As of March 2025, Google represented 79.1 percent of the global online search engine market on desktop devices. Despite being much ahead of its competitors, this represents the lowest share ever recorded by the search engine in these devices for over two decades. Meanwhile, its long-time competitor Bing accounted for 12.21 percent, as tools like Yahoo and Yandex held shares of over 2.9 percent each. Google and the global search market Ever since the introduction of Google Search in 1997, the company has dominated the search engine market, while the shares of all other tools has been rather lopsided. The majority of Google revenues are generated through advertising. Its parent corporation, Alphabet, was one of the biggest internet companies worldwide as of 2024, with a market capitalization of 2.02 trillion U.S. dollars. The company has also expanded its services to mail, productivity tools, enterprise products, mobile devices, and other ventures. As a result, Google earned one of the highest tech company revenues in 2024 with roughly 348.16 billion U.S. dollars. Search engine usage in different countries Google is the most frequently used search engine worldwide. But in some countries, its alternatives are leading or competing with it to some extent. As of the last quarter of 2023, more than 63 percent of internet users in Russia used Yandex, whereas Google users represented little over 33 percent. Meanwhile, Baidu was the most used search engine in China, despite a strong decrease in the percentage of internet users in the country accessing it. In other countries, like Japan and Mexico, people tend to use Yahoo along with Google. By the end of 2024, nearly half of the respondents in Japan said that they had used Yahoo in the past four weeks. In the same year, over 21 percent of users in Mexico said they used Yahoo.

We asked U.S. consumers about "Most used search engines by brand" and found that "Google" takes the top spot, while "Yandex" is at the other end of the ranking.These results are based on a representative online survey conducted in 2025 among ***** consumers in the United States.

As of March 2025, Google continued to dominate the global search engine industry by far, with an 89.62 percent market share. However, this stronghold may be showing signs of erosion, with its share across all devices dipping to its lowest point in over two decades. Bing, Google's closest competitor, currently holds a market share of 4.01 percent across, while Russia-based Yandex hikes to the third place with a share of around 2.51 percent. Competitive landscape and regional variations While Google's overall dominance persists, other search engines carve out niches in various markets and platforms. Bing holds a 12.21 percent market share across desktop devices worldwide, as Yandex and Baidu have found success inside and outside of their home markets. Yandex is used by over 63 percent of Russian internet users, but Baidu has seen its market share significantly in China As regional variations highlight the importance of local players in challenging Google's global supremacy, the company is likely to face more challenges with the AI-powered online search trend and increasing regulatory scrutiny. Search behavior and antitrust concerns Despite facing more competition, Google remains deeply ingrained in users' online habits. In 2024, "Google" itself was the most popular search query on its own platform, followed by "YouTube" - another Google-owned property. This self-reinforcing ecosystem has drawn scrutiny from regulators, with the European Commission imposing millionaire antitrust fines on the company. As its influence extends beyond search into various online services, the company's market position continues to be a subject of debate among industry watchdogs and authorities worldwide.

The Search Engine industry is highly concentrated, with three companies controlling almost the entire industry; the largest company, Alphabet Inc., has a market share greater than 96%. Search engines provide web portals that generate and maintain extensive databases of internet addresses. Industry companies generate most, if not all, of their revenue from advertising. Technological growth has resulted in more households being connected to the Internet, and a boom in e-commerce has made the industry increasingly innovative. Over the past decade, a climb in the percentage of households with internet access has supported revenue growth, while increasing technological integration with daily life has increased demand for industry services. A greater proportion of transactions being carried out online has driven innovation in targeted digital advertising, with declines in rival advertising formats like print media and television increasing the focus on digital marketing as a core strategy. Industry revenue is expected to increase at a compound annual rate of 4.7%, to reach £5.1 billion over the five years through 2024-25. Revenue is forecast to climb by 4.7% in 2024-25. Industry profit has remained high, expanding to 34.2% in 2024-25. The rise of the mobile advertising market and the proliferation of mobile devices mean there are plenty of opportunities for search engines, which are expected to capitalise on these trends further moving forward. Smartphones could disrupt the industry's status quo, as the rising popularity of devices that do not use Google as the default engine benefits other search providers. Technological advancements that incorporate user data are anticipated to make it easier to tailor advertisements and develop new ways of using consumer data. Industry revenue is forecast to jump at a compound annual rate of 6% over the five years through 2029-30, to reach £6.8 billion.

Much like the alternatives to mainstream social media platforms, China has pioneered the production of search engines that provide an alternative to Google and Bing. Some of the most prominent Chinese search engines are ***** and ************************, with a combined market share of ***** percent. Baidu – China’s internet giant Since its founding in 2000, Baidu’s revenue surged swiftly and totaled about ****** billion yuan in 2024. A majority of the revenue was generated through online marketing services. However, the operating profit bounced back after having contracted in 2019 and 2021. Baidu used to control about ** to ** percent of China’s online search market, a new contender Haosou emerged and is expected to close the gap shortly. Other search engines in China In a country with around *** million online search users, there are multiple local options besides Baidu. In a 2023 consumer survey in China, Shenma and Quark Search were rated the best in user experience whereas Haosou or 360 Search led the pack in search response speed and the diversity in search results.

Yandex was the leading search engine in Russia in the second quarter of 2025, having accounted for roughly ********** of total user visits over that period. The second-most visited search engine in the country was Google, whose share of visits decreased slightly from the previous quarter. Yandex search usage in Russia Despite the global dominance of Google as a primary search engine, Russian consumers give their preference to homegrown Yandex and Mail.ru. Furthermore, Yandex is the most popular search engine for news reading, as well as the most-visited online resource in the country, with a reach of over ** percent. Besides the search engine, Yandex offers a wide range of online services, such as food delivery, maps, and a voice assistant. Mail.ru and Rambler search engines The third-most visited search engine, Mail.ru, belonged to the VK Group, one of the most expensive internet companies operating in Russia, whose value was measured at *** million U.S. dollars in 2025. Rambler, launched in 1996, saw a decline in usage compared to the 2000s. It was a part of the Rambler Group, which consisted of several media organizations, including the online video service Okko and news services Lenta.ru and Rambler News Service. The corporation Sber acquired the group in 2020.

We asked Turkish consumers about "Most used search engines by brand" and found that "Google" takes the top spot, while "WebCrawler" is at the other end of the ranking.These results are based on a representative online survey conducted in 2022 among ***** consumers in Turkey. Statista Consumer Insights offer you exclusive market research results from over ** countries and territories worldwide.

In April 2025, Google accounted for over ** percent of the mobile search market in the United States. With approximately ** percent reach among mobile audiences, Google Search is also one of the most popular mobile apps in the United States. DuckDuckGo and Yahoo! followed as the leading mobile search providers in the United States during the last examined month, with shares of around *** percent each.

Google held the majority of the market share of leading search engines in Sweden in March 2024, with 91.86 percent. Bing and Yahoo! followed with around 5.78 percent and 1.3 percent of the market share, respectively. There was a slight difference, regarding mobile search engines and desktop search engines. While Google was still the leader in both categories, its share was over 98 percent for mobile engines and roughly 87 percent for desktop engines . Google Google search has been widely used over the past years. According to the source, it was used most frequently among people between the ages of 16 and 25. Furthermore, 74 percent of them reported to have used it daily in 2018. Worldwide Regarding Google’s market share worldwide, it has slightly decreased over the years. It was reported to be highest in April 2012, when Google search reached 91.7 percent global market share. It amounted to roughly 87.8 percent as of June 2021. Despite that, Google search has been the worldwide leader over the evaluated period, followed by bing, Yahoo! And Baidu.

United States agricultural researchers have many options for making their data available online. This dataset aggregates the primary sources of ag-related data and determines where researchers are likely to deposit their agricultural data. These data serve as both a current landscape analysis and also as a baseline for future studies of ag research data. Purpose As sources of agricultural data become more numerous and disparate, and collaboration and open data become more expected if not required, this research provides a landscape inventory of online sources of open agricultural data. An inventory of current agricultural data sharing options will help assess how the Ag Data Commons, a platform for USDA-funded data cataloging and publication, can best support data-intensive and multi-disciplinary research. It will also help agricultural librarians assist their researchers in data management and publication. The goals of this study were to establish where agricultural researchers in the United States-- land grant and USDA researchers, primarily ARS, NRCS, USFS and other agencies -- currently publish their data, including general research data repositories, _domain-specific databases, and the top journals compare how much data is in institutional vs. _domain-specific vs. federal platforms determine which repositories are recommended by top journals that require or recommend the publication of supporting data ascertain where researchers not affiliated with funding or initiatives possessing a designated open data repository can publish data Approach The National Agricultural Library team focused on Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), and United States Forest Service (USFS) style research data, rather than ag economics, statistics, and social sciences data. To find _domain-specific, general, institutional, and federal agency repositories and databases that are open to US research submissions and have some amount of ag data, resources including re3data, libguides, and ARS lists were analysed. Primarily environmental or public health databases were not included, but places where ag grantees would publish data were considered. Search methods We first compiled a list of known _domain specific USDA / ARS datasets / databases that are represented in the Ag Data Commons, including ARS Image Gallery, ARS Nutrition Databases (sub-components), SoyBase, PeanutBase, National Fungus Collection, i5K Workspace @ NAL, and GRIN. We then searched using search engines such as Bing and Google for non-USDA / federal ag databases, using Boolean variations of “agricultural data” /“ag data” / “scientific data” + NOT + USDA (to filter out the federal / USDA results). Most of these results were _domain specific, though some contained a mix of data subjects. We then used search engines such as Bing and Google to find top agricultural university repositories using variations of “agriculture”, “ag data” and “university” to find schools with agriculture programs. Using that list of universities, we searched each university web site to see if their institution had a repository for their unique, independent research data if not apparent in the initial web browser search. We found both ag specific university repositories and general university repositories that housed a portion of agricultural data. Ag specific university repositories are included in the list of _domain-specific repositories. Results included Columbia University – International Research Institute for Climate and Society, UC Davis – Cover Crops Database, etc. If a general university repository existed, we determined whether that repository could filter to include only data results after our chosen ag search terms were applied. General university databases that contain ag data included Colorado State University Digital Collections, University of Michigan ICPSR (Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research), and University of Minnesota DRUM (Digital Repository of the University of Minnesota). We then split out NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) repositories. Next we searched the internet for open general data repositories using a variety of search engines, and repositories containing a mix of data, journals, books, and other types of records were tested to determine whether that repository could filter for data results after search terms were applied. General subject data repositories include Figshare, Open Science Framework, PANGEA, Protein Data Bank, and Zenodo. Finally, we compared scholarly journal suggestions for data repositories against our list to fill in any missing repositories that might contain agricultural data. Extensive lists of journals were compiled, in which USDA published in 2012 and 2016, combining search results in ARIS, Scopus, and the Forest Service's TreeSearch, plus the USDA web sites Economic Research Service (ERS), National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Natural Resources and Conservation Service (NRCS), Food and Nutrition Service (FNS), Rural Development (RD), and Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS). The top 50 journals' author instructions were consulted to see if they (a) ask or require submitters to provide supplemental data, or (b) require submitters to submit data to open repositories. Data are provided for Journals based on a 2012 and 2016 study of where USDA employees publish their research studies, ranked by number of articles, including 2015/2016 Impact Factor, Author guidelines, Supplemental Data?, Supplemental Data reviewed?, Open Data (Supplemental or in Repository) Required? and Recommended data repositories, as provided in the online author guidelines for each the top 50 journals. Evaluation We ran a series of searches on all resulting general subject databases with the designated search terms. From the results, we noted the total number of datasets in the repository, type of resource searched (datasets, data, images, components, etc.), percentage of the total database that each term comprised, any dataset with a search term that comprised at least 1% and 5% of the total collection, and any search term that returned greater than 100 and greater than 500 results. We compared _domain-specific databases and repositories based on parent organization, type of institution, and whether data submissions were dependent on conditions such as funding or affiliation of some kind. Results A summary of the major findings from our data review: Over half of the top 50 ag-related journals from our profile require or encourage open data for their published authors. There are few general repositories that are both large AND contain a significant portion of ag data in their collection. GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility), ICPSR, and ORNL DAAC were among those that had over 500 datasets returned with at least one ag search term and had that result comprise at least 5% of the total collection. Not even one quarter of the _domain-specific repositories and datasets reviewed allow open submission by any researcher regardless of funding or affiliation. See included README file for descriptions of each individual data file in this dataset. Resources in this dataset:Resource Title: Journals. File Name: Journals.csvResource Title: Journals - Recommended repositories. File Name: Repos_from_journals.csvResource Title: TDWG presentation. File Name: TDWG_Presentation.pptxResource Title: Domain Specific ag data sources. File Name: domain_specific_ag_databases.csvResource Title: Data Dictionary for Ag Data Repository Inventory. File Name: Ag_Data_Repo_DD.csvResource Title: General repositories containing ag data. File Name: general_repos_1.csvResource Title: README and file inventory. File Name: README_InventoryPublicDBandREepAgData.txt

The Web Portal Operation industry is highly concentrated, with three companies controlling almost the entire industry; the largest company in the industry, Alphabet Inc, has a market share greater than 90% in 2025. This market concentration has fostered significant advertising revenue but made it exceedingly difficult for smaller web portals to survive. Yet, the presence of local champions like Yandex in Russia and Seznam in the Czech Republic demonstrates that regional portals can find niches, particularly where differentiated content or national digital policies shape market dynamics. Search engines generate most, if not all, of their revenue from advertising. Technological growth has led to more households being connected to the internet and a boom in e-commerce has made the industry increasingly innovative. Over the past decade, a boost in the percentage of households with internet access across Europe has supported revenue expansion, while strengthening technological integration with daily life has boosted demand for web portals. Industry revenue is expected to swell at a compound annual rate of 17.4% over the five years through 2025, including growth of 15% in 2025, to reach €74.9 billion. While profit is high, it is projected to dip amid hiking operational pressures, changing advertising dynamics and heightened regulatory compliance costs. A greater proportion of transactions being carried out online has driven innovation in targeted digital advertising, with declines in rival advertising formats like print media and television expanding the focus on digital marketing as a core strategy. Market leaders have maintained dominance via exclusive agreements, like Google’s multi-billion-euro deals to remain the default search engine on Apple and Android devices, embedding themselves deeper into users’ daily digital interactions. At the same time, the rise of privacy-first search engines like DuckDuckGo, Ecosia and Qwant reflects shifting consumer attitudes toward data privacy and environmental impact. However, Google's status as the default search provider on most mainstream platforms, coupled with robust integration through Chrome and Google's broader ecosystem, has significantly constrained market entry for competitors, perpetuating the industry’s concentration. The rise of the mobile advertising market and the proliferation of mobile devices mean there are plenty of opportunities for search engines, which are expected to capitalise on these trends further moving forward. Smartphones could disrupt the industry's status quo, as the rising popularity of devices that don’t use Google as the default engine benefits other web portals. Technological advancements that incorporate user data are likely to make it easier to tailor advertisements and develop new ways of using consumer data. Initiatives like the European Search Perspective (EUSP) joint venture between Ecosia and Qwant signal the beginnings of intensified competition, especially around privacy and regional digital sovereignty. Nonetheless, industry growth is set to continue, fuelled by surging demand for localised, targeted digital advertising and heightened investment in mobile marketing. Industry revenue is forecast to jump at a compound annual rate of 20.4% over the five years through 2030 to reach €189.7 billion.

In January 2025, Google accounted for 93.82 percent of the global mobile search engine market worldwide. Yandex had 2.5 percent of the global mobile search, while, competitors like Baidu and Yahoo! accounted for less than one percent each on a global scale.

The Web Portal Operation industry is highly concentrated, with three companies controlling almost the entire industry; the largest company in the industry, Alphabet Inc, has a market share greater than 90% in 2025. This market concentration has fostered significant advertising revenue but made it exceedingly difficult for smaller web portals to survive. Yet, the presence of local champions like Yandex in Russia and Seznam in the Czech Republic demonstrates that regional portals can find niches, particularly where differentiated content or national digital policies shape market dynamics. Search engines generate most, if not all, of their revenue from advertising. Technological growth has led to more households being connected to the internet and a boom in e-commerce has made the industry increasingly innovative. Over the past decade, a boost in the percentage of households with internet access across Europe has supported revenue expansion, while strengthening technological integration with daily life has boosted demand for web portals. Industry revenue is expected to swell at a compound annual rate of 17.4% over the five years through 2025, including growth of 15% in 2025, to reach €74.9 billion. While profit is high, it is projected to dip amid hiking operational pressures, changing advertising dynamics and heightened regulatory compliance costs. A greater proportion of transactions being carried out online has driven innovation in targeted digital advertising, with declines in rival advertising formats like print media and television expanding the focus on digital marketing as a core strategy. Market leaders have maintained dominance via exclusive agreements, like Google’s multi-billion-euro deals to remain the default search engine on Apple and Android devices, embedding themselves deeper into users’ daily digital interactions. At the same time, the rise of privacy-first search engines like DuckDuckGo, Ecosia and Qwant reflects shifting consumer attitudes toward data privacy and environmental impact. However, Google's status as the default search provider on most mainstream platforms, coupled with robust integration through Chrome and Google's broader ecosystem, has significantly constrained market entry for competitors, perpetuating the industry’s concentration. The rise of the mobile advertising market and the proliferation of mobile devices mean there are plenty of opportunities for search engines, which are expected to capitalise on these trends further moving forward. Smartphones could disrupt the industry's status quo, as the rising popularity of devices that don’t use Google as the default engine benefits other web portals. Technological advancements that incorporate user data are likely to make it easier to tailor advertisements and develop new ways of using consumer data. Initiatives like the European Search Perspective (EUSP) joint venture between Ecosia and Qwant signal the beginnings of intensified competition, especially around privacy and regional digital sovereignty. Nonetheless, industry growth is set to continue, fuelled by surging demand for localised, targeted digital advertising and heightened investment in mobile marketing. Industry revenue is forecast to jump at a compound annual rate of 20.4% over the five years through 2030 to reach €189.7 billion.

This dataset contains a collection of around 2,000 HTML pages: these web pages contain the search results obtained in return to queries for different products, searched by a set of synthetic users surfing Google Shopping (US version) from different locations, in July, 2016.

Each file in the collection has a name where there is indicated the location from where the search has been done, the userID, and the searched product: no_email_LOCATION_USERID.PRODUCT.shopping_testing.#.html

The locations are Philippines (PHI), United States (US), India (IN). The userIDs: 26 to 30 for users searching from Philippines, 1 to 5 from US, 11 to 15 from India.

Products have been choice following 130 keywords (e.g., MP3 player, MP4 Watch, Personal organizer, Television, etc.).

In the following, we describe how the search results have been collected.

Each user has a fresh profile. The creation of a new profile corresponds to launch a new, isolated, web browser client instance and open the Google Shopping US web page.

To mimic real users, the synthetic users can browse, scroll pages, stay on a page, and click on links.

A fully-fledged web browser is used to get the correct desktop version of the website under investigation. This is because websites could be designed to behave according to user agents, as witnessed by the differences between the mobile and desktop versions of the same website.

The prices are the retail ones displayed by Google Shopping in US dollars (thus, excluding shipping fees).

Several frameworks have been proposed for interacting with web browsers and analysing results from search engines. This research adopts OpenWPM. OpenWPM is automatised with Selenium to efficiently create and manage different users with isolated Firefox and Chrome client instances, each of them with their own associated cookies.

The experiments run, on average, 24 hours. In each of them, the software runs on our local server, but the browser's traffic is redirected to the designated remote servers (i.e., to India), via tunneling in SOCKS proxies. This way, all commands are simultaneously distributed over all proxies. The experiments adopt the Mozilla Firefox browser (version 45.0) for the web browsing tasks and run under Ubuntu 14.04. Also, for each query, we consider the first page of results, counting 40 products. Among them, the focus of the experiments is mostly on the top 10 and top 3 results.

Due to connection errors, one of the Philippine profiles have no associated results. Also, for Philippines, a few keywords did not lead to any results: videocassette recorders, totes, umbrellas. Similarly, for US, no results were for totes and umbrellas.

The search results have been analyzed in order to check if there were evidence of price steering, based on users' location.

One term of usage applies:

In any research product whose findings are based on this dataset, please cite

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ircdl/CozzaHPN19, author = {Vittoria Cozza and Van Tien Hoang and Marinella Petrocchi and Rocco {De Nicola}}, title = {Transparency in Keyword Faceted Search: An Investigation on Google Shopping}, booktitle = {Digital Libraries: Supporting Open Science - 15th Italian Research Conference on Digital Libraries, {IRCDL} 2019, Pisa, Italy, January 31 - February 1, 2019, Proceedings}, pages = {29--43}, year = {2019}, crossref = {DBLP:conf/ircdl/2019}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11226-4_3}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-11226-4_3}, timestamp = {Fri, 18 Jan 2019 23:22:50 +0100}, biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/bib/conf/ircdl/CozzaHPN19}, bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org} }

The Web Portal Operation industry is highly concentrated, with three companies controlling almost the entire industry; the largest company in the industry, Alphabet Inc, has a market share greater than 90% in 2025. This market concentration has fostered significant advertising revenue but made it exceedingly difficult for smaller web portals to survive. Yet, the presence of local champions like Yandex in Russia and Seznam in the Czech Republic demonstrates that regional portals can find niches, particularly where differentiated content or national digital policies shape market dynamics. Search engines generate most, if not all, of their revenue from advertising. Technological growth has led to more households being connected to the internet and a boom in e-commerce has made the industry increasingly innovative. Over the past decade, a boost in the percentage of households with internet access across Europe has supported revenue expansion, while strengthening technological integration with daily life has boosted demand for web portals. Industry revenue is expected to swell at a compound annual rate of 17.4% over the five years through 2025, including growth of 15% in 2025, to reach €74.9 billion. While profit is high, it is projected to dip amid hiking operational pressures, changing advertising dynamics and heightened regulatory compliance costs. A greater proportion of transactions being carried out online has driven innovation in targeted digital advertising, with declines in rival advertising formats like print media and television expanding the focus on digital marketing as a core strategy. Market leaders have maintained dominance via exclusive agreements, like Google’s multi-billion-euro deals to remain the default search engine on Apple and Android devices, embedding themselves deeper into users’ daily digital interactions. At the same time, the rise of privacy-first search engines like DuckDuckGo, Ecosia and Qwant reflects shifting consumer attitudes toward data privacy and environmental impact. However, Google's status as the default search provider on most mainstream platforms, coupled with robust integration through Chrome and Google's broader ecosystem, has significantly constrained market entry for competitors, perpetuating the industry’s concentration. The rise of the mobile advertising market and the proliferation of mobile devices mean there are plenty of opportunities for search engines, which are expected to capitalise on these trends further moving forward. Smartphones could disrupt the industry's status quo, as the rising popularity of devices that don’t use Google as the default engine benefits other web portals. Technological advancements that incorporate user data are likely to make it easier to tailor advertisements and develop new ways of using consumer data. Initiatives like the European Search Perspective (EUSP) joint venture between Ecosia and Qwant signal the beginnings of intensified competition, especially around privacy and regional digital sovereignty. Nonetheless, industry growth is set to continue, fuelled by surging demand for localised, targeted digital advertising and heightened investment in mobile marketing. Industry revenue is forecast to jump at a compound annual rate of 20.4% over the five years through 2030 to reach €189.7 billion.

We asked Indian consumers about "Most used search engines by brand" and found that "Google" takes the top spot, while "Lycos" is at the other end of the ranking.These results are based on a representative online survey conducted in 2025 among ***** consumers in India.

The 1998 Lancet paper by Wakefield et al., despite subsequent retraction and evidence indicating no causal link between vaccinations and autism, triggered significant parental concern. The aim of this study was to analyze the online information available on this topic. Using localized versions of Google, we searched “autism vaccine” in English, French, Italian, Portuguese, Mandarin, and Arabic and analyzed 200 websites for each search engine result page (SERP). A common feature was the newsworthiness of the topic, with news outlets representing 25–50% of the SERP, followed by unaffiliated websites (blogs, social media) that represented 27–41% and included most of the vaccine-negative websites. Between 12 and 24% of websites had a negative stance on vaccines, while most websites were pro-vaccine (43–70%). However, their ranking by Google varied. While in Google.com, the first vaccine-negative website was the 43rd in the SERP, there was one vaccine-negative webpage in the top 10 websites in both the British and Australian localized versions and in French and two in Italian, Portuguese, and Mandarin, suggesting that the information quality algorithm used by Google may work better in English. Many webpages mentioned celebrities in the context of the link between vaccines and autism, with Donald Trump most frequently. Few websites (1–5%) promoted complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) but 50–100% of these were also vaccine-negative suggesting that CAM users are more exposed to vaccine-negative information. This analysis highlights the need for monitoring the web for information impacting on vaccine uptake.

The Web Portal Operation industry is highly concentrated, with three companies controlling almost the entire industry; the largest company in the industry, Alphabet Inc, has a market share greater than 90% in 2025. This market concentration has fostered significant advertising revenue but made it exceedingly difficult for smaller web portals to survive. Yet, the presence of local champions like Yandex in Russia and Seznam in the Czech Republic demonstrates that regional portals can find niches, particularly where differentiated content or national digital policies shape market dynamics. Search engines generate most, if not all, of their revenue from advertising. Technological growth has led to more households being connected to the internet and a boom in e-commerce has made the industry increasingly innovative. Over the past decade, a boost in the percentage of households with internet access across Europe has supported revenue expansion, while strengthening technological integration with daily life has boosted demand for web portals. Industry revenue is expected to swell at a compound annual rate of 17.4% over the five years through 2025, including growth of 15% in 2025, to reach €74.9 billion. While profit is high, it is projected to dip amid hiking operational pressures, changing advertising dynamics and heightened regulatory compliance costs. A greater proportion of transactions being carried out online has driven innovation in targeted digital advertising, with declines in rival advertising formats like print media and television expanding the focus on digital marketing as a core strategy. Market leaders have maintained dominance via exclusive agreements, like Google’s multi-billion-euro deals to remain the default search engine on Apple and Android devices, embedding themselves deeper into users’ daily digital interactions. At the same time, the rise of privacy-first search engines like DuckDuckGo, Ecosia and Qwant reflects shifting consumer attitudes toward data privacy and environmental impact. However, Google's status as the default search provider on most mainstream platforms, coupled with robust integration through Chrome and Google's broader ecosystem, has significantly constrained market entry for competitors, perpetuating the industry’s concentration. The rise of the mobile advertising market and the proliferation of mobile devices mean there are plenty of opportunities for search engines, which are expected to capitalise on these trends further moving forward. Smartphones could disrupt the industry's status quo, as the rising popularity of devices that don’t use Google as the default engine benefits other web portals. Technological advancements that incorporate user data are likely to make it easier to tailor advertisements and develop new ways of using consumer data. Initiatives like the European Search Perspective (EUSP) joint venture between Ecosia and Qwant signal the beginnings of intensified competition, especially around privacy and regional digital sovereignty. Nonetheless, industry growth is set to continue, fuelled by surging demand for localised, targeted digital advertising and heightened investment in mobile marketing. Industry revenue is forecast to jump at a compound annual rate of 20.4% over the five years through 2030 to reach €189.7 billion.

The Web Portal Operation industry is highly concentrated, with three companies controlling almost the entire industry; the largest company in the industry, Alphabet Inc, has a market share greater than 90% in 2025. This market concentration has fostered significant advertising revenue but made it exceedingly difficult for smaller web portals to survive. Yet, the presence of local champions like Yandex in Russia and Seznam in the Czech Republic demonstrates that regional portals can find niches, particularly where differentiated content or national digital policies shape market dynamics. Search engines generate most, if not all, of their revenue from advertising. Technological growth has led to more households being connected to the internet and a boom in e-commerce has made the industry increasingly innovative. Over the past decade, a boost in the percentage of households with internet access across Europe has supported revenue expansion, while strengthening technological integration with daily life has boosted demand for web portals. Industry revenue is expected to swell at a compound annual rate of 17.4% over the five years through 2025, including growth of 15% in 2025, to reach €74.9 billion. While profit is high, it is projected to dip amid hiking operational pressures, changing advertising dynamics and heightened regulatory compliance costs. A greater proportion of transactions being carried out online has driven innovation in targeted digital advertising, with declines in rival advertising formats like print media and television expanding the focus on digital marketing as a core strategy. Market leaders have maintained dominance via exclusive agreements, like Google’s multi-billion-euro deals to remain the default search engine on Apple and Android devices, embedding themselves deeper into users’ daily digital interactions. At the same time, the rise of privacy-first search engines like DuckDuckGo, Ecosia and Qwant reflects shifting consumer attitudes toward data privacy and environmental impact. However, Google's status as the default search provider on most mainstream platforms, coupled with robust integration through Chrome and Google's broader ecosystem, has significantly constrained market entry for competitors, perpetuating the industry’s concentration. The rise of the mobile advertising market and the proliferation of mobile devices mean there are plenty of opportunities for search engines, which are expected to capitalise on these trends further moving forward. Smartphones could disrupt the industry's status quo, as the rising popularity of devices that don’t use Google as the default engine benefits other web portals. Technological advancements that incorporate user data are likely to make it easier to tailor advertisements and develop new ways of using consumer data. Initiatives like the European Search Perspective (EUSP) joint venture between Ecosia and Qwant signal the beginnings of intensified competition, especially around privacy and regional digital sovereignty. Nonetheless, industry growth is set to continue, fuelled by surging demand for localised, targeted digital advertising and heightened investment in mobile marketing. Industry revenue is forecast to jump at a compound annual rate of 20.4% over the five years through 2030 to reach €189.7 billion.

The Web Portal Operation industry is highly concentrated, with three companies controlling almost the entire industry; the largest company in the industry, Alphabet Inc, has a market share greater than 90% in 2025. This market concentration has fostered significant advertising revenue but made it exceedingly difficult for smaller web portals to survive. Yet, the presence of local champions like Yandex in Russia and Seznam in the Czech Republic demonstrates that regional portals can find niches, particularly where differentiated content or national digital policies shape market dynamics. Search engines generate most, if not all, of their revenue from advertising. Technological growth has led to more households being connected to the internet and a boom in e-commerce has made the industry increasingly innovative. Over the past decade, a boost in the percentage of households with internet access across Europe has supported revenue expansion, while strengthening technological integration with daily life has boosted demand for web portals. Industry revenue is expected to swell at a compound annual rate of 17.4% over the five years through 2025, including growth of 15% in 2025, to reach €74.9 billion. While profit is high, it is projected to dip amid hiking operational pressures, changing advertising dynamics and heightened regulatory compliance costs. A greater proportion of transactions being carried out online has driven innovation in targeted digital advertising, with declines in rival advertising formats like print media and television expanding the focus on digital marketing as a core strategy. Market leaders have maintained dominance via exclusive agreements, like Google’s multi-billion-euro deals to remain the default search engine on Apple and Android devices, embedding themselves deeper into users’ daily digital interactions. At the same time, the rise of privacy-first search engines like DuckDuckGo, Ecosia and Qwant reflects shifting consumer attitudes toward data privacy and environmental impact. However, Google's status as the default search provider on most mainstream platforms, coupled with robust integration through Chrome and Google's broader ecosystem, has significantly constrained market entry for competitors, perpetuating the industry’s concentration. The rise of the mobile advertising market and the proliferation of mobile devices mean there are plenty of opportunities for search engines, which are expected to capitalise on these trends further moving forward. Smartphones could disrupt the industry's status quo, as the rising popularity of devices that don’t use Google as the default engine benefits other web portals. Technological advancements that incorporate user data are likely to make it easier to tailor advertisements and develop new ways of using consumer data. Initiatives like the European Search Perspective (EUSP) joint venture between Ecosia and Qwant signal the beginnings of intensified competition, especially around privacy and regional digital sovereignty. Nonetheless, industry growth is set to continue, fuelled by surging demand for localised, targeted digital advertising and heightened investment in mobile marketing. Industry revenue is forecast to jump at a compound annual rate of 20.4% over the five years through 2030 to reach €189.7 billion.