In 2024, Madrid was the city with the most inhabitants in Spain. In that year, more than 3.42 million people lived in the city. Barcelona was the second-largest city with 1.69 million residents.

Madrid was the most visited city destination in Spain in 2023, having welcomed nearly ** million overnight visitors. The Catalonian capital followed second in the ranking that year, with roughly *** million tourists spending at least one night in the destination. How did Madrid rank in tourist visits and accommodation? In 2022, Madrid attracted over 4.5 million domestic and 4.6 million international tourists for stays exceeding one day, despite experiencing a more than 10 percent decrease compared to 2019 pre-pandemic levels. Furthermore, the Spanish capital has consistently ranked among the top ten European cities with the highest number of nights spent by tourists in paid accommodation, securing the 8th position that year. Which regions attracted the most international tourists? Spain's international tourism rebounded strongly from the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, surpassing 100 million visitors in 2022. Catalonia led as the most visited region, attracting over **** million international tourists. The United Kingdom played a pivotal role as the primary source of international tourists, contributing over ** million travelers, followed by France with around ** million visitors.

In 1500, the largest city was Paris, with an estimated 225 thousand inhabitants, almost double the population of the second-largest city, Naples. As in 1330, Venice and Milan remain the third and fourth largest cities in Western Europe, however Genoa's population almost halved from 1330 until 1500, as it was struck heavily by the bubonic plague in the mid-1300s. In lists prior to this, the largest cities were generally in Spain and Italy, however, as time progressed, the largest populations could be found more often in Italy and France. The year 1500 is around the beginning of what we now consider modern history, a time that saw the birth of many European empires and inter-continental globalization.

The table ranks the top 10 Spanish cities based on female leadership and opportunities, assessing factors like government representation and corporate roles.

Barcelona, Madrid, and Donostia - San Sebastian were some of the most expensive cities to rent a house in Spain in February 2025. Barcelona, which is the capital of Catalonia, led the list with an average price of **** euros per square meter. Madrid followed closely in the second position with an average square meter of rental residential property cost of **** euros.

In 2025, Moscow was the largest city in Europe with an estimated urban agglomeration of 12.74 million people. The French capital, Paris, was the second largest city in 2025 at 11.35 million, followed by the capitals of the United Kingdom and Spain, with London at 9.84 million and Madrid at 6.81 million people. Istanbul, which would otherwise be the largest city in Europe in 2025, is excluded as it is only partially in Europe, with a sizeable part of its population living in Asia. Europe’s population is almost 750 million Since 1950, the population of Europe has increased by approximately 200 million people, increasing from 550 million to 750 million in these seventy years. Before the turn of the millennium, Europe was the second-most populated continent, before it was overtaken by Africa, which saw its population increase from 228 million in 1950 to 817 million by 2000. Asia has consistently had the largest population of the world’s continents and was estimated to have a population of 4.6 billion. Europe’s largest countries Including its territory in Asia, Russia is by far the largest country in the world, with a territory of around 17 million square kilometers, almost double that of the next largest country, Canada. Within Europe, Russia also has the continent's largest population at 145 million, followed by Germany at 83 million and the United Kingdom at almost 68 million. By contrast, Europe is also home to various micro-states such as San Marino, which has a population of just 30 thousand.

In 2025, approximately 23 million people lived in the São Paulo metropolitan area, making it the biggest in Latin America and the Caribbean and the sixth most populated in the world. The homonymous state of São Paulo was also the most populous federal entity in the country. The second place for the region was Mexico City with 22.75 million inhabitants. Brazil's cities Brazil is home to two large metropolises, only counting the population within the city limits, São Paulo had approximately 11.45 million inhabitants, and Rio de Janeiro around 6.21 million inhabitants. It also contains a number of smaller, but well known cities such as Brasília, Salvador, Belo Horizonte and many others, which report between 2 and 3 million inhabitants each. As a result, the country's population is primarily urban, with nearly 88 percent of inhabitants living in cities. Mexico City Mexico City's metropolitan area ranks sevenths in the ranking of most populated cities in the world. Founded over the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan in 1521 after the Spanish conquest as the capital of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, the city still stands as one of the most important in Latin America. Nevertheless, the preeminent economic, political, and cultural position of Mexico City has not prevented the metropolis from suffering the problems affecting the rest of the country, namely, inequality and violence. Only in 2023, the city registered a crime incidence of 52,723 reported cases for every 100,000 inhabitants and around 24 percent of the population lived under the poverty line.

It is estimated that the cities of Cordova (modern-day Córdoba) and Palermo were the largest cities in Europe in 1050, and had between fifteen and twenty times the population of most other entries in this graph, Despite this the cities of Cordova (the capital city of the Umayyad caliphate, who controlled much of the Iberian peninsula from the seventh to eleventh centuries), and Palermo (another Arab-controlled capital in Southern Europe) were still the only cities in Western Europe with a population over one hundred thousand people, closely followed by Seville. It is also noteworthy to point out that the five largest cities on this list were importing trading cities, in modern day Spain or Italy, although the largest cities become more northern and western European in later lists (1200, 1330, 1500, 1650 and 1800). In 1050, todays largest Western European cities, London and Paris, had just twenty-five and twenty thousand inhabitants respectively.

The period of European history (and much of world history) between 500 and 1500 is today known as the 'Dark Ages'. Although the term 'Dark Ages' was originally applied to the lack of literature and arts, it has since been applied to the lack or scarcity of recorded information from this time. Because of these limitations, much information about this time is still being debated today.

Description of the Dataset of Properties in Spain

This dataset contains 542 records of properties available in Spain, with a total of 19 columns that describe different aspects of each property, from its location and price to specific characteristics such as surface, number of rooms, and bathrooms, among others. The columns and their main characteristics are detailed below:

1. Energy_Consumption: Energy consumption in kWh/m² per year. Has missing values.
2. Reference: Unique reference code for each property, numeric type.
3. Heating: Heating type. Has missing values.
4. Country: The country where the property is located, is always "es" (Spain).
5. City: City of the property.
6. Zone: Specific zone within the city, 492 valid records.
7. Energy_Class: Energy class of the property. Has missing values.
8. Publish_date: Date and time the property was published in `YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS` format.
9. Sale_Price: Sale price in Euros.
10. Floor: The floor on which the property is located. Has missing values.
11. Street: Address of the property, with 507 unique streets.
12. Bedrooms: Number of bedrooms, presented as text (e.g., `3 bedr.`).
13. Elevator: Indicates whether the property has an elevator (only `Yes` or null).
14. Bathrooms: Number of bathrooms, with values like `1 bath` and `2 baths`.
15. Year_Construction: The year the property was built.
16. Surface: The surface area of the property in square meters.
17. Autonomous_Community: Autonomous Community of the property.
18. Contrat: Type of contract (`sale` or `rent`).
19. Property_Type: Type of property.

This dataset is suitable for the analysis of property characteristics in the Spanish real estate market, whether to identify price trends, surface distribution, energy efficiency, or to assess the popularity of certain areas and types of properties.

This data provides values of the Air Quality Index (AQI) for the most populated city in each Spanish autonomous community since 2019. The compounds selected to evaluate AQI are PM10, O3, and NO2. This dataset is oriented to people that want to evaluate quarantine effects on air pollution during a COVID-19 disease outbreak. For this reason, a table with notified cases of the disease to the Public Administration at an autonomous community-scale is also supplied with the aim of providing a framework of disease evolution.

The air_contamination.csv dataset contains 9 variables:

- timestamp: date in format: yyyy/mm/dd
- ca: autonomous community (text)
- ciudad: city (text)
- pm10: AQI value of pm10 particle (number)
- pm10_level: Air quality base on pm10 particles (text)
- o3: AQI value of o3 particle (number)
- o3_level: Air quality based on o3 particles (text)
- no2: AQI value of no2 particle (number)
- no2_level: Air quality based on no2 particles (text)

The casos_covid19.csv dataset contains 4 variables:

- comunidad: autonomous community (text)
- casos: Cases notified by Ministerio de Sanidad/Healthcare minister (text)
- casos_notificados: Cases notified by RENAVE (Red Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica) a través de la plataforma SiVIES.
- datetime: datetime in format yyyy/mm/dd

For more information about the project visit the link on [Github](https://github.com/shiny-data-scientist/webscrap_pract_1/)

Description of the Dataset of Properties in Spain

This dataset contains 538 records of properties available in Spain, with a total of 19 columns that describe different aspects of each property, from its location and price to specific characteristics such as surface, number of rooms, and bathrooms, among others. The columns and their main characteristics are detailed below:

1. Energy_Consumption: Energy consumption in kWh/m² per year. Has missing values.
2. Reference: Unique reference code for each property, numeric type.
3. Heating: Heating type. Has missing values.
4. Country: The country where the property is located, is always "es" (Spain).
5. City: City of the property.
6. Zone: Specific zone within the city, 492 valid records.
7. Energy_Class: Energy class of the property. Has missing values.
8. Publish_date: Date and time the property was published in `YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS` format.
9. Sale_Price: Sale price in Euros.
10. Floor: The floor on which the property is located. Has missing values.
11. Street: Address of the property, with 507 unique streets.
12. Bedrooms: Number of bedrooms, presented as text (e.g., `3 bedr.`).
13. Elevator: Indicates whether the property has an elevator (only `Yes` or null).
14. Bathrooms: Number of bathrooms, with values like `1 bath` and `2 baths`.
15. Year_Construction: The year the property was built.
16. Surface: The surface area of the property in square meters.
17. Autonomous_Community: Autonomous Community of the property.
18. Contrat: Type of contract (`sale` or `rent`).
19. Property_Type: Type of property.

This dataset is suitable for analyzing property characteristics in the Spanish real estate market, whether to identify price trends, surface distribution, and energy efficiency, or to assess the popularity of certain areas and types of properties.

The study area is located within the municipality of Madrid, the capital and most populated city of Spain.

From October 2021 to September 2022, a survey of the feeding patterns of the common wood pigeon was conducted. To detect common wood pigeons eating both in the ground and trees, we walked transects in parks and streets (henceforth urban matrix) at least 5 times per season alternating morning/afternoon. In total, we walked 307 transects: 141 in parks and 166 in the urban matrix. In summer, late spring and early autumn, the census was conducted between the first 3 hours after the sunrise and the 3 last hours before sunset. During the coldest periods of the year, especially in winter when the days are shorter, the census was conducted from 10 AM -12 AM and 4 PM -6 PM. In parks and gardens, we covered the available pedestrian paths, avoiding passing through the same place on the same transect. In the urban matrix, we covered as many streets as possible in each transect, without passing through the same street twice, and avoiding those that had previously been discarded for lacking trees. We used binoculars to avoid misidentification with other birds and to be sure of the items consumed by the pigeons in each tree. We included only those observations in which the pigeons were seen feeding, being conservative in case we had doubts about what part of the tree they were eating. We excluded non-feeding events: drinking, sunbathing, resting, collecting nest material or moving among the branches without clearly perceiving any foraging behaviour.

We considered the urban matrix streets, avenues, small parks (less than 5 hectares) and public and private gardens integrated in the study area. ‘Parks’ refer to the historical green areas located within the city: Parque de El Retiro (114,19 hectares), Parque del Oeste (79 ha), Parque de la Dehesa de la Villa (64,17 ha), Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (7,8 ha) and Quinta Fuente del Berro (7,42 ha); and other large green areas such as Campo del Moro and Parque de Atenas (which together form a continuum of 27,4 ha) and 6.5 kms of the urban section of the Manzanares river together with its adjacent parks, especially Parque Madrid Río (approx. 35 ha). Moreover, we classified the observations as ‘ground’, when the pigeons were observed feeding grass, elm samaras and other seeds or small stones on the ground, and ‘trees’ when we observed them feeding on branches of trees. When more than one individual common wood pigeon per tree was observed, we registered the abundance. We classified the trees as native or exotic according to Flora Ibérica. In case of uncertainty in the identification of the tree species, we consulted the inventory of trees published for each park (Directorate for Water Management and Green Zones of Madrid City Council 2023) and used mobile phone applications such as PlantNet and "Un alcorque, un árbol".

Flowering phenology (pollen calendar) of the main plant species used by the common wood pigeons in the city of Madrid was estiamted using data from Red Palinocam (https://www.comunidad.madrid/servicios/salud/aerobiologia-polen-esporas#red-palinocam).

The Spain Residential Real Estate Market is Segmented by Property Type (Apartments & Condominiums and Villas & Landed Houses), Price Band (Affordable, Mid-Market and Luxury), Business Model (Sales and Rental), Mode of Sale (Primary and Secondary) and Key Cities (Madrid, Barcelona, Catalonia, Valencia Community, Andalusia – Malaga & Costa Del Sol and Rest of Spain). The Market Forecasts are Provided in Terms of Value (USD).

Complete list of all 10 Dynapac dealer POI locations in the Spain with name, geo-coded address, city, email, phone number etc for download in CSV format or via the API.

Several recent European studies conducted over the past 50 years have documented a positive connection between a person’s height and their salary. However, there are very few studies for earlier periods and for southern Europe. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between the height of conscripts born between 1888 and 1907 and their daily wages in 1924. Data for the Spanish city of Zaragoza was used. The results showed that for every additional 10 cm of height, an individual earned approximately 3% more. Furthermore, the shortest 25% of individuals suffered a considerable penalty in their income (about 15%). To understand the causes of this discrimination, we then analyzed the data by socioeconomic group. We found that people in low socioeco nomic groups essentially suffered wage discrimination. This finding could be linked to the fact that a tall stature conveys an image of strength and productivity. It should be noted that these results were found mainly for the urban areas, with their relatively large labor supply and weak blood ties rather than rural areas or among immigrants. In other words, the height penalty affected the weakest groups of society (low socioeconomic level and immigrants).

The number of passengers flying to or from Barcelona's airport – also known as El Prat – jumped to approximately 55 million in 2024, increasing by more than 10 percent. Moreover, the passenger traffic at Spain's second-largest airport that year was higher than in the years before the COVID-19 pandemic. Barcelona is not only visited by tourists Most of the people that traveled to Barcelona were there on vacation or similar leisure purposes according to the latest surveys. An important share of the visitors went to the Spanish city for other reasons: Just under 12 percent of the tourists in the Catalan city arrived for business reasons.  Barcelona and Spain are popular destinations It is no secret that millions of tourists travel to the popular and vibrant Barcelona every year. Spain is also one of Europe’s favorite holiday destinations – France, the United Kingdom, and Germany appeared in the leading positions in terms of the largest number of international visitors to Spain by country of residence, as confirms the most recent data. Spain ranked second on the World Tourism Organization’s list of most visited countries in the world, with its number of international visitors amounting to 85 million in 2023. 

This statistic displays the share of Internet users who made online purchases in Spain in 2019, broken down by the number of inhabitants of their place of residence. That year, 17.5 percent of consumers who purchased goods or services online resided in cities with fewer than 10 thousand inhabitants.

This statistic shows the ranking of the 10 most expensive streets of Spain in 2015, according to the price of the residential square meter. San Sebastián and Barcelona led the ranking of Spanish cities with the highest residential square meter price.

In 2024, London was the leading European city tourism destination based on the number of bed nights. That year, bed nights in the United Kingdom's capital reached almost ** million, nearly catching up with pre-pandemic levels. Paris and Istanbul followed in the ranking in 2024, with roughly ** million and **** million bed nights. What are the most visited countries in Europe? While the French capital came in second among leading European cities based on bed nights, France consistently tops the ranking of the European countries with the highest number of inbound tourist arrivals, ahead of Spain, Italy, and Turkey. Meanwhile, when looking at European countries with the highest tourism receipts, Spain recorded the highest figure both before and after the impact of COVID-19. How many international tourists visit Europe every year? In 2024, the number of international tourist arrivals in Europe totaled over *** million. This figure, which also exceeded pre-pandemic levels, made Europe the region with the highest number of international tourist arrivals worldwide that year.

The city of Paris in France had an estimated gross domestic product of 757.6 billion Euros in 2021, the most of any European city. Paris was followed by the spanish capital, Madrid, which had a GDP of 237.5 billion Euros, and the Irish capital, Dublin at 230 billion Euros. Milan, in the prosperous north of Italy, had a GDP of 228.4 billion Euros, 65 billion euros larger than the Italian capital Rome, and was the largest non-capital city in terms of GDP in Europe. The engine of Europe Among European countries, Germany had by far the largest economy, with a gross domestic product of over 4.18 trillion Euros. The United Kingdom or France have been Europe's second largest economy since the 1980s, depending on the year, with forecasts suggesting France will overtake the UK going into the 2020s. Germany however, has been the biggest European economy for some time, with five cities (Munich, Berlin, Hamburg, Stuttgart and Frankfurt) among the 15 largest European cities by GDP. Europe's largest cities In 2023, Moscow was the largest european city, with a population of nearly 12.7 million. Paris was the largest city in western Europe, with a population of over 11 million, while London was Europe's third-largest city at 9.6 million inhabitants.