Singapore led the Index of Economic Freedom in 2024, with an index score of 83.5 out of 100. Switzerland, Ireland, Taiwan, and Luxembourg rounded out the top five. Economic Freedom Index In order to calculate the Economic Freedom Index, the source takes 12 different factors into account, including the rule of law, government size, regulatory efficiency, and open markets. All 12 factors are rated on a scale of zero to 100 and are weighted equally. Every country is rated within the Index in order to provide insight into the health and freedom of the global economy. Singapore's economy Singapore is one of the four so-called Asian Tigers, a term used to describe four countries in Asia that saw a booming economic development from the 1950s to the early 1990. Today, the City-State is known for its many skyscrapers, and its economy continue to boom. It has one of the lowest tax-rates in the Asia-Pacific region, and continues to be open towards foreign direct investment (FDI). Moreover, Singapore has one of the highest trade-to-GDP ratios worldwide, underlining its export-oriented economy. Finally, its geographic location has given it a strategic position as a center connecting other countries in the region with the outside world. However, the economic boom has come at a cost, with the city now ranked among the world's most expensive.

In 2021, Venezuela was the country that had the lowest economic freedom score, scoring 3.01 and ranking 165/165 out of all countries analyzed. Zimbabwe and Syria followed, scoring 3.81 and 3.9 respectively. Out of the lowest scoring 20 countries, Guyana had the highest score at 5.43, ranking at 146 out of 165 countries analyzed.

Judgement on current situation in life and political and economic development of the country in times of economic and social upheaval.

Topics: 1. Common part of the survey for all participating countries: most important problems of the country; intent to emigrate and country of choice; desired occupation for one´s own child; judgement on the work of the president of the country; fears and desires for the future; assessment of current standard of living and comparison with the situation five years ago and expected future development; judgement on the situation of the country in comparison over time; preference for freedom or social security; attitude to admission of undemocratic parties; attitude to freedom of the press; perceived discrimination against women; attitude to division of labor in raising children; judgement on conduct of parliamentary representatives and attitude to democracy in the country (scale); feeling of political effectiveness; internal or external control; achievement orientation; attitude to the national economy; demand for increased environmental protection; desire for foreign support for one´s country; the government as guarantor of equal opportunities and social security; welfare state; necessity of the willingness to compromise in politics; interest in politics at municipal level; diminishing interest in political events; self-assessment as patriot; attitude to securing of peace through military strength; readiness for national defense; necessity of participation of one´s country in world politics; claims to territory in neighboring countries; attitude to restriction on immigration; attitude to use of military for restoration of world order.

Religion and morals: importance of prayer and significance of God in one´s own life; doubt in the existence of God; attitude to prohibition of books critical of society and to sex magazines and films; attitude to freedom of speech even for fascists; assessment of the general trustworthiness of people; AIDS as punishment by God; representation of traditional values in the area of family and marriage; attitude to abortion; clear concepts of Good and Evil; perceived intensification of class differences; assessment of personal things in common with uneducated and with persons of another race or ethnic affiliation; satisfaction with one´s own financial situation.

Demography: party membership; union membership; residential status; city size; religiousness.

1. Additional questions in this survey: judgement on political and economic changes of the last few years; particularly positive and negative changes; attitude to introduction of a multi-party system and introduction of the free market economy; judgement on the speed of transition to the free market economy; assessment of the influence of the media and organizations as well as institutions on the country; assumed influence of foreign nations on one´s own country; attitude to selected ethnic groups (Russians, Georgians, Lithuanians, Ukrainians, Jews, Armenians, Azerbaijanis) and people from the asiatic republics; perceived threat to the nation from within and without; judgement on the effects of the social changes on the standard of living, moral concepts, public morals, dealing of the people with one another and on the relation of ethnic groups with each other; judgement on the influence of the church; most reliable alliance partner for one´s country; countries from which the greatest threat originates; attitude to Gorbachev, Bush, the Pope, the UN and selected personalities of public life; attitude to privatization of selected areas of the economy and civil service; attitude to free establishing of prices; acceptance of unemployment or preference for government guarantee of full-employment; attitude to a government-specified profit limitation; attitude to borrowing to finance durable economic goods; occupation within one´s own home; work satisfaction; satisfaction with employer; attitude to founding business with credit financing; judgement on the speed with which democracy is developing in the country; identification with one´s country or the Soviet Union; assessment of the ability of government, army, parties, church and KGB; attitude to a Republic independent of the USSR; most important reasons for desired independence; privileged or disadvantaged republics within the USSR; preferred development of society in the direction of socialism or capitalism; greatest fears of the future; attitude to private property and sale of land by farmers; preference for a democratic government or a strong leadership; attitude to a careful discussion of political controversies; career of the newly successful due to performance or through connections; attribution of failures to society or persons; egoism or social conditions as reasons for inadequate material provision; characterization of one´s own people by means of a list of characteristics; nationality.

The crisis of economy in Indonesia forces the government to reform its economic development paradigm. The new paradigm development refers to great attention of economic-societies such as cooperation. Those involve in the planning of national economic development as well as the planning of society development. This article aims to define the combination between Islamic economic and economic of Pancasila to pressure the identity of Indonesian state in globalization era

Judgement on current situation in life and political and economic development of the country in times of economic and social upheaval.

Topics: 1. Common part of the survey for all participating countries: most important problems of the country; intent to emigrate and country of choice; desired occupation for one´s own child; judgement on the work of the president of the country; fears and desires for the future; assessment of current standard of living and comparison with the situation five years ago and expected future development; judgement on the situation of the country in comparison over time; preference for freedom or social security; attitude to admission of undemocratic parties; attitude to freedom of the press; perceived discrimination against women; attitude to division of labor in raising children; judgement on conduct of parliamentary representatives and attitude to democracy in the country (scale); feeling of political effectiveness; internal or external control; achievement orientation; attitude to the national economy; demand for increased environmental protection; desire for foreign support for one´s country; the government as guarantor of equal opportunities and social security; welfare state; necessity of the willingness to compromise in politics; interest in politics at municipal level; diminishing interest in political events; self-assessment as patriot; attitude to securing of peace through military strength; readiness for national defense; necessity of participation of one´s country in world politics; claims to territory in neighboring countries; attitude to restriction on immigration; attitude to use of military for restoration of world order.

Religion and morals: importance of prayer and significance of God in one´s own life; doubt in the existence of God; attitude to prohibition of books critical of society and to sex magazines and films; attitude to freedom of speech even for fascists; assessment of the general trustworthiness of people; AIDS as punishment by God; representation of traditional values in the area of family and marriage; attitude to abortion; clear concepts of Good and Evil; perceived intensification of class differences; assessment of personal things in common with uneducated and persons of another race or ethnic affiliation; satisfaction with one´s own financial situation.

Demography: party membership; union membership; residential status; city size; religiousness.

1. Additional questions in this survey: judgement on the political and economic changes of the last few years; particularly positive and negative changes; attitude to introduction of a multi-party system and introduction of the free market economy; judgement on the speed of transition to the free market economy; assessment of the influence of the media and organizations as well as institutions on the country; assumed influence of foreign nations on one´s country; attitude to selected ethnic groups (Slovaks, Romas, Germans, Jews, gipsies, Arabs and Hungarians of Romanian descent); perceived threat to the nation from within and without; judgement on the effects of social changes on the standard of living, moral concepts, public morals, dealing of people with one another and on the relation of ethnic groups with each other; judgement on the influence of the church; most reliable alliance partner for one´s country; countries from which the greatest threat originates; attitude to Gorbachev, Bush, the Pope, the UN and selected personalities of public life; most important fears; preference for forgetting or calling to account those responsible in the old regime; preference for replacement of key managers of the old regime; attitude to privatization of selected areas of the economy and civil service; attitude to free establishing of prices; acceptance of unemployment or preference for government guarantee of full-employment; attitude to a government-specified profit limitation; attitude to borrowing to finance durable economic goods; occupation within one´s home; work satisfaction; satisfaction with employer; preference for capitalism or democratic (social) market economy; party preference; judgement on current position of women in comparison to their position in the old regime; preference for national defense in an alliance or with individually concluded peace treaties; judgement on the level of defense expenditures; attitude to export of weapons into third world countries; attitude to advertising (scale); acceptance of advertising in selected media; desired establishing of prices through the market, production costs or government determination; attitude to the EC; judgement on selected western name-brand products and company names; acceptance of advertising in selected media; attitude to sale of foreign products in the country; ethnic identity.

The number of countries with special economic zones worldwide increased reaching 147 in 2018, from about 29 in 1975. Free trade zones facilitate the accessibility of investors to the market and offer an encouraging incentive for foreign direct investments.

 Overview of Special Economic Zones

Free trade zones are geographical areas in a host country that serve the purpose of providing an encouraging atmosphere for foreign investors to enter the market. The special economic zones (SEZ) have special regulations such as reduced taxes and duties, better infrastructure, and favorable labor laws. The monetary and non-monetary incentives reduce the risk involved in entering a new market and encourage foreign direct investments. Free trade zones gained popularity over the years, reaching about 5.4 thousand zones globally. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) was the leading nation in the number of free trade zones in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region at 47 zones in 2018. Special economic zones increase cost efficiency for foreign investors and serve as an opportunity for the host country to improve its political relations with other countries.

 MENA Special Economic Zones 

With the increased focus on foreign direct investments and its contribution to the development of countries in the MENA region, free trade zones started becoming a part of most of the economies’ regimes. FDIs in the region almost reached 29 billion U.S dollars in 2017 after the economies recovered from the crisis that followed the Arab Spring years earlier. Special economic zones support the host countries combat unemployment by creating job opportunities. Both the male and female unemployment rates in the MENA region in 2019 were above the global average, with the female unemployment being three times the global average. The UAE is the leading economy in the free trade zone market, attracting more than 13.8 billion U.S. dollars of foreign direct investments in 2019. The fDI Magazine ranked the Dubai Multi Commodities Center (DMCC) as the top free trade zone globally for six continuous years.

View data of the S&P 500, an index of the stocks of 500 leading companies in the US economy, which provides a gauge of the U.S. equity market.

Current state of the democratic consolidation in the newly implemented democracies. Topics: Political activities: discussions, convince friends, work in community, political meeting, contact politicians, work for party; meaning of democracy; democracy best form of government; democracy in (country) best; respect for individual human rights; importance of freedom and equality; Left-Right self placement; meaning of "Left" and "Right; membership in organisations and political parties; satisfaction with democracy; tolerance against: minority opinion, extremist demonstrations, free speech, too much freedom, critics on the way of life, right to own opinion, foreign critics; free market economy: right/wrong for country; satisfaction with free market; economic situation during present government, next year and compared to the socialist/communist regime; country´s economic situation during present government, next year and compared to the socialist/communist regime; conditions of workers, peasants, middle class, entrepreneurs during present government and compared to the socialist/communist regime; corruption during present government; public safety during present government, next year and compared to the socialist/communist regime; income differences right/wrong; one´s own financial situation compared to that of parents and neighbours; speed of change; satisfaction with present government and with the socialist/communist regime; communism good idea; better performance in: education, economy, poverty, black market, inflation, unemployment, public security, participation, corruption, public health, representation of interests, crime; pride in citizenship; pride to live in country; citizenship; women care of house; accept homosexuals; abortion; trust in institutions; medical care: self/governmental; income limits; government protects citizens; ecology vs. economy; conflicts: rich/poor, law-abiding/-breaker, speak language/not; (in Germany: conflicts between East/West), left/right, young/old, church moral/not, nationalists/others; police force against demonstrators; sentence against protestors, law against demonstrators, troops against strikes; big interests vs. all the people; trust in government; election best way to choose government; need for parliament; vote in last parliamentary election; vote intention; government responsible for providing job, health care, living standard for old and unemployed people, reduce income differences; governmental priorities; actions against bad governmental and local decisions; living conditions in western country; democracy in country: needs western development, never consolidated, same as in western countries, consolidation difficult process, notyet accomplished; Russia: country has own, difficult way; democracy problem will be solved; national political situation; change in political situation; state of democracy; parties: need of parties, no difference between parties, provide participation, for leaders´ interests; development since the end of the socialist/communist regime; characteristics of capitalist and socialist economy: strike, freedom, inequality, technical progress, wealth, selfishness, power, profit, justice, scarcity, humane, progress, planning, efficacy, repress, corruption; capitalist economy best; capitalist economy solves problems; management of industrial enterprises; close to party; political protest; one-person vs. multi-person system; interest in government; politicians against peoples´ interference; everybody can have say; better not get involved in politics; no trust in politicians; politicians seek views of people; people excl from power; make fortune get in politics; politicians only interested when trouble; participation is duty; satisfaction with changes: workers, engineers, artists, scientists, clerks, peasants, miners, entrepreneurs, politicians, army officers, policemen, leaders communist party; country where the living is better, better equality, people greater influence; importance in life: everybody voice in public matters, work for all, equality, everybody well-off, no arbitrary will, no big income differences, no state interference, live without worries, rest/entertain, free organisations, free speech, learn/access to culture; partner work outside; partner work full-/part-time; religion at birth; degree of religiosity; main language; in Russia: nationality; since when in neighbourhood; relations with neighbours; paid for work; reasons for not being paid; work full-/part-time; monthly income compared to average; percent of savings; one´s own social class and that of the parents; entrepreneur in family; family produce agricultural goods; easy replacement for job; work overtime/extra work; income of extra work; region; Germany: size of household and persons over 18 years, East-West socialization; weighting.

Digital transformation, based on digital technologies, has triggered economic growth in many industries and brought about production and service transformation in the manufacturing sector. As an important source of innovation output and a driving force for national economic development, it is of great significance to study the impact of digital transformation on innovation output in manufacturing companies. This study analyzes the effects of digital transformation on the quality, quantity, and overall innovation output of manufacturing companies from both the macro provincial-level digital transformation and micro enterprise-level digital transformation perspectives. Additionally, using data from manufacturing companies listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges from 2012 to 2022, this study empirically tests the mechanism through which digital transformation affects innovation output from the perspectives of internal transaction costs and external transaction costs. The results show that digital transformation promotes overall improvement in innovation output of manufacturing companies and leads to improvements in both the quality and quantity of innovation output. Furthermore, the study finds that the effect of digital transformation on innovation output has a nonlinear characteristic under different levels of market competitiveness and market freedom. The mediation analysis reveals that the influence of digital transformation on innovation output can be attributed to the reduction of internal transaction costs and the enhancement of external transaction efficiency. In terms of digital policy formulation, it is necessary to coordinate the development of diverse and innovative digital infrastructure at the macro level with the micro-level ecosystems of enterprises, in order to reduce transaction costs within and outside innovative entities. Ultimately, it is essential for the government to foster a conducive free market environment that enhances transaction efficiency and timely regulates the excessive competition resulting from oligopolistic monopolies, thus maximizing the potential of digital transformation in promoting innovation output.

Digital transformation, based on digital technologies, has triggered economic growth in many industries and brought about production and service transformation in the manufacturing sector. As an important source of innovation output and a driving force for national economic development, it is of great significance to study the impact of digital transformation on innovation output in manufacturing companies. This study analyzes the effects of digital transformation on the quality, quantity, and overall innovation output of manufacturing companies from both the macro provincial-level digital transformation and micro enterprise-level digital transformation perspectives. Additionally, using data from manufacturing companies listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges from 2012 to 2022, this study empirically tests the mechanism through which digital transformation affects innovation output from the perspectives of internal transaction costs and external transaction costs. The results show that digital transformation promotes overall improvement in innovation output of manufacturing companies and leads to improvements in both the quality and quantity of innovation output. Furthermore, the study finds that the effect of digital transformation on innovation output has a nonlinear characteristic under different levels of market competitiveness and market freedom. The mediation analysis reveals that the influence of digital transformation on innovation output can be attributed to the reduction of internal transaction costs and the enhancement of external transaction efficiency. In terms of digital policy formulation, it is necessary to coordinate the development of diverse and innovative digital infrastructure at the macro level with the micro-level ecosystems of enterprises, in order to reduce transaction costs within and outside innovative entities. Ultimately, it is essential for the government to foster a conducive free market environment that enhances transaction efficiency and timely regulates the excessive competition resulting from oligopolistic monopolies, thus maximizing the potential of digital transformation in promoting innovation output.

Singapore was the leading country in the Globalization Index 2023 in the field of economic globalization. The 2023 edition of the index uses data from the year 2021. Belgium and the Netherlands followed in the places behind.

The era of globalization

The beginning of the current era of increasing economic globalization was signaled by the creation of the Bretton Woods institutions toward the end of the Second World War. These institutions acted as the foundation for the International Monetary Fund, World Bank and World Trade Organization. The institutions, and their modern equivalents, sought to reduce the barriers on international trade in goods, services and capital markets. In the decades following their inception international trade has skyrocketed to become a cornerstone of the international economy, as demonstrated by trends in global export volume of trade in goods from 1950. Economic globalization
Countries that are perceived as more economically globalized are those with low tariffs on imports, more free-trade agreements, regulation that accommodates foreign investment and lower non-tariff barriers to trade such as safety regulations on imports. However, economic globalization fails to capture the entire picture in regards to globalization processes and their impact on countries. As such, analysts have placed attention on the social and political effects on globalization as seen in the index for social globalization and index for political organization. To see the combined results of the multiple globalization indexes see the Top 100 countries in the Globalization Index.

Saudi Arabia is one of the largest producer and exporter of oil in the world and has an oil-based economy with strong government hold on major economic activities. Further, the free market policy will support economic growth in the country. The Oils & Fats market in Saudi Arabia is forecast to register moderate growth in value terms during 2015-2020. The Oils category is expected to register faster value growth than the Solid Fats category during 2015-2020. Dalda is the leading brand in the Solid Fats category and Screw Top is the commonly used closure type in the Saudi Arabian Oils & Fats market. Read More

Digital transformation, based on digital technologies, has triggered economic growth in many industries and brought about production and service transformation in the manufacturing sector. As an important source of innovation output and a driving force for national economic development, it is of great significance to study the impact of digital transformation on innovation output in manufacturing companies. This study analyzes the effects of digital transformation on the quality, quantity, and overall innovation output of manufacturing companies from both the macro provincial-level digital transformation and micro enterprise-level digital transformation perspectives. Additionally, using data from manufacturing companies listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges from 2012 to 2022, this study empirically tests the mechanism through which digital transformation affects innovation output from the perspectives of internal transaction costs and external transaction costs. The results show that digital transformation promotes overall improvement in innovation output of manufacturing companies and leads to improvements in both the quality and quantity of innovation output. Furthermore, the study finds that the effect of digital transformation on innovation output has a nonlinear characteristic under different levels of market competitiveness and market freedom. The mediation analysis reveals that the influence of digital transformation on innovation output can be attributed to the reduction of internal transaction costs and the enhancement of external transaction efficiency. In terms of digital policy formulation, it is necessary to coordinate the development of diverse and innovative digital infrastructure at the macro level with the micro-level ecosystems of enterprises, in order to reduce transaction costs within and outside innovative entities. Ultimately, it is essential for the government to foster a conducive free market environment that enhances transaction efficiency and timely regulates the excessive competition resulting from oligopolistic monopolies, thus maximizing the potential of digital transformation in promoting innovation output.

Digital transformation, based on digital technologies, has triggered economic growth in many industries and brought about production and service transformation in the manufacturing sector. As an important source of innovation output and a driving force for national economic development, it is of great significance to study the impact of digital transformation on innovation output in manufacturing companies. This study analyzes the effects of digital transformation on the quality, quantity, and overall innovation output of manufacturing companies from both the macro provincial-level digital transformation and micro enterprise-level digital transformation perspectives. Additionally, using data from manufacturing companies listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges from 2012 to 2022, this study empirically tests the mechanism through which digital transformation affects innovation output from the perspectives of internal transaction costs and external transaction costs. The results show that digital transformation promotes overall improvement in innovation output of manufacturing companies and leads to improvements in both the quality and quantity of innovation output. Furthermore, the study finds that the effect of digital transformation on innovation output has a nonlinear characteristic under different levels of market competitiveness and market freedom. The mediation analysis reveals that the influence of digital transformation on innovation output can be attributed to the reduction of internal transaction costs and the enhancement of external transaction efficiency. In terms of digital policy formulation, it is necessary to coordinate the development of diverse and innovative digital infrastructure at the macro level with the micro-level ecosystems of enterprises, in order to reduce transaction costs within and outside innovative entities. Ultimately, it is essential for the government to foster a conducive free market environment that enhances transaction efficiency and timely regulates the excessive competition resulting from oligopolistic monopolies, thus maximizing the potential of digital transformation in promoting innovation output.

This statistic shows the largest global stock exchanges globally as of October 2024, ranked by the value of electronic order book share trading. In that time, the NASDAQ Stock Market was the largest stock exchange worldwide, with the value of EOB shares traded amounting to 2.6 trillion U.S. dollars. Stock exchanges - additional information Stock exchanges are an important part of the free market economic system and are the most important component of the stock market. A stock exchange provides the setting in which stock brokers, sellers, buyers and traders can be brought together to take part in the sale of shares, bonds, derivatives and other securities. The core function of a stock exchange is to enable the fair and orderly trading, as well as the provision of price information of any securities being traded on that exchange. Originally the exchanges were physical places (in some world locations the goods are still traded over-the-counter) but with time, they took the shape of an electronic platform. In order that company shares may be bought, traded and sold on a stock exchange, the company is required to have undergone an initial public offering process (IPO) on that particular exchange. The initial public offering of Alibaba Group Holding, a Chinese company operating in the e-commerce sector, on the New York Stock Exchange in September 2014, was the largest listing in the United States since 1996. The IPO of Alibaba Group Holding raised approximately 21.77 billion U.S. dollars.

Snapshot img

Foreign Exchange Market Size 2025-2029

The foreign exchange market size is forecast to increase by USD 582 billion at a CAGR of 10.6% between 2024 and 2029.

The market continues to evolve, driven by several key trends and challenges. One significant trend is the increasing use of money transfer agencies, venture capital investments, and mutual funds in foreign exchange transactions. The Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) revolutionize banking and financial services, enabling real-time personal finance software and content delivery for travelers and businesses. The uncertainty of future exchange rates fuels the demand for 24x7 trading opportunities. As urbanization progresses and digitalization becomes more prevalent, the market is expected to grow, offering numerous opportunities for businesses and investors.

What will be the Size of the Foreign Exchange Market During the Forecast Period?

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The market, also known as the forex or FX market, is a decentralized global market for the trading of currencies. It facilitates the conversion of one currency into another for various reasons, including international trade, tourism, hedging, speculation, and investment. Participants in this market include financial institutions, non-financial customers, individuals, retailers, corporate institutes, and central banks. Currencies are traded 24 hours a day, five days a week, due to the presence of multiple time zones and the interbank network.
Currency swaps, interest rate differentials, monetary interventions, economic indicators, political developments, and investment flows are some of the key drivers influencing the market. International trade, balance of payments, and economic instability in various countries also significantly impact currency values. Speculation and hedging activities, particularly by corporations and financial institutions, contribute to the volatility of currency rates. The market is increasingly leveraging artificial intelligence and Internet of Things technologies to optimize trading strategies, with mutual funds utilizing these advancements to enhance portfolio performance and manage currency risk more efficiently. The forex market plays a crucial role in facilitating international business transactions and managing risks associated with currency fluctuations.

How is this Foreign Exchange Industry segmented and which is the largest segment?

The industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.TypeReporting dealersFinancial institutionsNon-financial customersTrade Finance InstrumentsCurrency swapsOutright forward and FX swapsFX optionsCounterpartyReporting DealersOther Financial InstitutionsNon-Financial CustomersGeographyNorth AmericaCanadaUSEuropeGermanyUKAPACChinaIndiaJapanSouth AmericaBrazilMiddle East and Africa

By Type Insights

The reporting dealers segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. The market, also known as Forex or FX, is a global financial market where participants buy, sell, and exchange currencies. This market involves various market participants, including financial institutions, non-financial customers, and corporations. Currency swaps, individuals, retailers, corporates, hedge funds, wealth managers, and foreign exchange services are among the key players. The markets facilitate international trade and investment flows, with economic indicators, political developments, inflationary pressures, and interest rate differentials influencing currency values. Monetary interventions, speculation, and risk appetite are also significant factors.
Modern technology and electronic platforms have increased efficiency and accessibility, enabling 24-hour operation. Currency exchange services, monetary policies, and regulations, including those by central banks, impact the market. Economic events, financial crises, and strategic corporate activities can cause volatility. Hedging strategies, accessible platforms, and personal finance considerations are essential for individual investors, small businesses, and multinational corporations dealing with major currency pairs. Online trading platforms and trade balances are crucial for managing currency risks in an increasingly globalized business environment.

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The Reporting dealers segment was valued at USD 278.60 billion in 2019 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period.

Currency pairs are the foundation of forex trading, with spot trading being one of the most common methods of buying and selling currencies. Forward contracts and swap deals offer traders the ability to lock in exchange rates for future transactions, managing ris

Attitude to political participation and political questions.

Topics: General contentment with life; expected development of contentment with life and assessment of satisfaction some years ago; satisfaction with housing conditions and with income situation; satisfaction with provision with doctors and hospitals; work satisfaction; achievement orientation or good luck as reason for success in life; fatalism; attitude to the welfare state, nationalization, the free market economy and reform policies; most important tasks of the Federal Republic and the Federal Government; evaluation of the Federal Government; evaluation of a potential CDU government and the CDU/CSU in general; trust in the government and in the political representative; assessment of personal possibilities of political influence; political interest and political participation (scale); attitude to various forms of political protest against the government, beginning with demonstrations for environmental protection and extending to sympathy for the Baader-Meinhoff group; personal readiness to participate in political protests; assumed percentage distribution of attitudes of West Germans to the individual forms of political protest; contact with authorities; contacts with the police as well as with the courts and judgement on the treatment experienced there; self-assessment on the left-right continuum; party preference (ballot procedure and rank order procedure); behavior at the polls in the Federal Parliament elections 1972 and 1976 (ballot procedure, first vote and second vote); time of voting decision; attitude to DKP and NPD (scales). In the second survey the same topics were addressed. In most cases the same question formulation was also used.

Demography: memberships; interest in the work of the organization; self-assessment of social class; religiousness; age; sex; marital status; religious denomination; school education; vocational training; occupation; employment; household income; size of household; composition of household; head of household.

Interviewer rating: willingness of respondent to cooperate; length of interview; reasons for lack of interview.

Since the early 1970s the European Commission´s Standard & Special Eurobarometer are regularly monitoring the public opinion in the European Union member countries. Principal investigators are the Directorate-General Communication and on occasion other departments of the European Commission or the European Parliament. Over time, candidate and accession countries were included in the Standard Eurobarometer Series. Selected questions or modules may not have been surveyed in each sample. Please consult the basic questionnaire for more information on country filter instructions or other questionnaire routing filters. In this study all question modules are in the standard Eurobarometer context: 1. Standard EU and trend questions, 2. Europeans´ priorities, 3. European citizenship, 4. Media use and political information, 5. EU budget, 6. Artificial Intelligence, 7. Food safety.
Topics: 1. Attitudes towards the EU (standard EU and trend questions): assessment of the current situation in the following areas: own country, national economy, European economy, personal job situation, financial situation of the own household, national employment situation, provision of public services in the own country; expectations for the next twelve months regarding: personal life in general, situation in the own country in general, national economic situation, financial situation of the own household, national employment situation, personal job situation, economic situation in the EU; most important problems in the own country, personally, and in the EU; general direction things are going in the own country, the EU, and in the USA; trust in selected media and institutions: written press, radio, TV, internet, online social networks, political parties, national legal system, police, army, public administration, regional or local public authorities, national government, national parliament, European Union, United Nations; image of the EU; meaning of the EU to the respondent; most suitable attributes for describing the EU: modern, democratic, protective, efficient, forward-looking, remote; assessment of the own country’s assumed membership in the EU as a good thing; expectations of benefit from an assumed membership of the own country; assessment of the full application of EU legislation for the Turkish Cypriot Community (TCC) as a good thing; expectations of benefit from the full application of EU legislation for the Turkish Cypriot Community (TCC); knowledge of and trust in selected institutions: European Parliament, European Commission, European Central Bank, European Council, Council of the European Union, Court of Justice of the EU, European Court of Auditors, European Committee of the Regions, European Economic and Social Committee, European Ombudsman; approval of the following statements: respondent understands how the EU works, better development of the own country outside the EU, more decisions to be taken at EU level; optimism about the future of the EU; satisfaction with the democracy in the own country and in the EU.

1. Europeans´ priorities: approval of the following statements: recognition of the own country’s interests in the EU, more recognition of citizens’ interests with regard to decisions relating to the future of the EU, respect of EU core values by all member states; attitude towards the following issues: European economic and monetary union with one single currency, digital single market within the EU, creation of a European public-private fund in order to support SMEs, creation of a European Child Guarantee to fight child poverty and child social exclusion, implementation of new measures at EU level to improve gender equality in the workplace, insurance that new trade agreements concluded by the EU will have highest standards of climate, environmental and labour protection, increasing EU budget for the ´Erasmus +´ programme; approval of the following statements: measures to reduce public deficit and debt in the own country cannot be delayed (split A), measures to reduce public deficit and debt in the own country are not a priority for now (split B), EU has sufficient power and tools to defend its economic interests globally, public money should be used to stimulate private sector investment at EU level, globalisation as an opportunity for economic growth, measures to reduce youth unemployment in the own country cannot be delayed (split A), measures to reduce youth unemployment at EU level cannot be delayed (split B), minimum wage for workers in each member state, free-market economy should go with a high level of social protection, fair taxation of large technology companies in the EU; most important objectives in a European Green Deal: introduction of a tax on products imported from third countries with lower climate policy standards than the EU, move towards a zero pollution ambition, fight against plastic waste, promote ´Circular Economy´, measures to make the EU carbon neutral by 2050, support EU...

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The bone cement market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5% during the forecast period. Increasing rate of adoption of minimally invasive techniques, drivers.2, and drivers.3 are some of the significant factors fueling bone cement market growth.

Increasing rate of adoption of minimally invasive techniques

Technavio categorizes the global bone cement market as a part of the global healthcare supplies market that primarily covers manufacturers of medical products, including all categories of supplies such as consumables and disposables like safety needles, syringes, and catheters. The parent, global healthcare supplies market, covers products and companies engaged in R&D of a variety of product categories spanned across medical consumables that are used for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. The global healthcare market was valued at $1.72 trillion in 2019 and is expected to grow at a moderate pace. The global healthcare supplies market, which is a part of the global healthcare market, was valued at $27.31 bn in the same year. Technavio calculates the global healthcare supplies market size based on the combined revenue generated by manufacturers of medical supplies such as syringes, drapes, gloves, and gowns. Growth in the global healthcare supplies market will be driven by the following factors: Increasing life expectancy: The proportion of the global population over the age of 60 years is forecast to increase significantly. By 2050, nearly one-fourth of the US population is projected to be over 60 years, while Europe is likely to reach a similar proportion by 2030. Moreover, some large economies in Asia, such as Japan, already has one-third of its population above 60 years of age. China is expected to have almost half of its population above 60 years by around 2050. This geriatric population requires more medical attention leading to higher spending on healthcare. Expanding access to improved healthcare in emerging economies: With good economic growth across emerging markets in Asia and Africa, since 2000, leading to higher income levels, access to healthcare has also improved. The governments are also spending more on healthcare with a focus on improving the quality of care. Most of this growth has come from emerging countries and low-income regions. Sedentary lifestyle gaining pace: Sedentary lifestyle is the consequence of urbanization, an unhealthy diet, and decreasing levels of physical activity. It is a significant global health concern, with about one-fourth of the population in large economies like the US and China leading a physically inactive lifestyle. A sedentary lifestyle is anticipated to influence and change the nature of healthcare spending. Technavio expects healthcare spending to increase and move away from communicable diseases to chronic care. Increase in cases of chronic conditions: The number of chronic disease cases has been rising globally. The majority of the US population currently lives with at least one chronic condition. In 2018, China reached a “tipping point” by recording the highest number of early deaths due to chronic diseases. Going forward, the incidence of chronic cases is expected to be much higher than that of infectious diseases. Increasing number of surgical procedures: The increase in the number of surgical procedures due to the growing prevalence of various disorders requiring surgical interventions, and the rise in chronic conditions, apart from increasing cases of accidents and injuries, is leading to a rise in demand for medical supplies. Growing focus on infection control: Globally, hospital-acquired infections are major sources of concern among people receiving healthcare. For middle- and low-income economies, the rate of infection is much higher compared with patients in developed economies who receive healthcare of better quality. One way of countering this is to improve the conditions of healthcare facilities and provide healthcare supplies of better quality. Demand for better healthcare will push sales: Rapid urbanization in developing economies in Asia has created a demand for a high standard of healthcare and is expected to drive volume sales of healthcare supplies. Growth generated by emerging segments in healthcare: Growing adoption of healthcare supplies for home-based healthcare, home medical devices, and other advanced application areas such as robotic surgery will aid in the growth of this market. Increased healthcare spend is driving healthcare budgets. It is pushing governments to create cost pressure in the sector, which is a challenge. Some of the key cost and other pressures faced by the healthcare sector are listed below. Pricing pressure by governments: To reduce per capita healthcare spending, governments are increasingly trying to reduce costs related to the various stakeholders that include insurers, healthcare institutions, and manufacturers. Reimbursement reforms: To make healthcare more affordable for

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