In 2025, India overtook China as the world's most populous country and now has almost 1.46 billion people. China now has the second-largest population in the world, still with just over 1.4 billion inhabitants, however, its population went into decline in 2023. Global population As of 2025, the world's population stands at almost 8.2 billion people and is expected to reach around 10.3 billion people in the 2080s, when it will then go into decline. Due to improved healthcare, sanitation, and general living conditions, the global population continues to increase; mortality rates (particularly among infants and children) are decreasing and the median age of the world population has steadily increased for decades. As for the average life expectancy in industrial and developing countries, the gap has narrowed significantly since the mid-20th century. Asia is the most populous continent on Earth; 11 of the 20 largest countries are located there. It leads the ranking of the global population by continent by far, reporting four times as many inhabitants as Africa. The Demographic Transition The population explosion over the past two centuries is part of a phenomenon known as the demographic transition. Simply put, this transition results from a drastic reduction in mortality, which then leads to a reduction in fertility, and increase in life expectancy; this interim period where death rates are low and birth rates are high is where this population explosion occurs, and population growth can remain high as the population ages. In today's most-developed countries, the transition generally began with industrialization in the 1800s, and growth has now stabilized as birth and mortality rates have re-balanced. Across less-developed countries, the stage of this transition varies; for example, China is at a later stage than India, which accounts for the change in which country is more populous - understanding the demographic transition can help understand the reason why China's population is now going into decline. The least-developed region is Sub-Saharan Africa, where fertility rates remain close to pre-industrial levels in some countries. As these countries transition, they will undergo significant rates of population growth.

In 2022, the union territory of Delhi had the highest urban population density of over ** thousand persons per square kilometer. While the rural population density was highest in union territory of Puducherry, followed by the state of Bihar.

Delhi was the largest city in terms of number of inhabitants in India in 2023.The capital city was estimated to house nearly 33 million people, with Mumbai ranking second that year. India's population estimate was 1.4 billion, ahead of China that same year.

The statistic shows the total population of India from 2019 to 2029. In 2023, the estimated total population in India amounted to approximately 1.43 billion people.

Total population in India

India currently has the second-largest population in the world and is projected to overtake top-ranking China within forty years. Its residents comprise more than one-seventh of the entire world’s population, and despite a slowly decreasing fertility rate (which still exceeds the replacement rate and keeps the median age of the population relatively low), an increasing life expectancy adds to an expanding population. In comparison with other countries whose populations are decreasing, such as Japan, India has a relatively small share of aged population, which indicates the probability of lower death rates and higher retention of the existing population.

With a land mass of less than half that of the United States and a population almost four times greater, India has recognized potential problems of its growing population. Government attempts to implement family planning programs have achieved varying degrees of success. Initiatives such as sterilization programs in the 1970s have been blamed for creating general antipathy to family planning, but the combined efforts of various family planning and contraception programs have helped halve fertility rates since the 1960s. The population growth rate has correspondingly shrunk as well, but has not yet reached less than one percent growth per year.

As home to thousands of ethnic groups, hundreds of languages, and numerous religions, a cohesive and broadly-supported effort to reduce population growth is difficult to create. Despite that, India is one country to watch in coming years. It is also a growing economic power; among other measures, its GDP per capita was expected to triple between 2003 and 2013 and was listed as the third-ranked country for its share of the global gross domestic product.

Abstract

The 61st round of the Nationbal Sample Survey was conducted during July, 2004 to June, 2005. The survey was spread over 7,999 villages and 4,602 urban blocks covering 1,24,680 households (79,306 in rural areas and 45,374 in urban areas) and enumerating 6,02,833 persons (3,98,025 in rural areas and 2,04,808 in urban areas). Employment and unemployment were measured with three different approaches, viz. usual status with a reference period of one year, current weekly status with one week reference period and current daily status based on the daily activity pursued during each day of the reference week. Unless otherwise stated, ‘all’ usual status workers will mean all workers taking into consideration the usual principal and subsidiary status taken together.

Geographic coverage

The survey covered the whole of the Indian Union except (i) Leh (Ladakh) and Kargil districts of Jammu & Kashmir, (ii) interior villages of Nagaland situated beyond five kilometres of the bus route and (iii) villages in Andaman and Nicobar Islands which remain inaccessible throughout the year.

Analysis unit

Household, individual

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Outline of sample design: A stratified multi-stage design has been adopted for the 61st round survey. The first stage units (FSU) are the 2001 census villages in the rural sector and Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks in the urban sector. The ultimate stage units (USU) are households in both the sectors. In the case of large villages/blocks requiring hamlet-group (hg)/sub-block (sb) formation, one intermediate stage is the selection of two hgs/sbs from each FSU.

Sampling Frame for First Stage Units: For the rural sector, the list of 2001 census villages (panchayat wards for Kerala) constitutes the sampling frame. For the urban sector, the list of latest available Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks has been considered as the sampling frame.

Stratification: Within each district of a State/UT, two basic strata have been formed: i) rural stratum comprising of all rural areas of the district and (ii) urban stratum comprising of all the urban areas of the district. However, if there are one or more towns with population 10 lakhs or more as per population census 2001 in a district, each of them will also form a separate basic stratum and the remaining urban areas of the district will be considered as another basic stratum. There are 27 towns with population 10 lakhs or more at all-India level as per census 2001.

Sub-stratification:

• Rural sector: If 'r' be the sample size allocated for a rural stratum, the number of sub-strata formed is 'r/2'. The villages within a district as per frame have been first arranged in ascending order of population. Then sub-strata 1 to 'r/2' have been demarcated in such a way that each sub-stratum comprises a group of villages of the arranged frame and has more or less equal population.

• Urban sector: If 'u' be the sample size for a urban stratum, 'u/2' number of sub-strata have been formed. The towns within a district, except those with population 10 lakhs or more, have been first arranged in ascending order of population. Next, UFS blocks of each town have been arranged by IV unit no. × block no. in ascending order. From this arranged frame of UFS blocks of all the towns, 'u/2' number of sub-strata has been formed in such a way that each sub-stratum has more or less equal number of UFS blocks.

For towns with population 10 lakhs or more, the urban blocks have been first arranged by IV unit no. × block no. in ascending order. Then 'u/2' number of sub-strata has been formed in such a way that each sub-stratum has more or less equal number of blocks.

Total sample size (FSUs): 12784 FSUs have been allocated at all-India level on the basis of investigator strength in different States/UTs for central sample and 14992 for state sample.

Allocation of total sample to States and UTs: The total number of sample FSUs is allocated to the States and UTs in proportion to population as per census 2001 subject to the availability of investigators ensuring more or less uniform work-load.

Allocation of State/UT level sample to rural and urban sectors: State/UT level sample size is allocated between two sectors in proportion to population as per census 2001 with 1.5 weightage to urban sector subject to the restriction that urban sample size for bigger states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu etc. should not exceed the rural sample size. A minimum of 8 FSUs has been allocated to each state/UT separately for rural and urban areas.

Allocation to strata: Within each sector of a State/UT, the respective sample size is allocated to the different strata in proportion to the stratum population as per census 2001. Allocations at stratum level have been adjusted to a multiple of 4 with a minimum sample size of 4.

Selection of FSUs: Two FSUs have been selected from each sub-stratum of a district of rural sector with Probability Proportional to Size With Replacement (PPSWR), size being the population as per Population Census 2001. For urban sector, two FSUs have been selected from each sub-stratum by using Simple Random Sampling Without Replacement (SRSWOR). Within each sub-stratum, samples have been drawn in the form of two independent sub-samples in both the rural and urban sectors.

Selection of hamlet-groups/sub-blocks/households - important steps

Criterion for hamlet-group/sub-block formation: Large villages/blocks having approximate present population of 1200 or more will be divided into a suitable number (say, D) of 'hamlet-groups' in the rural sector and 'sub-blocks' in the urban sector as stated below.

approximate present population of the sample village/block / no. of hgs/sbs to be formed (D)

less than 1200 (no hamlet-groups/sub-blocks): 1
1200 to 1799: 3 1800 to 2399: 4 2400 to 2999: 5 3000 to 3599: 6 …..and so on

For rural areas of Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Poonch, Rajouri, Udhampur, Doda districts of Jammu and Kashmir and Idukki district of Kerala, the number of hamlet-groups formed is as follows.

approximate present population of the sample village / no. of hgs to be formed

less than 600 (no hamlet-groups): 1
600 to 899: 3
900 to 1199: 4
1200 to 1499: 5 …..and so on

Two hamlet-groups/sub-blocks are selected from a large village/UFS block wherever hamlet-groups/sub-blocks have been formed, by SRSWOR. Listing and selection of the households are done independently in the two selected hamlet-groups/sub-blocks. In case hamlet-groups/sub-blocks are to be formed in the sample FSU, the same would be done by more or less equalizing population.

Formation of Second Stage Strata and allocation of households

For both Schedule 1.0 and Schedule 10, households listed in the selected village/block/ hamlet-groups/sub-blocks are stratified into three second stage strata (SSS) as given below.

Rural: The three second-stage-strata (SSS) in the rural sector are formed in the following order:

SSS 1: relatively affluent households
SSS 2: from the remaining households, households having principal earning from non- agricultural activity
SSS 3: other households

Urban: In the urban sector, the three second-stage strata (SSS) are formed as under:

Two cut-off points, say 'A' and 'B', based on MPCE of NSS 55th round, have been determined at NSS Region level in such a way that top 10% of households have MPCE more than 'A' and bottom 30% have MPCE less than 'B'. Then three second-stage-strata (SSS) are formed in the urban sector in the following order:

SSS 1: households with MPCE more than A (i.e. MPCE > A)
SSS 2: households with MPCE equal to or less than A but equal to or more than B ( i.e. B = MPCE = A)
SSS 3: households with MPCE less than B (i.e. MPCE < B)

The number of households to be surveyed in each FSU is 10 for each of the schedules 1.0 and 10. C

Selection of households for Schedules 1.0 and 10: From each SSS the sample households for both the schedules are selected by SRSWOR. If a household is selected both for schedule 1.0 and schedule 10, only schedule 1.0 would be canvassed in that household and the sample household for schedule 10 would be replaced by next household in the frame for schedule 10.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

In the present round, Schedule 10 on employment-unemployment consists of 16 blocks.

The first three blocks, viz. Blocks 0, 1 and 2, are used to record identification of sample households and particulars of field operations, as is the common practice in usual NSS rounds. Similarly, the last two blocks, viz., Blocks 10 & 11, are again the usual blocks to record the remarks of investigator and comments by supervisory officer(s), respectively. Block 3 will be for recording the household characteristics like household size, religion, social group, land possessed and cultivated, monthly per capita consumer expenditure, etc., and Block 3.1 for recording particulars of indebtedness of rural labour households.

Block 4 is used for recording the demographic particulars and attendance in educational institutions of all the household members. Particulars of vocational training receiving/received by the household members will also be collected in block 4.

In Block 5.1, particulars of usual principal activity of all the household members will be recorded along with some particulars of the enterprises in which the usual status workers (excluding those in crop and plantation activities) are engaged. Information on informal employment will also be collected in block 5.1. Similarly, the particulars of one subsidiary economic activity of the household members along with some

Uttar Pradesh had the highest buffalo population across India, at about 33 million in 2019. Rajasthan ranked second that year by a large difference, followed by Gujarat. Buffalo population across the country grew by over one percent between 2012 and 2019. Furthermore, livestock population amounted to nearly 535.8 million with cattle, buffaloes and goats making up the largest share.

As of 2019, the south Indian state of Kerala had the highest density of doctors of about ** per ten thousand population in the country. However, Jharkhand had the least density of doctors in the country of about **** doctors per ten thousand people in the state.

Geographic coverage

The survey covered the whole of the Indian Union except (i) Leh (Ladakh) and Kargil districts of Jammu & Kashmir (for central sample), (ii) interior villages of Nagaland situated beyond five kilometres of the bus route and (iii) villages in Andaman and Nicobar Islands which remain inaccessible throughout the year.

Analysis unit

Household, Individual

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Outline of sample design: A stratified multi-stage design has been adopted for the 64th round survey. The first stage units (FSU) was the 2001 census villages (Panchayat wards in case of Kerala) in the rural sector and Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks in the urban sector. However, for the newly declared towns and out growths (OGs) in census 2001 for which UFS had not yet been done, each individual town/ OG was considered as an FSU. The ultimate stage units (USU) was be households in both the sectors. In case of large FSUs i.e. villages/ towns/ blocks requiring hamlet-group (hg)/ sub-block (sb) formation, one intermediate stage was the selection of two hgs/ sbs from each FSU.

Sampling Frame for First Stage Units: For the rural sector, the list of 2001 census villages (Panchayat wards for Kerala) constitute the sampling frame. For the urban sector, the list of latest available Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks and for non-UFS towns list of such towns/ OGs was considered as the sampling frame.

Stratification: Within each district of a State/ UT, generally speaking, two basic strata were formed: i) rural stratum comprising of all rural areas of the district and (ii) urban stratum comprising of all the urban areas of the district. However, within the urban areas of a district, if there were one or more towns with population 10 lakhs or more as per population census 2001 in a district, each of them formed a separate basic stratum and the remaining urban areas of the district was considered as another basic stratum. For a few districts, particularly in case of Tamil Nadu, if total number of towns in the district for which UFS was not yet done exceeds certain number, all such towns taken together formed another basic stratum. Otherwise, they were merged with the UFS towns for stratification.

Sub-stratification in the Rural sector: If "r" be the sample size allocated for a rural stratum, the number of sub-strata formed is "r/4?. The villages within a district as per frame were first arranged in ascending order of population. Then sub-strata 1 to "r/4" were demarcated in such a way that each sub-stratum comprised a group of villages of the arranged frame and have more or less equal population.

Sub-stratification in the Urban sector: If "u" be the sample size for a urban stratum, "u/4" number of sub-strata were formed. The towns within a district, except those with population 10 lakhs or more and also the non-UFS towns, were first arranged in ascending order of population. Next, UFS blocks of each town were arranged by IV unit no. × block no. in ascending order. From this arranged frame of UFS blocks of all the towns, "u/4? number of sub-strata were formed in such a way that each sub-stratum had more or less equal number of FSUs. For towns with population 10 lakhs or more, the urban blocks were first arranged by IV unit no. × block no. in ascending order. Then "u/4? number of sub-strata were formed in such a way that each sub-stratum had more or less equal number of blocks. All non-UFS towns taken together within the district formed one sub-stratum.

Total sample size (FSUs): 12688 FSUs for central sample and 13624 FSUs for state sample have been allocated at all-India level.

Allocation of total sample to States and UTs: The total number of sample FSUs is allocated to the States and UTs in proportion to population as per census 2001 subject to a minimum sample allocation to each State/ UT. While doing so, the resource availability in terms of number of field investigators had been kept in view.

Allocation of State/ UT level sample to rural and urban sectors: State/ UT level sample was allocated between two sectors in proportion to population as per census 2001 with 1.5 weightage to urban sector subject to the restriction that urban sample size for bigger states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu etc. should not exceed the rural sample size. A minimum of 8 FSUs was allocated to each state/ UT separately for rural and urban areas. Further the State level allocation for both rural and urban have been adjusted marginally in a few cases to ensure that each stratum gets a minimum allocation of 4 FSUs.

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More information on the sampling methodology is available in the document " Instructions to Field Staff - Volume-I"

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

This schedule is designed to collect the information on (a) participation in education of persons aged 5-29 years in the education system, (b) private expenditure incurred on education and (c) examining the extent of educational wastage and its causes in terms of dropout and discontinuance. The coverage of the ‘education’ includes:

I. School education including those under Education Guarantee Scheme (EGS) commencing from class I to X or XII, as the case may be, irrespective of the recognition status of the educational institution,

II. Higher secondary / Pre-university education leading to certificate/ diploma/degree etc. It also includes enrolment in private unrecognised institutions, which have regular classes and following the syllabus and pattern of the education as in recognised schools or colleges and which sponsor students for public examinations as private or external candidates,

III. General University education, whether full time or part time, leading to certificate/ diploma/ degree etc. The Universities not recognised by University Grant Commission will not be covered,

IV. Correspondence courses conducted by Universities, Deemed Universities or Institutions, authorised by competent authorities for awarding regular degrees or diplomas or certificates,

V. Higher secondary / Pre-university / Under-graduate/ Post-graduate / Professional/ Technical education leading to certificate/diploma/degree etc. conducted by recognised open university/schools,

VI. Technical or Professional courses, leading to degree/diploma/certificates, conducted by Universities, Deemed Universities or institutes like, National Institute of Fashion Technology, National School of Drama, Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute, Film and Television Institute of India, Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Narayan National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science, etc. or Institutions, authorised by competent authorities like All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE), Medical Council of India (MCI) etc.,

VII. Professional courses conducted by Institutes like The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, The Institute of Cost and Works Accountants of India, The Institute of Company Secretaries of India, Actuarial Society of India, etc.,

VIII. All types of vocational courses of duration three months or more, conducted by Institutions like Industrial Training Institute (ITI), National Vocational Training Institute, Regional Vocational Training Institutes,etc., authorised by competent authorities

IX. All the courses at primary level and above, whether recognised or not, conducted by recognised educational institutions and which are not covered under abovementioned categories.

The following courses shall be specifically excluded: - Art, music and similar type of courses conducted by individuals in their houses or unrecognised/ unaffiliated institutions, - Classes taken by Private tutors, - Education in nursery/Kindergartens/Preparatory levels except for their enrolment statuses and dropout / discontinuance statuses. - The non-formal system of education being implemented through various programs by government or other agencies except for their enrolment statuses and dropout / discontinuance statuses.

What is new?

This Schedule is broadly similar to that used in 52nd Round (July 1994 – June 1995) with the following new additions or modifications. - The NSS 52nd round covered only general and technical education whereas 64th round will also cover vocational education, - In the technical/professional category specific information on courses like MBA, Chartered Accountancy etc. will be collected, - Survey will cover persons in the age group 5-29 years as compared to 5-24 years in 52nd round, - Rather than collecting information on distance from nearest primary school information will be collected on the distances from nearest school having primary, upper primary and secondary level classes, - Information on Household Consumption Expenditure (Rs.) during last 30 days will be collected with the help of five questions in block 3 relating to household characteristics in place of detailed worksheet canvassed in 52nd round, - The information about the expenditure on education will be collected for at most two courses rather than one course as was done in 52nd round, - The block for collecting the details about the expenditure on dependents studying away from home in 52nd round has been dropped and two questions i.e. number of dependents studying away from home and the amount sent to them have been included in the block 3 on household characteristics, - A new question on “Changed educational institution during last one year?” has been introduced, - To get an idea about repetition, information about the class/grade/year in the current academic session and in the previous academic session will be collected, - For class-X and below, questions on grade completed before dropping / discontinuance and the type of school last

Abstract

The fourth edition of the Global Findex offers a lens into how people accessed and used financial services during the COVID-19 pandemic, when mobility restrictions and health policies drove increased demand for digital services of all kinds.

The Global Findex is the world's most comprehensive database on financial inclusion. It is also the only global demand-side data source allowing for global and regional cross-country analysis to provide a rigorous and multidimensional picture of how adults save, borrow, make payments, and manage financial risks. Global Findex 2021 data were collected from national representative surveys of about 128,000 adults in more than 120 economies. The latest edition follows the 2011, 2014, and 2017 editions, and it includes a number of new series measuring financial health and resilience and contains more granular data on digital payment adoption, including merchant and government payments.

The Global Findex is an indispensable resource for financial service practitioners, policy makers, researchers, and development professionals.

Geographic coverage

Excluded populations living in Northeast states and remote islands and Jammu and Kashmir. The excluded areas represent less than 10 percent of the total population.

Analysis unit

Individual

Kind of data

Observation data/ratings [obs]

Sampling procedure

In most developing economies, Global Findex data have traditionally been collected through face-to-face interviews. Surveys are conducted face-to-face in economies where telephone coverage represents less than 80 percent of the population or where in-person surveying is the customary methodology. However, because of ongoing COVID-19 related mobility restrictions, face-to-face interviewing was not possible in some of these economies in 2021. Phone-based surveys were therefore conducted in 67 economies that had been surveyed face-to-face in 2017. These 67 economies were selected for inclusion based on population size, phone penetration rate, COVID-19 infection rates, and the feasibility of executing phone-based methods where Gallup would otherwise conduct face-to-face data collection, while complying with all government-issued guidance throughout the interviewing process. Gallup takes both mobile phone and landline ownership into consideration. According to Gallup World Poll 2019 data, when face-to-face surveys were last carried out in these economies, at least 80 percent of adults in almost all of them reported mobile phone ownership. All samples are probability-based and nationally representative of the resident adult population. Phone surveys were not a viable option in 17 economies that had been part of previous Global Findex surveys, however, because of low mobile phone ownership and surveying restrictions. Data for these economies will be collected in 2022 and released in 2023.

In economies where face-to-face surveys are conducted, the first stage of sampling is the identification of primary sampling units. These units are stratified by population size, geography, or both, and clustering is achieved through one or more stages of sampling. Where population information is available, sample selection is based on probabilities proportional to population size; otherwise, simple random sampling is used. Random route procedures are used to select sampled households. Unless an outright refusal occurs, interviewers make up to three attempts to survey the sampled household. To increase the probability of contact and completion, attempts are made at different times of the day and, where possible, on different days. If an interview cannot be obtained at the initial sampled household, a simple substitution method is used. Respondents are randomly selected within the selected households. Each eligible household member is listed, and the hand-held survey device randomly selects the household member to be interviewed. For paper surveys, the Kish grid method is used to select the respondent. In economies where cultural restrictions dictate gender matching, respondents are randomly selected from among all eligible adults of the interviewer's gender.

In traditionally phone-based economies, respondent selection follows the same procedure as in previous years, using random digit dialing or a nationally representative list of phone numbers. In most economies where mobile phone and landline penetration is high, a dual sampling frame is used.

The same respondent selection procedure is applied to the new phone-based economies. Dual frame (landline and mobile phone) random digital dialing is used where landline presence and use are 20 percent or higher based on historical Gallup estimates. Mobile phone random digital dialing is used in economies with limited to no landline presence (less than 20 percent).

For landline respondents in economies where mobile phone or landline penetration is 80 percent or higher, random selection of respondents is achieved by using either the latest birthday or household enumeration method. For mobile phone respondents in these economies or in economies where mobile phone or landline penetration is less than 80 percent, no further selection is performed. At least three attempts are made to reach a person in each household, spread over different days and times of day.

Sample size for India is 3000.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Questionnaires are available on the website.

Sampling error estimates

Estimates of standard errors (which account for sampling error) vary by country and indicator. For country-specific margins of error, please refer to the Methodology section and corresponding table in Demirgüç-Kunt, Asli, Leora Klapper, Dorothe Singer, Saniya Ansar. 2022. The Global Findex Database 2021: Financial Inclusion, Digital Payments, and Resilience in the Age of COVID-19. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Monaco led the ranking for countries with the highest population density in 2024, with nearly 26,000 residents per square kilometer. The Special Administrative Region of Macao came in second, followed by Singapore. The world’s second smallest country Monaco is the world’s second-smallest country, with an area of about two square kilometers and a population of only around 40,000. It is a constitutional monarchy located by the Mediterranean Sea, and while Monaco is not part of the European Union, it does participate in some EU policies. The country is perhaps most famous for the Monte Carlo casino and for hosting the Monaco Grand Prix, the world's most prestigious Formula One race. The global population Globally, the population density per square kilometer is about 60 inhabitants, and Asia is the most densely populated region in the world. The global population is increasing rapidly, so population density is only expected to increase. In 1950, for example, the global population stood at about 2.54 billion people, and it reached over eight billion during 2023.

Abstract

An all-India survey on unorganized manufacturing enterprises was carried out by the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) as a part of the 62nd round of National Sample Survey (NSS) during July 2005 - June 2006. Other subjects of inquiry were household consumer expenditure, employment and unemployment. Past surveys provided information on various operational characteristics of enterprises like location of enterprise, nature of operation, maintenance of accounts etc. in detail, as well as detailed estimates of employment, assets & borrowings. The 62nd survey round provides information on input, output & value added of unorganized manufacturing enterprises at all India level for different industry groups and at the level of States / UTs for all the industry groups taken together.

The manufacturing sector is one of the important sectors of industry in the Indian economy. As per the latest available National Accounts Statistics, during 2006-07, the manufacturing sector had a share of about 16% in the GDP at factor cost. For the purpose of data collection, the manufacturing sector has been broadly sub-divided into two categories i.e. organized and unorganized. While data for organized manufacturing sector are collected through Annual Survey of Industries (ASI), the same for unorganized manufacturing sector are collected periodically through sample surveys as follow-up surveys of Economic Censuses (EC). The unorganized manufacturing sector has roughly about one-third share in the total contribution by the manufacturing sector in the GDP.

Recognizing the importance of the unorganized manufacturing sector in terms of its share in GDP as well as in total employment, NSS has taken up this subject in many of its rounds. That way collection of data on unorganized manufacture has a long history in the NSS. In fact, the very first round of NSS had small-scale manufacturing and handicrafts as one of its subjects of enquiry. Thereafter, data on small-scale manufacture were collected also in the NSS rounds 3-10, 14, 23 and 29. These surveys used the list of villages from Population Census and list of census enumeration blocks, or lists of Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks of NSSO subject to their availability, as the sampling frame for selection of villages / urban blocks.

A review of the surveys conducted by NSSO in the initial rounds mentioned above indicated that a better sampling frame was necessary to generate more accurate statistics of the unorganized sector. The need for auxiliary information on areas of concentration of enterprises for stratification purpose was strongly felt for developing more efficient sampling designs. This demand ultimately culminated in the conduct of periodic Economic Censuses (EC), which provided the frame for the follow-up surveys on non-agricultural enterprises including those engaged in unorganized manufacturing.

With the launching of the EC in 1977 (five ECs have been conducted so far), the follow-up surveys of EC on unorganized manufacturing generally used the village and block level information on number of enterprises/workers as per the EC for selection of villages and urban blocks in the follow-up surveys. The approach of data collection from enterprises was also changed from the 'household approach' used earlier (i.e. prior to the launching of EC) to the 'site approach' whenever such sites existed. So far NSS has conducted six follow-up surveys of EC through rounds 33rd (1978-79), 40th (1984-85), 45th (1989-90), 51st (1994-95), 56th (2000-01), and 62nd (2005-06) with unorganized manufacture as the main subject of enquiry. In the 62nd round of NSS, area frame thrown up by the latest EC (1998) was however used only partially because the frame was considered to be old. However, for 27 cities having a population of one million or more (as per Census 2001) which are likely to have a substantial share in the total number of unorganized manufacturing enterprises in the country, a decision was taken to make use of the list of urban blocks giving count of number of enterprises/workers at the block level as per EC 1998 as the sampling frame for stratification and selection of urban blocks. For the remaining towns/cities, latest lists of UFS blocks were used as the sampling frame2. In case of rural areas, list of villages (or panchayat wards in case of Kerala) of Census 2001 served as the sampling frame for selection of villages as the first stage units (FSUs).

Geographic coverage

The survey covered the whole of the Indian Union except (i) Leh and Kargil districts of Jammu & Kashmir, (ii) interior village of Nagaland situated beyond five kilometers of bus route and (iii) villages of Andaman and Nicobar Islands which remain inaccessible throughout the year. All the sample FSUs of the districts Poonch and Rajouri of the state of Jammu and Kashmir became casualty. Thus, the estimates for Jammu and Kashmir as well as for all-India do not include these areas.

Analysis unit

• enterprise

Universe

Unorganized manufacturing enterprises not covered by ASI, under the two-digit codes 15 to 37 (Section 'D') of NIC-2004 and enterprises under cotton ginning, cleaning and baling (NIC-2004, code 01405). All government and public sector undertakings were outside the coverage of the survey. It is to be noted that only those enterprises, which operated for at least 30 days (15 days for seasonal enterprises) during the last 365 days preceding the date of survey, were eligible for survey.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

One salient feature of the sample design adopted during the 62nd round was the use of list frame, in addition to the usual area frame, which was done to capture sufficient number of relatively 'bigger' enterprises with a view to improving the overall estimate of gross value added per worker, total number of workers, total input, total output, etc. A list of 8,000 big non-ASI manufacturing enterprises2 for the urban sector only was prepared as per the data of the census of manufacturing enterprises conducted by Development Commissioner of Small Scale Industries (DCSSI) in 2003. This list served as the list frame. All these units in the list frame were considered for survey without resorting to any sampling. For the coverage of all other enterprises in the universe, the usual area frame approach was followed for sampling of enterprises in stages. It is important to mention that this dual frame approach was experimented for the first time in the 62nd round. The effectiveness of using the list frame has been discussed under Chapter four.

In the area frame approach, the list of all the villages (panchayat wards in case of Kerala) / urban blocks of the country served as the sampling frame of first stage units (FSUs). Thus, the FSUs were villages (panchayat wards in case of Kerala) in the rural sector and urban blocks in the urban sector. The ultimate stage units were enterprises in both the sectors. However, in case of large FSUs requiring hamlet-group (hg) / sub-block (sb) formation, one intermediate stage in the sampling involved the selection of two hg's / sb's from each FSU out of a minimum of three hg's/sb's formed in the FSU. Of these two selected hg's/sb's, one was selected with probability '1' (termed as segment 1) and another one (termed as segment 2) was selected from among the remaining hg's/sb's of the FSU at random. The hg/sb selected with certainty (i.e. segment 1) was the hg/sb having maximum number of directory manufacturing establishments (DMEs) (or with maximum number of non-directory manufacturing establishments (NDMEs) if there was no DME, or with maximum number of own account manufacturing enterprises (OAMEs) if there was no DME/NDME, or with maximum population if there was no DME/NDME/OAME3 in the entire FSU). Smaller FSUs without any hg/sb formation were identified/categorized as segment 1 for the purpose of survey (segment 2 does not exist for such FSUs). As regards the first stage stratification, two basic strata were formed within each district of a State/UT: rural stratum comprising all rural areas of the district and urban stratum consisting of all urban areas of the district. However, each city with a population of one million or more as per Census 2001 was invariably treated as a separate stratum by itself. For details of stratification, sub-stratification and selection of sample FSUs, reference may be made to Appendix-B of of the final report no.526.

For each of segments 1 and 2 for the selected sample FSUs, a frame of eligible enterprises was prepared by the field investigators by visiting each and every house/household within the selected geographical area. While doing so, if any enterprise of the list frame was encountered, care was taken not to list it again within segment 1 or 2 as a part of the area sample / area frame to guard against duplication of enterprises between the two types of frames. Listing and sampling of enterprises in the area frame was independent for each of segments 1 and 2. In this context, it may be mentioned that for each selected FSU of rural sub-strata 1 and 2 only (see Appendix B for composition of these two sub-strata), segment 9 was also carved out within the FSU, which comprised top 10 big non-ASI registered SSI enterprises (identified by jointly considering the number of workers in the enterprise and gross value of output of the enterprise) located within the boundaries of the entire FSU. The list of such units for selected FSUs was made available to the field investigators in order to facilitate formation of segment 9. Respective frames of segments 1 and 2 in these FSUs excluded the units listed under segment 9. The effectiveness of the formation of segment 9 has been discussed under Chapter

As of 2019, the capital Indian territory of Delhi had the highest density of nurses and midwives of about ** per ten thousand people in the country. However, Bihar had the least density of nurses and midwives in the country of about *** per ten thousand people in the state.

Nigeria has the largest population in Africa. As of 2025, the country counted over 237.5 million individuals, whereas Ethiopia, which ranked second, has around 135.5 million inhabitants. Egypt registered the largest population in North Africa, reaching nearly 118.4 million people. In terms of inhabitants per square kilometer, Nigeria only ranked seventh, while Mauritius had the highest population density on the whole African continent in 2023. The fastest-growing world region Africa is the second most populous continent in the world, after Asia. Nevertheless, Africa records the highest growth rate worldwide, with figures rising by over two percent every year. In some countries, such as Chad, South Sudan, Somalia, and the Central African Republic, the population increase peaks at over 3.4 percent. With so many births, Africa is also the youngest continent in the world. However, this coincides with a low life expectancy. African cities on the rise The last decades have seen high urbanization rates in Asia, mainly in China and India. African cities are also growing at large rates. Indeed, the continent has three megacities and is expected to add four more by 2050. Furthermore, Africa's fastest-growing cities are forecast to be Bujumbura, in Burundi, and Zinder, Nigeria, by 2035.

West Bengal had the highest cattle population across India, at about 19 million in 2019. Uttar Pradesh ranked second that year, followed by Madhya Pradesh. Cattle population across the country grew by 0.8 percent between 2012 and 2019. Furthermore, livestock population amounted to nearly 535.8 million with cattle, buffaloes and goats making up the largest share.

In 2022, the majority of Indian adults had a wealth of 10,000 U.S. dollars or less. On the other hand, about *** percent were worth more than *********** dollars that year. India The Republic of India is one of the world’s largest and most economically powerful states. India gained independence from Great Britain on August 15, 1947, after having been under their power for 200 years. With a population of about *** billion people, it was the second most populous country in the world. Of that *** billion, about **** million lived in New Delhi, the capital. Wealth inequality India suffers from extreme income inequality. It is estimated that the top 10 percent of the population holds ** percent of the national wealth. Billionaire fortune has increase sporadically in the last years whereas minimum wages have remain stunted.

The statistic illustrates the Buddhist population in India in 2011, with a breakdown by state and union territory. The region with the highest Buddhist population was Maharashtra, followed by the state of West Bengal with close to ******* Buddhists. The region with the least Buddhist population was the union territory of Lakshadweep in that year. The countries with the largest number of Buddhists in 2010 can be found here.

The estimated per capita income across Sikkim was the highest among Indian states at around *** thousand Indian rupees in the financial year 2024. Meanwhile, it was the lowest in the northern state of Bihar at over ** thousand rupees. India’s youngest state, Telangana stood in the fifth place. The country's average per capita income that year was an estimated *** thousand rupees. What is per capita income? Per capita income is a measure of the average income earned per person in a given area in a certain period. It is calculated by dividing the area's total income by its total population. If absolute numbers are noted, India’s per capita income doubled from the financial year 2015 to 2023. Wealth inequality However, as per economists, the increase in the per capita income of a country does not always reflect an increase in the income of the entire population. Wealth distribution in India remains highly skewed. The average income hides the disbursal and inequality in a society. Especially in a society like India where the top one percent owned over ** percent of the total wealth in 2022.

Rajasthan had the highest goat population across India, at about 20.4 million in 2019. West Bengal ranked second that year, followed by Uttar Pradesh. Goat population across the country grew by over ten percent between 2012 and 2019. Furthermore, livestock population amounted to nearly 535.8 million with cattle, buffaloes and goats making up the largest share.

There are approximately 8.16 billion people living in the world today, a figure that shows a dramatic increase since the beginning of the Common Era. Since the 1970s, the global population has also more than doubled in size. It is estimated that the world's population will reach and surpass 10 billion people by 2060 and plateau at around 10.3 billion in the 2080s, before it then begins to fall. Asia When it comes to number of inhabitants per continent, Asia is the most populous continent in the world by a significant margin, with roughly 60 percent of the world's population living there. Similar to other global regions, a quarter of inhabitants in Asia are under 15 years of age. The most populous nations in the world are India and China respectively; each inhabit more than three times the amount of people than the third-ranked United States. 10 of the 20 most populous countries in the world are found in Asia. Africa Interestingly, the top 20 countries with highest population growth rate are mainly countries in Africa. This is due to the present stage of Sub-Saharan Africa's demographic transition, where mortality rates are falling significantly, although fertility rates are yet to drop and match this. As much of Asia is nearing the end of its demographic transition, population growth is predicted to be much slower in this century than in the previous; in contrast, Africa's population is expected to reach almost four billion by the year 2100. Unlike demographic transitions in other continents, Africa's population development is being influenced by climate change on a scale unseen by most other global regions. Rising temperatures are exacerbating challenges such as poor sanitation, lack of infrastructure, and political instability, which have historically hindered societal progress. It remains to be seen how Africa and the world at large adapts to this crisis as it continues to cause drought, desertification, natural disasters, and climate migration across the region.

In 2023, the annual population growth in India was 0.88 percent. Between 1961 and 2023, the figure dropped by 1.52 percentage points, though the decline followed an uneven course rather than a steady trajectory.