural areas The migration patterns across Japan's prefectures indicate significant regional disparities. While Tokyo leads in population size with ** million inhabitants in 2023, prefectures like Tottori struggle to retain residents, counting only about ******* people. This imbalance has prompted concerns about the sustainability of rural communities and has led to various initiatives aimed at revitalizing less populous areas. The Japanese government faces the complex task of addressing these demographic shifts while also navigating challenges resulting from a nationwide aging population due to prolonged life expectancy and fertility decline.