The largest reported data leakage as of January 2025 was the Cam4 data breach in March 2020, which exposed more than 10 billion data records. The second-largest data breach in history so far, the Yahoo data breach, occurred in 2013. The company initially reported about one billion exposed data records, but after an investigation, the company updated the number, revealing that three billion accounts were affected. The National Public Data Breach was announced in August 2024. The incident became public when personally identifiable information of individuals became available for sale on the dark web. Overall, the security professionals estimate the leakage of nearly three billion personal records. The next significant data leakage was the March 2018 security breach of India's national ID database, Aadhaar, with over 1.1 billion records exposed. This included biometric information such as identification numbers and fingerprint scans, which could be used to open bank accounts and receive financial aid, among other government services.

Cybercrime - the dark side of digitalization As the world continues its journey into the digital age, corporations and governments across the globe have been increasing their reliance on technology to collect, analyze and store personal data. This, in turn, has led to a rise in the number of cyber crimes, ranging from minor breaches to global-scale attacks impacting billions of users – such as in the case of Yahoo. Within the U.S. alone, 1802 cases of data compromise were reported in 2022. This was a marked increase from the 447 cases reported a decade prior. The high price of data protection As of 2022, the average cost of a single data breach across all industries worldwide stood at around 4.35 million U.S. dollars. This was found to be most costly in the healthcare sector, with each leak reported to have cost the affected party a hefty 10.1 million U.S. dollars. The financial segment followed closely behind. Here, each breach resulted in a loss of approximately 6 million U.S. dollars - 1.5 million more than the global average.

Company information such as employee credentials is one of the most common assets online vendors trade illegally on the darknet. According to the source, Zalando.com has suffered thousands of data leakage incidents on the deep web in the 12 months leading up to ********, in which more than ***** employee credentials were compromised. Amazon registered a relatively low number of deep web data leaks, with roughly *** in the last 12 months.

As of December 2024, the most significant data breach incident in the United States was the Yahoo data breach that dates back to 2013-2016. Impacting over three billion online users, this incident still remains one of the most significant data breaches worldwide. The second-biggest case was the January 2021 data breach at Microsoft, involving about 30 thousand companies in the United States and around 60 thousand companies around the world.

In 2024, the number of data compromises in the United States stood at 3,158 cases. Meanwhile, over 1.35 billion individuals were affected in the same year by data compromises, including data breaches, leakage, and exposure. While these are three different events, they have one thing in common. As a result of all three incidents, the sensitive data is accessed by an unauthorized threat actor. Industries most vulnerable to data breaches Some industry sectors usually see more significant cases of private data violations than others. This is determined by the type and volume of the personal information organizations of these sectors store. In 2024 the financial services, healthcare, and professional services were the three industry sectors that recorded most data breaches. Overall, the number of healthcare data breaches in some industry sectors in the United States has gradually increased within the past few years. However, some sectors saw decrease. Largest data exposures worldwide In 2020, an adult streaming website, CAM4, experienced a leakage of nearly 11 billion records. This, by far, is the most extensive reported data leakage. This case, though, is unique because cyber security researchers found the vulnerability before the cyber criminals. The second-largest data breach is the Yahoo data breach, dating back to 2013. The company first reported about one billion exposed records, then later, in 2017, came up with an updated number of leaked records, which was three billion. In March 2018, the third biggest data breach happened, involving India’s national identification database Aadhaar. As a result of this incident, over 1.1 billion records were exposed.

Dark Web Intelligence Market Outlook

The global dark web intelligence market size was valued at USD 500 million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 1.7 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 15% during the forecast period. The market is witnessing rapid growth due to the increasing need for advanced threat intelligence and cybersecurity solutions to protect sensitive data and prevent cyberattacks. With the rising incidence of cybercrimes, businesses and governments alike are investing in dark web intelligence solutions to proactively monitor and mitigate emerging threats.

One of the primary growth factors for the dark web intelligence market is the escalating number of data breaches and cyberattacks. Organizations are increasingly recognizing the importance of monitoring the dark web to detect potential threats and leaks of sensitive information. This proactive approach helps in identifying and mitigating risks before they can cause significant damage. Additionally, the growing digitalization and the rise of IoT devices have expanded the attack surface for cybercriminals, thereby driving the demand for robust dark web intelligence solutions.

Another significant driver is the stringent regulatory landscape mandating enhanced cybersecurity measures. Governments and regulatory bodies across the globe are implementing stringent data protection laws and cybersecurity regulations. Compliance with these regulations often requires organizations to adopt advanced threat intelligence and monitoring solutions, including dark web intelligence. Failure to comply can result in hefty fines and reputational damage, further incentivizing organizations to invest in these technologies.

The increasing sophistication of cyber threats is also pushing the demand for dark web intelligence. Cybercriminals are employing more advanced techniques to breach security systems and evade detection. As a result, traditional cybersecurity measures are no longer sufficient to protect against these evolving threats. Dark web intelligence provides organizations with deeper insights into the activities and tactics of cybercriminals, enabling them to strengthen their defensive measures and respond more effectively to potential attacks.

In this context, the role of a Threat Intelligence Solution becomes increasingly critical. These solutions are designed to provide organizations with the necessary tools to proactively identify, assess, and mitigate potential cyber threats. By leveraging advanced analytics and real-time data from various sources, including the dark web, threat intelligence solutions help organizations stay ahead of cybercriminals. They enable businesses to understand the tactics, techniques, and procedures used by attackers, allowing for more informed decision-making and strategic planning in cybersecurity efforts. As cyber threats continue to evolve, the demand for comprehensive threat intelligence solutions is expected to grow, driving innovation and advancements in this field.

Regionally, North America holds the largest market share due to the presence of major technology companies and a high adoption rate of advanced cybersecurity solutions. The region's strong regulatory framework and high awareness of cyber threats contribute to the robust growth of the dark web intelligence market. Europe is also a significant market, driven by stringent data protection regulations such as GDPR. The Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the highest growth rate, fueled by rapid digitalization, increasing cyber threats, and growing investments in cybersecurity infrastructure.

Component Analysis

The dark web intelligence market by component is segmented into software and services. The software segment dominates the market, driven by the growing adoption of advanced analytics and machine learning algorithms that enable organizations to gain actionable insights from dark web data. These software solutions are designed to scan and analyze vast amounts of data from the dark web, identifying potential threats such as leaked credentials, malware, and other malicious activities. The increasing complexity of cyber threats necessitates the use of sophisticated software tools to effectively monitor and respond to these risks.

Within the software segment, AI-powered threat intelligence platforms are gaining significant traction. These platforms leverage artificial intelligence and machine learning to automate the process of threat det

As of January 2025, the most significant data breach incident in the United Kingdom (UK) was the 2017-2018 Dixons Carphone breach. As a result of this incident, 14 million user records were affected, and 5.6 million payment card information was exposed. The Equifax data breach between 2011 and 2016 impacted over 15 million customers nationwide.

Market Summary of Cloud Security Market:

• The Global Cloud Security market size in 2023 was XX Million. The Cloud Security Industry's compound annual growth rate (CAGR) will be XX% from 2024 to 2031. • The market for cloud security is growing because of the emergence of DevSecOps and Data breaches. • The adoption of these solutions by businesses, particularly small and medium-sized businesses, has been greatly hampered by their high cost. • The AI and data analytics capabilities of the cloud are being heavily utilized by telcos. Operating in extremely dynamic and complicated IT environments with a multitude of software, networks, and devices is what has contributed to the expansion of the IT & telecom market. • North America is expected to have the largest market share in the cloud security market

Market Dynamics of Cloud Security Market:

Key drivers of Cloud Security Market

Data breaches and cyberattacks are driving the cloud security market's rapid growth.

Due to digitalization and technological advancements, the use of the Internet is increasing in all sectors. As the use of the Internet increases, the chances of cyber-attacks increase. There is a large scale of cyberattacks that is causing the loss of private, business, and governmental data all around the world when individuals utilize the Internet to conduct focused, politically driven attacks against cloud IT infrastructure. A cyberattack that targets off-site service platforms that use their cloud architecture to provide computing, storage, or hosting services might be categorized as a cloud cyberattack. This can involve assaults on service platforms that make use of SaaS(software as a service), IaaS (infrastructure as a service), and PaaS (platform as a service) service delivery paradigms. For Example, In March 2020, a cloud cyber assault targeted the adult live-streaming website CAM4, exposing 10.8 billion confidential entries totaling 7 TB of data. Location information, email addresses, IP addresses, payment logs, usernames, and more were all included in the compromised database. (Source:https://cisomag.com/adult-website-data-leak/) The growing number of organizational data breaches and leaks is driving the cloud security market. Data in the cloud is more vulnerable to hackers than data on corporate computers. For Instance, Microsoft revealed in 2020, that in December 2019 breach in one of their cloud databases exposed 250 million entries, including IP addresses, email addresses, and support case information. The computer giant claims that a poorly designed network server that was storing the important data was the root cause of this data breach. Despite not being the largest, the high-profile target made it one of the most startling clouds cyberattacks. (Source:https://www.forbes.com/sites/daveywinder/2020/01/22/microsoft-security-shocker-as-250-million-customer-records-exposed-online/?sh=693f59f04d1b)Thus, The cloud service model enhances the dangers and security challenges associated with cloud computing systems by exposing information and offering customers a variety of services. Data loss in cloud computing is a basic security issue. Hackers from both inside and external staff may gain unauthorized or purposeful access to the data. Such setups can be targets for external hackers who utilize hacking tactics like eavesdropping and hijacking to get access to databases. Additionally, malicious programs like Trojan horses which are a kind of malicious software that infiltrates a computer under the guise of an authentic application, and viruses are added to cloud services. Therefore, to put in place a system with stronger security features, it is vital to detect potential cloud risks and protect against such breaches with good cloud security.

The market for cloud security is growing because of the emergence of DevSecOps.

As more businesses shift their apps and IT infrastructure to the cloud, cloud security is becoming more and more crucial. DevSecOps which is development, security, and operation automation is becoming popular among many enterprises as a means of guaranteeing the best possible cloud security. DevSecOps automation incorporates security into every phase of the development lifecycle, from code generation to deployment and maintenance. DevSecOps helps ...

In recent years, social Q&A sites have developed rapidly, like Zhihu and Quora, with hundreds of millions of users, providing a convenient platform for users to ask questions and share knowledge. Most users share knowledge through real-name answers, but this sometimes hinders knowledge sharing, such as employees sharing company salaries and students sharing inside information about the laboratory. Revealing the author's true identity, in this case, can cause significant harm to the author. In order to tackle the above problems, social question-and-answer websites provide users with an anonymous answer function, which replaces the real author id of the answer with an anonymous id. Countless users who cannot disclose their identities use anonymous answers to share valuable knowledge.

Although there are countless anonymous answers in the Q&A community, few anonymization techniques have been used. The two super-large Q&A sites, Quora and Zhihu, use two anonymization technologies are hiding the author's information and protecting the storage of anonymous user information. However, anonymous answers, questions, comments, and topics and their topological structure contain distinct attributes unknown to most users, providing valuable features for de-anonymization attacks. Although the question-and-answer website warns anonymous users that personal specific information and language styles in answers may lead to privacy leaks, the question-and-answer community cannot give the probability and cause of privacy leaks for a specific anonymous answer.

In this paper, we propose a novel task, the de-anonymization of the Q&A websites, which refers to recovering the identity information of the real author of the anonymous answer. This task aims to evaluate the risk of privacy leakage of a specific anonymous answer in the question-and-answer websites and explain why the answer is vulnerable to de-anonymization.

To explore the effectiveness of various methodologies, we employ web scraping techniques on public answers from online platforms Zhihu and Quora. The first step involves the selection of seed users related to the ten popular topics. We selected one seed user from each topic. This step can ensure that the collected Q&A community dataset encompasses a diverse range of popular topics. In the second step, we recursively crawl the social relationships between users based on the ten seed users crawled in the first step. In order to make the crawled user pool more widely distributed, we only crawled the first 100 following users for each user until the crawled user pool reached 700,000. Step three is to ascertain the users to be ultimately crawled. A community discovery algorithm is employed to identify a community with the highest transitivity. This community must have a population exceeding 5,000. As a result, we will crawl all users in this community. The fourth step involves extracting the data related to all users within the chosen community. To mitigate the issue of excessive data volume, this article sets a constraint on the number of answers collected by individual users during the crawling process. This upper limit ensures that all answers of 95% of users are crawled. The crawled data consists of user homepage information, relationships between users, user-generated questions and answers, and associated comments and topics. Each question includes its title and the name of the person who asked it. Each answer contains the author's name, time of submission, the content of the answer, and any first-level comments. Additionally, each comment includes its author, submission time, and content.

Here is an example code to read the dataset https://www.kaggle.com/tianbaojie/example-code.

The global Gas Leakage Online Monitoring System market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing concerns about safety and environmental regulations, coupled with the rising adoption of smart city initiatives. The market's expansion is fueled by the need for real-time monitoring of gas leaks in diverse applications, ranging from industrial facilities and oil & gas pipelines to residential buildings and commercial complexes. Technological advancements, including the integration of IoT sensors, cloud computing, and advanced analytics, are significantly enhancing the capabilities and efficiency of these systems, leading to improved leak detection accuracy and faster response times. This translates to substantial cost savings by preventing catastrophic events, minimizing environmental damage, and reducing operational downtime. While the initial investment in these systems might be significant, the long-term benefits in terms of safety, environmental compliance, and financial efficiency are driving strong adoption across various sectors. We estimate the market size to be around $1.5 billion in 2025, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 12% projected for the period 2025-2033. This growth is expected to be primarily driven by expansion in the industrial and infrastructure sectors, coupled with government initiatives promoting the use of advanced monitoring technologies. The competitive landscape of the Gas Leakage Online Monitoring System market is relatively fragmented, with both established players and emerging companies vying for market share. Key players like Renesas Electronics, Horiba, and Land Power are leveraging their expertise in sensor technology and data analytics to provide comprehensive solutions. However, smaller companies specializing in niche applications or innovative technologies are also gaining traction. Future growth will depend on factors such as continued technological innovation, regulatory compliance, and the increasing availability of affordable and reliable sensor technologies. The market faces challenges, including the high initial cost of implementation and the need for skilled personnel to operate and maintain these systems. Nevertheless, the compelling benefits associated with enhanced safety and environmental protection, coupled with the long-term economic advantages, are expected to drive substantial growth in the coming years.

Version 3 with 517M hashes and counts of password usage ordered by most to least prevalent Pwned Passwords are 517,238,891 real world passwords previously exposed in data breaches. This exposure makes them unsuitable for ongoing use as they re at much greater risk of being used to take over other accounts. They re searchable online below as well as being downloadable for use in other online system. The entire set of passwords is downloadable for free below with each password being represented as a SHA-1 hash to protect the original value (some passwords contain personally identifiable information) followed by a count of how many times that password had been seen in the source data breaches. The list may be integrated into other systems and used to verify whether a password has previously appeared in a data breach after which a system may warn the user or even block the password outright.

The global Gas Leakage Online Monitoring System market is experiencing robust growth, driven by stringent environmental regulations aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the increasing demand for enhanced safety in various industries. The market, estimated at $5 billion in 2025, is projected to witness a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7% from 2025 to 2033, reaching approximately $8.5 billion by 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. Firstly, the oil and gas sector, a significant adopter of these systems, is continually investing in advanced leak detection technologies to minimize operational risks and environmental impact. Secondly, the growing awareness of the environmental consequences of gas leaks is pushing governments worldwide to implement stricter regulations, mandating the adoption of online monitoring systems. Furthermore, technological advancements in sensor technology, data analytics, and wireless communication are leading to the development of more efficient, cost-effective, and user-friendly solutions. The market is segmented by application (oil & gas, coal mining & metallurgy, environmental protection, pharmaceutical & laboratory, energy & power, others) and type (fixed and portable gas monitoring systems). The oil & gas sector currently holds the largest market share, followed by the energy & power sector. Geographically, North America and Europe are currently leading the market, but the Asia-Pacific region is expected to demonstrate significant growth in the coming years due to rapid industrialization and infrastructure development. The competitive landscape is marked by a mix of established players and emerging technology providers. Key players like Renesas Electronics, Horiba, and Land Power are focusing on strategic partnerships and product innovation to maintain their market position. However, the entry of smaller, agile companies specializing in innovative sensor technologies is also intensifying competition. The market faces certain restraints, including the high initial investment costs associated with implementing these systems, and the need for specialized expertise in installation and maintenance. Nonetheless, the long-term benefits of reduced operational costs, improved safety, and environmental compliance are expected to outweigh these challenges, ensuring continued growth for the Gas Leakage Online Monitoring System market throughout the forecast period.

Web Security Gateway Market Outlook

As per our latest research, the global Web Security Gateway market size in 2024 stands at USD 6.1 billion, with a projected compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.2% from 2025 to 2033. By the end of 2033, the market is forecasted to reach USD 18.1 billion. The primary growth factor driving this expansion is the escalating sophistication of cyber threats and the increasing volume of sensitive data transacted over digital channels, which have made robust web security solutions indispensable for organizations of all sizes and sectors.

One of the most significant growth drivers for the Web Security Gateway market is the rapid digital transformation and widespread adoption of cloud-based services across various industries. As organizations embrace digital operations, their exposure to cyber risks intensifies, necessitating advanced web security gateways to protect critical assets and data. The proliferation of remote work and BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) policies, especially since the global pandemic, has further expanded the attack surface for enterprises. This shift has compelled businesses to invest in comprehensive web security solutions that can safeguard endpoints, applications, and networks from ever-evolving threats such as phishing, ransomware, and advanced persistent threats. Additionally, regulatory compliance requirements, such as GDPR, HIPAA, and PCI DSS, are pushing organizations to adopt web security gateways to ensure data privacy and security, thereby fueling market growth.

Another pivotal factor contributing to the expansion of the Web Security Gateway market is the increasing sophistication and frequency of cyber-attacks. Cybercriminals are leveraging advanced techniques, including AI-driven malware and zero-day exploits, to bypass traditional security defenses. In response, organizations are seeking next-generation web security gateways that offer integrated threat intelligence, real-time analytics, and automated response mechanisms. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning into security gateways is enabling proactive threat detection and mitigation, reducing the likelihood of successful breaches. Moreover, as organizations migrate to hybrid and multi-cloud environments, the demand for scalable, flexible, and cloud-native web security solutions is surging, further propelling market growth.

The growing awareness of the financial and reputational risks associated with data breaches is also a major catalyst for the Web Security Gateway market. High-profile cyber incidents and data leaks have underscored the importance of robust web security measures for businesses, government agencies, and educational institutions alike. As a result, there is a marked increase in security budgets and a strategic shift toward adopting comprehensive web security architectures. This trend is particularly pronounced in sectors handling sensitive information, such as banking, healthcare, and government, where the potential impact of cyber incidents is especially severe. The continuous evolution of threat landscapes and the emergence of new attack vectors are expected to sustain strong demand for web security gateways over the forecast period.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the Web Security Gateway market, driven by the presence of leading technology providers, high cybersecurity awareness, and stringent regulatory frameworks. However, the Asia Pacific region is witnessing the fastest growth, fueled by rapid digitalization, increasing internet penetration, and a surge in cyber-attacks targeting businesses and government entities. Europe also holds a significant share, supported by robust data protection regulations and the rising adoption of cloud-based security solutions. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are emerging markets, with growing investments in cybersecurity infrastructure and increasing demand for web security gateways among SMEs and large enterprises alike.

Comp

The global Vacuum Decay Leak Testing Machine market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach a value of $916 million in 2025 and exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8.4% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven by several key factors. The increasing demand for precise leak detection in various industries, particularly biopharmaceuticals where product purity and sterility are paramount, is a major contributor. Advancements in machine technology, leading to higher accuracy, faster testing times, and increased automation, are also fueling market growth. Furthermore, stringent regulatory requirements concerning product quality and safety across industries like medical devices and automotive are creating a compelling need for reliable leak testing solutions. The market is segmented by type (offline and online) and application (biopharmaceuticals, laboratory, and others), with the biopharmaceuticals sector driving significant demand due to its stringent quality control needs. The geographical distribution reveals strong growth across North America and Europe, driven by technological advancements and robust regulatory frameworks. However, the Asia-Pacific region is expected to showcase significant growth potential in the coming years due to increasing industrialization and rising demand for advanced testing equipment. The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of established players and emerging companies. Key players are focusing on strategic partnerships, mergers and acquisitions, and product innovation to maintain their market share. While the offline type currently dominates the market, online systems are expected to gain traction due to their efficiency and integration capabilities. The ongoing trend of automation and increased demand for sophisticated testing methodologies in diverse sectors are projected to further propel market growth throughout the forecast period. Challenges such as high initial investment costs for advanced equipment and the need for skilled operators could potentially act as restraints, but these are expected to be offset by the long-term benefits and increasing demand for sophisticated leak detection.

Between May 2018 and September 2024, France saw eight incidents of significant data breaches. The first recorded case was the May 2018 data breach at Apollo.io. The marketing company based in San Francisco lost approximately 10.93 million data records from French users. The latest reported data breach incident occurred at the France-based security company Thales. As a result of this incident, 9.5 GB of archive files were leaked.

As of December 2024, ransomware group called RA Group had the highest percentage of leak site victims using high-risk VPNs, accounting for 40 percent. Ransomware group Kairos followed closely with 37.5 percent, while MEOW and Embargo accounted for 35.71 percent and 33.33 percent, respectively.