As of March 20, 2023, over 13 billion COVID-19 vaccine doses had been administered worldwide, with the United States accounting for almost 672 million of this total. This statistic shows the number of COVID-19 vaccine doses administered worldwide as of March 20, 2023, by country.

As of April 26, 2023, roughly 367 million Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine doses had been administered in the United States. This statistic shows the number of COVID-19 vaccinations administered in the United States as of April 26, 2023, by manufacturer.

As of September 2021, lower-middle-income countries had around 43 percent of the total world population, but only accounted for around 22 percent of COVID-19 vaccine doses administered globally. This statistic illustrates the percentage of COVID-19 vaccine doses administered worldwide as of September 10, 2021, by country income group.

On June 7, 2022, China had administered approximately 0.65 million doses of coronavirus COVID-19 vaccine, making the total number of vaccine doses applied across the country to reach around 3.39 billion. Globally, about 5.5 million shots of COVID-19 vaccine were given each day.

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in numerous deaths, great suffering, and significant changes in people's lives worldwide. The introduction of the vaccines was a light in the darkness, but after 18 months, a great disparity in vaccination coverage between countries has been observed. As disparities in vaccination coverage have become a global public health issue, this study aimed to analyze several variables to identify possible determinants of COVID-19 vaccination.MethodsAn ecological study was conducted using pooled secondary data sourced from institutional sites. A total of 205 countries and territories worldwide were included. A total of 16 variables from different fields were considered to establish possible determinants of COVID-19 vaccination: sociodemographic, cultural, infrastructural, economic and political variables, and health system performance indicators. The percentage of the population vaccinated with at least one dose and the total doses administered per 100 residents on 15 June 2022 were identified as indicators of vaccine coverage and outcomes. Raw and adjusted values for delivered vaccine doses in the multivariate GLM were determined using R. The tested hypothesis (i.e., variables as determinants of COVID-19 vaccination) was formulated before data collection. The study protocol was registered with the grant number NCT05471635.ResultsGDP per capita [odds = 1.401 (1.299–1.511) CI 95%], access to electricity [odds = 1.625 (1.559–1.694) CI 95%], political stability, absence of violence/terrorism [odds = 1.334 (1.284–1.387) CI 95%], and civil liberties [odds = 0.888 (0.863–0.914) CI 95%] were strong determinants of COVID-19 vaccination. Several other variables displayed a statistically significant association with outcomes, although the associations were stronger for total doses administered per 100 residents. There was a substantial overlap between raw outcomes and their adjusted counterparts.DiscussionThis pioneering study is the first to analyze the association between several different categories of indicators and COVID-19 vaccination coverage in a wide complex setting, identifying strong determinants of vaccination coverage. Political decision-makers should consider these findings when organizing mass vaccination campaigns in a pandemic context to reduce inequalities between nations and to achieve a common good from a public health perspective.

As of September 24, 2023, there had been roughly 145.1 million COVID-19 vaccine doses administered in Italy. Breaking down this figure by region, Lombardy stood out as the one that administered the highest number of vaccine doses, around 25.7 million. Lazio followed in the list, with roughly 14.2 million doses administered.

It is important to highlight that, for most vaccines to be fully effective, it is necessary to administer two doses to every individual, at a distance of several weeks between the two, plus an additional 'booster' shot. So far, around 50 million people in Italy have received two doses, corresponding to roughly 85 percent of the total population. Additionally, three out of four Italians over 12 years of age have also received the booster shot. In March 2022, the Italian government started rolling out a second booster shot for the most vulnerable individuals.

More statistics and facts about the virus in Italy are available here. For a global overview on the various COVID-19 vaccines' development and distribution, visit Statista's webpage on the topic.

Note: In these datasets, a person is defined as up to date if they have received at least one dose of an updated COVID-19 vaccine. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that certain groups, including adults ages 65 years and older, receive additional doses.

On 6/16/2023 CDPH replaced the booster measures with a new “Up to Date” measure based on CDC’s new recommendations, replacing the primary series, boosted, and bivalent booster metrics The definition of “primary series complete” has not changed and is based on previous recommendations that CDC has since simplified. A person cannot complete their primary series with a single dose of an updated vaccine. Whereas the booster measures were calculated using the eligible population as the denominator, the new up to date measure uses the total estimated population. Please note that the rates for some groups may change since the up to date measure is calculated differently than the previous booster and bivalent measures.

This data is from the same source as the Vaccine Progress Dashboard at https://covid19.ca.gov/vaccination-progress-data/ which summarizes vaccination data at the county level by county of residence. Where county of residence was not reported in a vaccination record, the county of provider that vaccinated the resident is included. This applies to less than 1% of vaccination records. The sum of county-level vaccinations does not equal statewide total vaccinations due to out-of-state residents vaccinated in California.

These data do not include doses administered by the following federal agencies who received vaccine allocated directly from CDC: Indian Health Service, Veterans Health Administration, Department of Defense, and the Federal Bureau of Prisons.

Totals for the Vaccine Progress Dashboard and this dataset may not match, as the Dashboard totals doses by Report Date and this dataset totals doses by Administration Date. Dose numbers may also change for a particular Administration Date as data is updated.

Previous updates:

• On March 3, 2023, with the release of HPI 3.0 in 2022, the previous equity scores have been updated to reflect more recent community survey information. This change represents an improvement to the way CDPH monitors health equity by using the latest and most accurate community data available. The HPI uses a collection of data sources and indicators to calculate a measure of community conditions ranging from the most to the least healthy based on economic, housing, and environmental measures.

• Starting on July 13, 2022, the denominator for calculating vaccine coverage has been changed from age 5+ to all ages to reflect new vaccine eligibility criteria. Previously the denominator was changed from age 16+ to age 12+ on May 18, 2021, then changed from age 12+ to age 5+ on November 10, 2021, to reflect previous changes in vaccine eligibility criteria. The previous datasets based on age 16+ and age 5+ denominators have been uploaded as archived tables.

• Starting on May 29, 2021 the methodology for calculating on-hand inventory in the shipped/delivered/on-hand dataset has changed. Please see the accompanying data dictionary for details. In addition, this dataset is now down to the ZIP code level.

NOTE: This dataset has been retired and marked as historical-only. Weekly rates of COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths among people living in Chicago by vaccination status and age. Rates for fully vaccinated and unvaccinated begin the week ending April 3, 2021 when COVID-19 vaccines became widely available in Chicago. Rates for boosted begin the week ending October 23, 2021 after booster shots were recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for adults 65+ years old and adults in certain populations and high risk occupational and institutional settings who received Pfizer or Moderna for their primary series or anyone who received the Johnson & Johnson vaccine. Chicago residency is based on home address, as reported in the Illinois Comprehensive Automated Immunization Registry Exchange (I-CARE) and Illinois National Electronic Disease Surveillance System (I-NEDSS). Outcomes: • Cases: People with a positive molecular (PCR) or antigen COVID-19 test result from an FDA-authorized COVID-19 test that was reported into I-NEDSS. A person can become re-infected with SARS-CoV-2 over time and so may be counted more than once in this dataset. Cases are counted by week the test specimen was collected. • Hospitalizations: COVID-19 cases who are hospitalized due to a documented COVID-19 related illness or who are admitted for any reason within 14 days of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. Hospitalizations are counted by week of hospital admission. • Deaths: COVID-19 cases who died from COVID-19-related health complications as determined by vital records or a public health investigation. Deaths are counted by week of death. Vaccination status: • Fully vaccinated: Completion of primary series of a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-authorized or approved COVID-19 vaccine at least 14 days prior to a positive test (with no other positive tests in the previous 45 days). • Boosted: Fully vaccinated with an additional or booster dose of any FDA-authorized or approved COVID-19 vaccine received at least 14 days prior to a positive test (with no other positive tests in the previous 45 days). • Unvaccinated: No evidence of having received a dose of an FDA-authorized or approved vaccine prior to a positive test. CLARIFYING NOTE: Those who started but did not complete all recommended doses of an FDA-authorized or approved vaccine prior to a positive test (i.e., partially vaccinated) are excluded from this dataset. Incidence rates for fully vaccinated but not boosted people (Vaccinated columns) are calculated as total fully vaccinated but not boosted with outcome divided by cumulative fully vaccinated but not boosted at the end of each week. Incidence rates for boosted (Boosted columns) are calculated as total boosted with outcome divided by cumulative boosted at the end of each week. Incidence rates for unvaccinated (Unvaccinated columns) are calculated as total unvaccinated with outcome divided by total population minus cumulative boosted, fully, and partially vaccinated at the end of each week. All rates are multiplied by 100,000. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) are calculated by dividing the weekly incidence rates among unvaccinated people by those among fully vaccinated but not boosted and boosted people. Overall age-adjusted incidence rates and IRRs are standardized using the 2000 U.S. Census standard population. Population totals are from U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 1-year estimates for 2019. All data are provisional and subject to change. Information is updated as additional details are received and it is, in fact, very common for recent dates to be incomplete and to be updated as time goes on. This dataset reflects data known to CDPH at the time when the dataset is updated each week. Numbers in this dataset may differ from other public sources due to when data are reported and how City of Chicago boundaries are defined. For all datasets related to COVID-19, see https://data.cityofchic

Context

To be honest it's pretty hard for you to find data on vaccine progress and especially time-based data on a country like Pakistan. So, I created this small but interactive notebook that will keep updating the database until everyone is vaccinated. In this project I have used Pandas for easy WebSracping to get the data from pharmaceutical-technology.com then I have created Sqlite3 database to store the data into three tables. It took me a few tries to get everything working smooth so I started using SQL queries to get the data and then used plotly to plot interactive visualization. I was not sure when they will update the website so, I have created few functions to avoid duplication of data and to inform me on telegram about updates. I have also uploaded the processed data to Kaggle from Deepnote which will be updated daily. At last, I have used the Deepnote Schedule notebook feature to run this notebook every day and successfully publishing the article You can find my work on Deepnote.

Content

• World_Vaccination_Progress.csv -> Countries Vaccination progress
• pakistan_time_series.csv -> Time series data of Pakistan vaccine progress
• world_time_series.csv -> Time series data of World vaccine progress

Columns: - Country :: Names of countries in the world - Doses Administered: Total Doses Administered - Doses per 1000 : Number of Doses per thousand - Fully Vaccinated Population (%) : Percentage of a fully vaccinated person in a country. - Vaccine being used in a country : Types of vaccines used in a country.

For Time-Series

• Date_Time : Timestamp of entry

Acknowledgements

I am thankful for Pharmaceutical Technology for updating the stats on daily basis and publicly provide real-time stats of world's vaccination drive. I also want to thank Deepnote for the introduction of the Schedule notebook feature that has made this automation possible.

Inspiration

The lack of data available in my country drove me to create an automated system that collects data from web. You can read more about it in my article. The second inspiration came from participating in Deepnote competition which was on the data Vaccination drive of your country or World.

As of June 7, 2022, China had administered almost 3.4 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines, representing around 28 percent of the 11.9 billion doses administered worldwide.

Vaccination rate

China has one of the highest COVID-19 vaccination rates in the world. Nevertheless, the situation varies substantially between age groups. Unlike many other regions such as Japan and western Europe, the Chinese elderly population has a lower vaccination rate than the younger generations. As of March 2022, only around half of people aged above 80 were fully vaccinated in the country, while less than 20 percent had their booster vaccinations.

The insufficient vaccination rate among the most vulnerable group of the society partially explains China’s “Zero COVID” strategy, as many fear that the healthcare service will not be able to cope with the spread of COVID-19.

Chinese vaccines

As a major partner and stakeholder of BioNTech, the German developer of Comirnaty, Chinese pharmaceutical firm Fosun Pharma secured 100 million doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in the early days of the pandemic. Nevertheless, no mRNA vaccine received approval from the Chinese regulator and the majority of the doses secured by Fosun remained undelivered.

Sinovac and Sinopharm’s vaccines, the two most common COVID-19 vaccines in China, are both inactivated whole virus vaccines, which stimulate immune responses with killed SARS-CoV-2 virus. Despite having many advantages, they are significantly less effective than mRNA vaccines in preventing symptomatic illness and are especially problematic when encountering the latest Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2.

This dataset reports the daily reported number of the 7-day moving average rates of Deaths involving COVID-19 by vaccination status and by age group. Learn how the Government of Ontario is helping to keep Ontarians safe during the 2019 Novel Coronavirus outbreak. Effective November 14, 2024 this page will no longer be updated. Information about COVID-19 and other respiratory viruses is available on Public Health Ontario’s interactive respiratory virus tool: https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Data-and-Analysis/Infectious-Disease/Respiratory-Virus-Tool Data includes: * Date on which the death occurred * Age group * 7-day moving average of the last seven days of the death rate per 100,000 for those not fully vaccinated * 7-day moving average of the last seven days of the death rate per 100,000 for those fully vaccinated * 7-day moving average of the last seven days of the death rate per 100,000 for those vaccinated with at least one booster ##Additional notes As of June 16, all COVID-19 datasets will be updated weekly on Thursdays by 2pm. As of January 12, 2024, data from the date of January 1, 2024 onwards reflect updated population estimates. This update specifically impacts data for the 'not fully vaccinated' category. On November 30, 2023 the count of COVID-19 deaths was updated to include missing historical deaths from January 15, 2020 to March 31, 2023. CCM is a dynamic disease reporting system which allows ongoing update to data previously entered. As a result, data extracted from CCM represents a snapshot at the time of extraction and may differ from previous or subsequent results. Public Health Units continually clean up COVID-19 data, correcting for missing or overcounted cases and deaths. These corrections can result in data spikes and current totals being different from previously reported cases and deaths. Observed trends over time should be interpreted with caution for the most recent period due to reporting and/or data entry lags. The data does not include vaccination data for people who did not provide consent for vaccination records to be entered into the provincial COVaxON system. This includes individual records as well as records from some Indigenous communities where those communities have not consented to including vaccination information in COVaxON. “Not fully vaccinated” category includes people with no vaccine and one dose of double-dose vaccine. “People with one dose of double-dose vaccine” category has a small and constantly changing number. The combination will stabilize the results. Spikes, negative numbers and other data anomalies: Due to ongoing data entry and data quality assurance activities in Case and Contact Management system (CCM) file, Public Health Units continually clean up COVID-19, correcting for missing or overcounted cases and deaths. These corrections can result in data spikes, negative numbers and current totals being different from previously reported case and death counts. Public Health Units report cause of death in the CCM based on information available to them at the time of reporting and in accordance with definitions provided by Public Health Ontario. The medical certificate of death is the official record and the cause of death could be different. Deaths are defined per the outcome field in CCM marked as “Fatal”. Deaths in COVID-19 cases identified as unrelated to COVID-19 are not included in the Deaths involving COVID-19 reported. Rates for the most recent days are subject to reporting lags All data reflects totals from 8 p.m. the previous day. This dataset is subject to change.

As of March 20, 2023, around 391 doses of COVID-19 vaccines per 100 people in Cuba had been administered, one of the highest COVID-19 vaccine dose rates of any country worldwide. This statistic shows the rate of COVID-19 vaccine doses administered worldwide as of March 20, 2023, by country or territory.

The Indian state of Utter Pradesh reported the highest number of administered doses of the vaccine against the coronavirus (COVID-19) as of November 13, 2023. Furthermore, over 2.2 billion total vaccine doses were administered in India during the same time period.

Vaccination in India were administered since January 16, 2021, with the administration of vaccines to all health care workers in the first phase. In February, the vaccination program was expanded to cover front line workers. The second phase of the program began in March which included citizens above the age of 60 and subsequently, people above the age of 45 with comorbidities. India’s vaccination program currently includes two vaccines, namely, Oxford University – AstraZeneca’s Covidshield vaccine, manufactured by the Serum Institute of India and Bharat Biotech Covaxin. Russia's Sputnik V was expected to be added to the mix starting May 2021.

Vaccine Administration Market Outlook

The global vaccine administration market size was estimated at USD 5.2 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 11.4 billion by 2032, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.1%. This impressive growth is driven by several factors, including advancements in vaccine delivery technologies, increased vaccination efforts worldwide, and rising awareness about the importance of immunizations.

One of the primary growth factors for the vaccine administration market is the ongoing global effort to eradicate infectious diseases through widespread immunization programs. Governments and health organizations worldwide have been emphasizing the importance of vaccination, leading to increased vaccine coverage and administration rates. The COVID-19 pandemic has further accentuated the critical role of vaccinations, thereby boosting the market growth. The introduction of novel vaccines and booster doses has necessitated advancements in vaccine delivery systems, contributing to the overall market expansion.

Technological advancements in vaccine administration devices have significantly spurred market growth. Innovations such as needle-free jet injectors, intranasal devices, and improved syringe designs have enhanced the efficiency, safety, and patient compliance of vaccine administration. These advancements reduce the risk of needle-stick injuries, minimize vaccine wastage, and improve the overall vaccination experience. Moreover, the increasing adoption of smart syringes with integrated tracking and safety features aligns with global efforts to ensure vaccine integrity and monitoring.

The collaboration between public and private sectors has been a significant driver in the vaccine administration market. Public health initiatives, partnerships with pharmaceutical companies, and funding from international organizations have bolstered the production, distribution, and administration of vaccines. Financial support for vaccine research and development has accelerated the introduction of new vaccines, creating a robust pipeline for future market growth. Additionally, government policies and reimbursement frameworks have made vaccines more accessible, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, further propelling market expansion.

The regional outlook for vaccine administration is highly promising, with considerable growth anticipated across various geographies. North America, driven by high healthcare expenditure and robust immunization programs, holds a significant market share. The Asia Pacific region is expected to showcase the highest growth rate due to rising healthcare investments, large population base, and increasing awareness regarding vaccine-preventable diseases. Europe also presents substantial growth opportunities, supported by strong government initiatives and advanced healthcare infrastructure. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa, though currently smaller markets, are poised for notable growth due to improving healthcare access and ongoing immunization campaigns.

Product Type Analysis

The vaccine administration market can be segmented by product type into syringes, jet injectors, intranasal devices, and others. Syringes remain the most widely used device for vaccine administration due to their cost-effectiveness, simplicity, and widespread availability. The advancements in syringe technology, such as auto-disable and prefilled syringes, have enhanced safety, reduced contamination risks, and minimized vaccine wastage. The dominance of syringes in the market is further reinforced by their extensive use in routine immunization programs and emergency vaccination drives globally.

Jet injectors represent an innovative leap in the vaccine delivery landscape, offering needle-free administration that improves patient compliance and reduces needle-associated risks. These devices use high-pressure streams to deliver vaccines through the skin, eliminating the need for needles and enhancing the overall vaccination experience. Jet injectors are particularly beneficial in mass immunization settings and for individuals with needle phobia. Their growing popularity is driven by ongoing technological advancements and increasing acceptance among healthcare providers and patients alike.

Intranasal devices have emerged as a promising alternative for vaccine administration, especially for respiratory infections. These devices deliver vaccines directly to the nasal mucosa, eliciting both systemic and mucosal immunity. The ease of administration, coupled with the potential for self-administ

The Swedish Health Agency (Folkhälsomyndigheten) provide data and information related to COVID-19 in Sweden. Visualisations are shown on multiple aspects of vaccination coverage, like coverage in different counties.

Deprecated as of 4/21/2023On 4/27/2023 several COVID-19 datasets were retired and no longer included in public COVID-19 data dissemination. For more information, visit https://imap.maryland.gov/pages/covid-dataSummaryThe cumulative number of COVID-19 vaccinations in Maryland: First dose, second dose, single dose, booster, total vaccinationsDescriptionThe MD COVID-19 - Total Vaccinations Statewide data layer is a collection of the statewide COVID-19 vaccinations that have been reported each day into ImmuNet. Doses administered also account for doses of vaccine provided to the District of Columbia to vaccinate Maryland residents who work in DC.CDC COVID10 Vaccinations in the United States,CountyCOVID-19 is a disease caused by a respiratory virus first identified in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China in December 2019. COVID-19 is a new virus that hasn't caused illness in humans before. Worldwide, COVID-19 has resulted in thousands of infections, causing illness and in some cases death. Cases have spread to countries throughout the world, with more cases reported daily. The Maryland Department of Health reports daily on COVID-19 cases by county.

As of January 18, 2023, Germany had administered over 190 million COVID-19 vaccine doses, while France had administered approximately 153.9 million doses. The United Kingdom was the first country in Europe to approve the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine for widespread use and began inoculations on December 8, 2020. Russia became the first country in the world to authorize a vaccine - named Sputnik V - for use in the fight against COVID-19 in August 2020. As of January 18, 2023, approximately 184 million COVID-19 vaccine doses had been administered in Russia.

The seven-day rate of cases across Europe shows which countries are currently worst affected by the situation. For further information about the coronavirus pandemic, please visit our dedicated Facts and Figures page.

As of July 21, 2022, most countries in the European Economic Area (EEA) had received the majority of their COVID-19 vaccine stock from Comirnaty (Pfizer/BioNTech). In Denmark, the Comirnaty vaccine accounted for 83 percent of the total COVID-19 vaccines distributed to the country. Hungary was the first country in the EEA to have received COVID-19 vaccines from Sinopharm and Sputnik V which were developed in China and Russia respectively. The current rate of COVID-19 vaccines administered in Europe can be found here. For further information about the coronavirus pandemic, please visit our dedicated Facts and Figures page.

Human Vaccines Administered Orally Market Outlook

The global market size for human vaccines administered orally was valued at approximately $1.2 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around $2.5 billion by 2032, growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8.5% during the forecast period. This impressive growth can be attributed to several key factors, including technological advancements in vaccine delivery systems, rising prevalence of infectious diseases, and increasing public and governmental interest in preventative healthcare measures.

One of the most significant growth factors for the human vaccines administered orally market is the continuous innovation in vaccine technology. Modern advancements are allowing for more efficient and effective oral vaccines, which are easier to administer and typically more acceptable to patients compared to traditional injectable vaccines. This ease of administration is particularly important in low-resource settings where skilled healthcare professionals may be scarce. Additionally, oral vaccines often do not require cold chain storage, which makes them particularly advantageous in regions with limited infrastructure.

The rising prevalence of infectious diseases globally is another pivotal driver for market growth. Diseases such as cholera, rotavirus, and poliovirus remain significant public health challenges, particularly in developing countries. Oral vaccines offer a practical and scalable solution to these issues, contributing to their increasing adoption. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of rapid and widespread vaccination programs, thereby highlighting the potential benefits of oral vaccines in achieving large-scale immunization efforts.

Governmental and non-governmental organizations are increasingly focusing on preventative healthcare measures, providing significant funding and resources to vaccine research and development. International bodies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI) are actively promoting vaccine initiatives, which include the development and distribution of oral vaccines. These efforts are expected to significantly bolster market growth by facilitating the broader and more equitable distribution of vaccines worldwide.

The Whole Cell Cholera Vaccine plays a crucial role in the fight against cholera, a disease that remains a significant public health challenge in many parts of the world. This vaccine is particularly important in regions with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water, where cholera outbreaks are more frequent. By providing immunity against the Vibrio cholerae bacterium, the Whole Cell Cholera Vaccine helps prevent the severe dehydration and diarrhea associated with the disease. Its oral administration makes it an ideal candidate for mass vaccination campaigns, especially in resource-limited settings where healthcare infrastructure may be lacking. The vaccine's effectiveness in reducing the incidence of cholera has been well-documented, making it a vital tool in global efforts to control and eventually eradicate this devastating disease.

Regionally, the market outlook is highly promising, with significant growth anticipated in Asia Pacific and Africa due to high disease burden and ongoing public health initiatives. North America and Europe will likely continue to demonstrate steady growth driven by advanced healthcare infrastructure and high public awareness. Conversely, regions such as Latin America hold potential for growth due to increasing governmental focus on healthcare improvements and immunization coverage.

Vaccine Type Analysis

The human vaccines administered orally market can be segmented by vaccine type, which includes live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, and others. Live attenuated vaccines are created by weakening a virus or bacterium so it cannot cause disease but can still provoke a robust immune response. These vaccines are highly effective and have been used successfully to prevent diseases such as polio and rotavirus. Their high efficacy and the simplicity of the oral route make them a vital component of global immunization strategies.

Inactivated vaccines, on the other hand, are composed of virus or bacteria that have been killed or inactivated so they cannot replicate, but still elicit an immune response. These vaccines are generally safer for individual

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has, as of July 2022, infected more than 550 million people and caused over 6 million deaths across the world. COVID-19 vaccines were quickly developed to protect against severe disease, hospitalization and death. In the present study, we performed a direct comparative analysis of four COVID-19 vaccines: BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), ChAdOx1 (Oxford/AstraZeneca) and Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson/Janssen), following primary and booster vaccination. We focused on the vaccine-induced antibody-mediated immune response against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants: wildtype, B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), B.1.617.2 (Delta) and B.1.1.529 (Omicron). The analysis included the quantification of total IgG levels against SARS-CoV-2 Spike, as well as the quantification of antibody neutralization titers. Furthermore, the study assessed the high-throughput ACE2 competition assay as a surrogate for the traditional pseudovirus neutralization assay. The results demonstrated marked differences in antibody-mediated immune responses. The lowest Spike-specific IgG levels and antibody neutralization titers were induced by one dose of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine, intermediate levels by two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine, and the highest levels by two doses of the mRNA-1273 vaccine or heterologous vaccination of one dose of the ChAdOx1 vaccine and a subsequent mRNA vaccine. The study also demonstrated that accumulation of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein mutations was accompanied by a marked decline in antibody neutralization capacity, especially for B.1.1.529. Administration of a booster dose was shown to significantly increase Spike-specific IgG levels and antibody neutralization titers, erasing the differences between the vaccine-induced antibody-mediated immune response between the four vaccines. The findings of this study highlight the importance of booster vaccines and the potential inclusion of future heterologous vaccination strategies for broad protection against current and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.