The Indian state of Utter Pradesh reported the highest number of administered doses of the vaccine against the coronavirus (COVID-19) as of November 13, 2023. Furthermore, over 2.2 billion total vaccine doses were administered in India during the same time period.

Vaccination in India were administered since January 16, 2021, with the administration of vaccines to all health care workers in the first phase. In February, the vaccination program was expanded to cover front line workers. The second phase of the program began in March which included citizens above the age of 60 and subsequently, people above the age of 45 with comorbidities. India’s vaccination program currently includes two vaccines, namely, Oxford University – AstraZeneca’s Covidshield vaccine, manufactured by the Serum Institute of India and Bharat Biotech Covaxin. Russia's Sputnik V was expected to be added to the mix starting May 2021.

Note: In these datasets, a person is defined as up to date if they have received at least one dose of an updated COVID-19 vaccine. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that certain groups, including adults ages 65 years and older, receive additional doses.

On 6/16/2023 CDPH replaced the booster measures with a new “Up to Date” measure based on CDC’s new recommendations, replacing the primary series, boosted, and bivalent booster metrics The definition of “primary series complete” has not changed and is based on previous recommendations that CDC has since simplified. A person cannot complete their primary series with a single dose of an updated vaccine. Whereas the booster measures were calculated using the eligible population as the denominator, the new up to date measure uses the total estimated population. Please note that the rates for some groups may change since the up to date measure is calculated differently than the previous booster and bivalent measures.

This data is from the same source as the Vaccine Progress Dashboard at https://covid19.ca.gov/vaccination-progress-data/ which summarizes vaccination data at the county level by county of residence. Where county of residence was not reported in a vaccination record, the county of provider that vaccinated the resident is included. This applies to less than 1% of vaccination records. The sum of county-level vaccinations does not equal statewide total vaccinations due to out-of-state residents vaccinated in California.

These data do not include doses administered by the following federal agencies who received vaccine allocated directly from CDC: Indian Health Service, Veterans Health Administration, Department of Defense, and the Federal Bureau of Prisons.

Totals for the Vaccine Progress Dashboard and this dataset may not match, as the Dashboard totals doses by Report Date and this dataset totals doses by Administration Date. Dose numbers may also change for a particular Administration Date as data is updated.

Previous updates:

• On March 3, 2023, with the release of HPI 3.0 in 2022, the previous equity scores have been updated to reflect more recent community survey information. This change represents an improvement to the way CDPH monitors health equity by using the latest and most accurate community data available. The HPI uses a collection of data sources and indicators to calculate a measure of community conditions ranging from the most to the least healthy based on economic, housing, and environmental measures.

• Starting on July 13, 2022, the denominator for calculating vaccine coverage has been changed from age 5+ to all ages to reflect new vaccine eligibility criteria. Previously the denominator was changed from age 16+ to age 12+ on May 18, 2021, then changed from age 12+ to age 5+ on November 10, 2021, to reflect previous changes in vaccine eligibility criteria. The previous datasets based on age 16+ and age 5+ denominators have been uploaded as archived tables.

• Starting on May 29, 2021 the methodology for calculating on-hand inventory in the shipped/delivered/on-hand dataset has changed. Please see the accompanying data dictionary for details. In addition, this dataset is now down to the ZIP code level.

Out of the two billion COVID-19 vaccines administered, over 1.6 billion vaccines were Covishield vaccine developed by Oxford university and AstraZeneca as of September 1, 2022 in India. Vaccinations in India were administered since January 16, 2021, with the administration of vaccines to all health care workers in the first phase. In February, the vaccination program was expanded to cover front line workers. The second phase of the program began in March which included citizens above the age of 60 and subsequently, people above the age of 45 with comorbidities. India’s vaccination program currently includes three vaccines, namely, Oxford University – AstraZeneca’s Covishield vaccine, manufactured by the Serum Institute of India, Bharat Biotech Covaxin and Russia's Sputnik V.

Total people vaccinated against Covid in India, March, 2023 The most recent value is 1030000000 total people vaccinated as of March 2023, no change compared to the previous value of 1030000000 total people vaccinated. Historically, the average for India from January 2021 to March 2023 is 729161439 total people vaccinated. The minimum of 3758843 total people vaccinated was recorded in January 2021, while the maximum of 1030000000 total people vaccinated was reached in September 2022. | TheGlobalEconomy.com

Context

Covid-19 Data collected from various sources on the internet. This dataset has daily level information on the number of affected cases, deaths, and recovery from the 2019 novel coronavirus. Please note that this is time-series data and so the number of cases on any given day is the cumulative number.

Content

The dataset includes 28 files scrapped from various data sources mainly the John Hopkins GitHub repository, the ministry of health affairs India, worldometer, and Our World in Data website. The details of the files are as follows

• countries-aggregated.csv A simple and cleaned data with 5 columns with self-explanatory names. -covid-19-daily-tests-vs-daily-new-confirmed-cases-per-million.csv A time-series data of daily test conducted v/s daily new confirmed case per million. Entity column represents Country name while code represents ISO code of the country. -covid-contact-tracing.csv Data depicting government policies adopted in case of contact tracing. 0 -> No tracing, 1-> limited tracing, 2-> Comprehensive tracing. -covid-stringency-index.csv The nine metrics used to calculate the Stringency Index are school closures; workplace closures; cancellation of public events; restrictions on public gatherings; closures of public transport; stay-at-home requirements; public information campaigns; restrictions on internal movements; and international travel controls. The index on any given day is calculated as the mean score of the nine metrics, each taking a value between 0 and 100. A higher score indicates a stricter response (i.e. 100 = strictest response). -covid-vaccination-doses-per-capita.csv A total number of vaccination doses administered per 100 people in the total population. This is counted as a single dose, and may not equal the total number of people vaccinated, depending on the specific dose regime (e.g. people receive multiple doses). -covid-vaccine-willingness-and-people-vaccinated-by-country.csv Survey who have not received a COVID vaccine and who are willing vs. unwilling vs. uncertain if they would get a vaccine this week if it was available to them. -covid_india.csv India specific data containing the total number of active cases, recovered and deaths statewide. -cumulative-deaths-and-cases-covid-19.csv A cumulative data containing death and daily confirmed cases in the world. -current-covid-patients-hospital.csv Time series data containing a count of covid patients hospitalized in a country -daily-tests-per-thousand-people-smoothed-7-day.csv Daily test conducted per 1000 people in a running week average. -face-covering-policies-covid.csv Countries are grouped into five categories: 1->No policy 2->Recommended 3->Required in some specified shared/public spaces outside the home with other people present, or some situations when social distancing not possible 4->Required in all shared/public spaces outside the home with other people present or all situations when social distancing not possible 5->Required outside the home at all times regardless of location or presence of other people -full-list-cumulative-total-tests-per-thousand-map.csv Full list of total tests conducted per 1000 people. -income-support-covid.csv Income support captures if the government is covering the salaries or providing direct cash payments, universal basic income, or similar, of people who lose their jobs or cannot work. 0->No income support, 1->covers less than 50% of lost salary, 2-> covers more than 50% of the lost salary. -internal-movement-covid.csv Showing government policies in restricting internal movements. Ranges from 0 to 2 where 2 represents the strictest. -international-travel-covid.csv Showing government policies in restricting international movements. Ranges from 0 to 2 where 2 represents the strictest. -people-fully-vaccinated-covid.csv Contains the count of fully vaccinated people in different countries. -people-vaccinated-covid.csv Contains the total count of vaccinated people in different countries. -positive-rate-daily-smoothed.csv Contains the positivity rate of various countries in a week running average. -public-gathering-rules-covid.csv Restrictions are given based on the size of public gatherings as follows: 0->No restrictions 1 ->Restrictions on very large gatherings (the limit is above 1000 people) 2 -> gatherings between 100-1000 people 3 -> gatherings between 10-100 people 4 -> gatherings of less than 10 people -school-closures-covid.csv School closure during Covid. -share-people-fully-vaccinated-covid.csv Share of people that are fully vaccinated. -stay-at-home-covid.csv Countries are grouped into four categories: 0->No measures 1->Recommended not to leave the house 2->Required to not leave the house with exceptions for daily exercise, grocery shopping, and ‘essent...

As of March 15, 2023, Seychelles was the African country with the highest coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccination rate, with around 205 doses administered per 100 individuals. Mauritius and Rwanda followed with 201 and 190 doses per 100 people, respectively. Ranking fourth, Morocco had a vaccination rate of approximately 148 doses per 100 people, registering the third-highest number of inoculations after Egypt and Nigeria. In South Africa, the most affected country on the continent, the vaccination rate instead reached around 64 per 100 population.

How did Africa obtain the vaccines?

Vaccines in Africa were obtained in different ways. African nations both purchased new doses and received them from other countries. At the beginning of the vaccination campaigns, donations came from all over the world, such as China, the United Arab Emirates, India, and Russia. The United Nations-led COVAX initiative provided Oxford/AstraZeneca and Pfizer/BioNTech doses to several African countries. Within this program, the continent received nearly 270 million doses as of January 2022. Moreover, the vaccination campaign has also been an occasion for intra-African solidarity. Senegal has, for instance, donated vaccines to the Gambia, while in January 2021, Algeria announced that it would have shared its supply with Tunisia.

COVID-19 impact on the African economy

The spread of COVID-19 negatively affected socio-economic growth in Africa, with the continent’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) contracting significantly in 2020. Specifically, Southern Africa experienced the sharpest decline, at minus six percent, followed by North Africa at minus 1.7 percent. Most of Africa’s key economic sectors were hit by the pandemic. The drop in global oil prices led to a crisis in the oil and gas sector. Nigeria, the continent’s leading oil-exporting country, witnessed a considerable decrease in crude oil trade in 2020. Moreover, the shrinking number of international tourist arrivals determined a loss of over 12 million jobs in Africa’s travel and tourism sector. Society has also been substantially affected by COVID-19 on the poorest continent in the world, and the number of people living in extreme poverty was estimated to increase by around 30 million in 2020.

Content

Covid-19 Vaccine data from all the states and union territories of India as on August 09, 2022.

Attribute Information

State/UTs - Names of states and union territories of India Total Vaccination Doses- Total number of vaccine doses given Dose 1 - Number of first dose of vaccine given Dose 2 - Number of second dose of vaccine given Population - Population of the state/UT

Source

Vaccine Data : https://www.mygov.in/covid-19 Population Data : https://www.indiacensus.net/

Other Updated Covid19 Datasets

https://www.kaggle.com/anandhuh/datasets

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Despite COVID-19 vaccines being available to pregnant women in India since summer 2021, little is known about vaccine uptake among this high-need population. We conducted mixed methods research with pregnant and recently delivered rural women in northern India, consisting of 300 phone surveys and 15 in-depth interviews, in November 2021. Only about a third of respondents were vaccinated, however, about half of unvaccinated respondents reported that they would get vaccinated now if they could. Fears of harm to the unborn baby or young infant were common (22% of unvaccinated women). However, among unvaccinated women who wanted to get vaccinated, the most common barrier reported was that their healthcare provider refused to provide them with the vaccine. Gender barriers and social norms also played a role, with family members restricting women’s access. Trust in the health system was high, however, women were most often getting information about COVID-19 vaccines from sources that they did not trust, and they knew they were getting potentially poor-quality information. Qualitative data shed light on the barriers women faced from their family and healthcare providers but described how as more people got the vaccine, that norms were changing. These findings highlight how pregnant women in India have lower vaccination rates than the general population, and while vaccine hesitancy does play a role, structural barriers from the healthcare system also limit access to vaccines. Interventions must be developed that target household decision-makers and health providers at the community level, and that take advantage of the trust that rural women already have in their healthcare providers and the government. It is essential to think beyond vaccine hesitancy and think at the system level when addressing this missed opportunity to vaccinate high-risk pregnant women in this setting. Methods To understand vaccine uptake, barriers, hesitancy, facilitating factors and sources of trusted information among pregnant and breastfeeding women, we conducted mixed-methods research in northern India in November 2021. In total, we conducted 300 phone surveys and 15 in-depth interviews with women from lower and upper middle-class populations. The eligibility criteria were to include pregnant and recently delivered women who were breastfeeding (up to one year postpartum). The surveys were conducted telephonically. The participants were active members of WhatsApp groups run by a local NGO that was a collaborator on the project. All women in the WhatsApp group were connected to the government health care system, which provides free services. A list of 552 eligible women, from a sample of about 5,000, was provided to the research assistants. Women who were either pregnant or had delivered within 1 year were eligible for the survey. The list included their name, mobile and date of delivery. These women were called one by one down the list provided by the research assistant. Women were read an informed consent and asked to provide verbal consent. A survey call was scheduled based on a time convenient for the women. Most of the surveys were completed in one call and few were done in parts based on the availability of the participant. Out of about 450 women called, 300 complete surveys were taken. Some women did not pick up the call or only completed half of the survey. The team began to take the surveys in the first week of November 2021, and 300 surveys were completed by November 27, 2021. The survey included questions on vaccine acceptance, barriers, hesitancy and socio-demographics.

In 2023, the share of BCG vaccination coverage in India was 89 percent. Meanwhile, the lowest share of BCG vaccination coverage was seen in 1981 with only four percent. The figure reflects a clear increase immunization coverage trend with an increase in time.

The global adult and adolescent vaccine market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing awareness of vaccine-preventable diseases, rising disposable incomes in developing economies, and supportive government initiatives promoting vaccination programs. This market, estimated at $25 billion in 2025, is projected to exhibit a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7% from 2025 to 2033, reaching an estimated $40 billion by 2033. This significant expansion is fueled by several key factors. The increasing prevalence of chronic diseases like influenza and pneumonia, which are targeted by adult vaccines, is a major driver. Furthermore, the growing demand for travel vaccines among international travelers contributes to market growth. Technological advancements leading to the development of more effective and convenient vaccines, such as combination vaccines and mRNA vaccines, are also boosting the market. The market is segmented by vaccine type (seasonal, travel) and target population (adult, adolescent), with the adult segment currently holding a larger market share due to a wider range of vaccine-preventable diseases affecting adults and a larger overall population. However, the adolescent segment is anticipated to witness faster growth due to increasing vaccination mandates and heightened parental awareness. Major pharmaceutical companies, including Merck, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Pfizer, and Sanofi Aventis, are key players in this market, investing heavily in research and development to introduce innovative vaccines and expand their geographic reach. The market is geographically diverse, with North America and Europe currently holding significant market shares. However, the Asia-Pacific region is expected to demonstrate substantial growth in the coming years, driven by factors such as rising population, increased healthcare expenditure, and expanding vaccination coverage programs in emerging economies like India and China. While challenges such as vaccine hesitancy and logistical hurdles in vaccine distribution remain, the overall outlook for the adult and adolescent vaccine market is overwhelmingly positive, promising continued expansion in the foreseeable future.

The global DTaP-Hib-IPV combination vaccine market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing awareness of vaccine-preventable diseases and rising government initiatives promoting vaccination programs. The market's expansion is fueled by several key factors, including a growing prevalence of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and polio, particularly in developing nations. The increasing preference for combination vaccines, offering multiple disease protection in a single dose, is another significant driver, enhancing cost-effectiveness and convenience for both healthcare providers and parents. Technological advancements leading to the development of more efficacious and safer vaccines, coupled with expanding cold chain infrastructure in emerging markets, further contribute to market growth. While the market is dominated by established players like Sanofi, Serum Institute of India, and Bharat Biotech, emerging companies are also making inroads, fostering competition and innovation. The market segmentation reveals a higher demand for full liquid vaccines due to better efficacy and ease of administration, especially among infants. North America and Europe currently hold a substantial market share due to higher per capita income and established healthcare infrastructure. However, Asia Pacific is projected to witness significant growth in the forecast period due to rising population and increasing vaccination awareness. The forecast period of 2025-2033 anticipates sustained growth, projected to be influenced by ongoing research and development efforts focusing on improving vaccine efficacy and safety. The market is expected to witness continuous expansion in both developed and developing countries, driven by increasing government support for universal vaccination programs and improved access to healthcare. However, challenges remain, including vaccine hesitancy in some regions and the need to overcome logistical hurdles related to vaccine storage and distribution. The potential for new vaccine formulations and technological advancements in delivery systems presents substantial opportunities for market expansion. Competitive pressures will continue to drive innovation and improvements in vaccine technology, ensuring accessibility and affordability for a wider population.

Executive summary

The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19), first detected by Wuhan Municipal Health Commission, China, in Wuhan, Hubei Province in December 2020 and eventually the disease became pandemic. It was declared as Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by WHO in January 2020. The COVID-19 disease primarily spreads through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes. People infected with the COVID-19 virus experiences mild, moderate or serious respiratory illness.

Health workers play a critical role in the clinical management of patients with COVID-19 and hence are likely to be the most vulnerable for contracting the disease. Therefore, investigating the extent of infection in health care settings and identifying risk factors for infection among health workers along with follow-up within a facility in which a confirmed case of COVID-19 infection is receiving care can provide useful information on virus transmissibility and routes of transmission, and will bear important step in limiting amplification events in health care facilities.

Objectives:

1. To find out the extent of human-to-human transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 infection among health workers
2. To study the clinical presentations of COVID-19 infection and the risk factors for infection among health workers.
3 To evaluate the effectiveness of infection prevention and control measures among health workers in protecting against COVID-19.
4. To evaluate the effectiveness of infection prevention and control programmes at health facility level
5. To determine the serological response of health workers with symptomatic and possibly asymptomatic COVID-19 infection.

Materials and Methods:

This was a prospective cohort study conducted over a period of seven months, from December 2020 to June 2021, the period covering India’s deadly second wave of COVID-19 pandemic. This was done among the health care workers working in HIMSR & HAHC hospital, a tertiary health care setting (Dedicated COVID-19 Hospital) providing care to patients with a laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection. This hospital located in South East Delhi has 200 bedded COVID-19 Care Hospital and 1050 registered healthcare workers who come in contact with COVID-19-infected persons. The study population (sampling frame) included all the health personnel like doctors, nurses, paramedical staff, housekeeping staff, security staff, students of medical, nursing and paramedical sciences and other front office staff who come in contact with the patients. In this study, the first visit / interview (Baseline) was done when the staff came in contact with a confirmed COVID-19 case. The second visit / interview (Endline) was done between 22-28 days. During each of these two visits, biological sample in the form of serum was collected to check the presence of anti-COVID-19 antibodies

Results:

A total of 192 HCW were recruited in this study. All of them were interviewed and blood was collected for serology at the baseline visit as well as at endline. Out of 192 participants, 119 (61.97%) were detected with SARS-CoV2 antibodies at baseline whereas 73 (38.02%) were seronegative. Again, on22-28 days of follow-up, the seropositivity was 77.7% at the endline. We found that seropositivity was significantly and negatively associated with doctor as profession [OR:0.353, CI:0.176-0.710], COVID-19 symptoms [OR:0.210, CI:0.054-0.820], comorbidities [OR:0.139 , CI: 0.029 - 0.674], recent IPC Training [OR:0.250, CI:0.072 -0.864] , while positively associated with Partially [OR:3.303,CI: 1.256-8.685], as well as fully Vaccinated for COVID-19 [OR:2.428, CI:1.118-5.271]. We also observed seroconversion among 36.7% while 64.0% had increase in titre of antibodies during our follow-up period. The seroconversion was 63.2% in doctors, 42.9% in nurses and 13.0% in paramedics staff. Seroconversion was positively associated with doctor as profession [OR:11.43, CI:2.47 - 52.79] and with partially, as well as fully vaccinated for COVID-19 [OR: 32.63, CI: 5.11 - 208.49]. None of the HCW who were smokers and with any comorbidity did not found to have been seroconversion. We observe a negative and significant relationship of increase in titre of antibodies with recent any ILI symptoms [OR:0.17, 0.13 - 0.94], smokers[OR: 0.35, 95%CI: 0.13 - 0.94], HCW with comorbidities [OR:0.08,95CI: 0.01 - 0.71],, recent full IPC Training [OR:0.07, CI:0.01 -0.63] , while positively associated with partially [OR: 7.87, 95CI: 2.18 - 28.40)], as well as fully Vaccinated for COVID-19 [OR: 3.59, 95CI: 1.46 - 8.87]. Majority of the health care worker enrolled in our study had close contact exposure with COVID-19 patients while 5 had indirect exposure. It was observed that almost all (100% in both) doctors and nurses as well as almost all paramedical staff (99%) were wearing some kind of personal protective equipment (PPE) when they were exposed to a COVID-19 patient. We did not found adherences to any of the infection prevention measure adopted by the enrolled HCW during the recent contact with COVID-19 patients to be significantly associated with seroconversion.

Conclusion:

Majority of the health care worker (67% doctor, 80% nurses & 55% paramedics) enrolled in our study had close contact exposure with COVID-19 patient. The results show that among 192 HCW enrolled, 62% were seropositive at the baseline. At end line the seropositivity was increased to 77.7%. The seroconversion rate was also studied. It was found to be 36.7% in our study population (63.2% in doctors, 42.9% in nurses and 13.0% in paramedic’s staff.). Adherence to the recommended IPC measures was reported by most participants. About two third (63%) of the HCW in our study were not vaccinated against COVID-19; nurses and paramedics were higher in proportion among those who were unvaccinated. Fifteen percentage were partially vaccinated and 22% were fully vaccinated against COVID-19, with doctors comprising majority among them. We also found that vaccination had the strongest association with seropositivity, seroconversion as well as serial rise of titre.

Despite the significant success of India’s COVID-19 vaccination program, a sizeable proportion of the adult population remains unvaccinated or has received a single dose of the vaccine. Despite the recommendations of the Government of India for the two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine and the precautionary booster dose, many people were still hesitant towards the COVID-19 full vaccination. Hence, this study aimed to identify the primary behavioral and psychological factors contributing to vaccine hesitancy. Cross-sectional data was collected via a multi-stage sampling design by using a scheduled sample survey in the Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh, India, between 15 July 2022 to 30 September 2022. This study has utilized three health behavior models—the Health Belief Model (HBM), the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), and the 5C Psychological Antecedents of vaccination, and employed bivariate and multivariable binary logistic regression model to assess the level of vaccine hesitancy and predictive health behavior of the respondents. Results indicate that among the constructs of the HBM and 5C Antecedents models, "perceived benefits", "confidence" and "collective responsibility" showed a lesser likelihood of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. However, in the TPB model constructs, a ‘negative attitude towards the vaccine’ showed a four times higher likelihood of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. From the future policy perspective, this study suggested that addressing the issue of ‘negative attitudes towards the vaccine’ and increasing the trust or confidence for the vaccine through increasing awareness about the benefits of the vaccination in India may reduce vaccine hesitancy.

Complete dataset of dogs vaccinated during study. (XLSX 1444 kb)

Table showing the proportion of COVID-19 infections in a cohort of 2762 health care personnel in a tertiary care centre, Mumbai, India.

Market Analysis for India Meningococcal Disease Vaccine (2029) The India meningococcal disease vaccine market registered a promising growth of XX% CAGR during the historical period (2019-2024). The market is projected to reach a valuation of million by 2029. Key drivers propelling market growth include increasing awareness of meningococcal disease, government initiatives to strengthen vaccination programs, and a rising population at risk. The market is further segmented by application (healthcare professionals, parents) and types (serogroup A, B, C, W-135, Y). Key Trends and Challenges: The market is witnessing a growing trend toward combination vaccines that protect against multiple serogroups. Innovative technologies, such as reverse vaccinology and conjugate vaccines, are also driving advancements in the vaccine space. However, challenges such as vaccine hesitancy, cold chain management, and supply constraints may hinder the market's full potential. Global players like Serum Institute of India, Sanofi, and GSK hold a significant presence in the market. Regional data shows a considerable market in Asia Pacific, with India being a major contributor. The study period for this market analysis spans from 2019 to 2033, providing a comprehensive overview of market dynamics for the coming years.

The global hepatitis vaccine market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing awareness of viral hepatitis, expanding vaccination programs, and the rising prevalence of chronic liver diseases associated with hepatitis B and A infections. The market, valued at approximately $6 billion in 2025, is projected to exhibit a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of around 7% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by several key factors. Firstly, increased government initiatives and public health campaigns focusing on preventative measures are leading to higher vaccination rates, particularly in developing countries where hepatitis prevalence is high. Secondly, advancements in vaccine technology, including the development of combination vaccines and improved delivery systems, are enhancing efficacy and convenience, boosting market adoption. Furthermore, the aging global population increases the susceptible adult population requiring vaccination, contributing to market expansion. While challenges remain, such as vaccine hesitancy in certain regions and the high cost of vaccines in low-income countries, the overall market outlook remains positive due to continuous research and development, growing demand, and a greater focus on global health initiatives. The market segmentation reveals significant opportunities across various vaccine types and application areas. Hepatitis B vaccines currently dominate the market due to their established presence and broader usage in both pediatric and adult vaccination schedules. However, the Hepatitis A vaccine segment is also poised for substantial growth, driven by increasing awareness and targeted vaccination campaigns in regions with high prevalence. Geographically, North America and Europe currently hold significant market shares due to high healthcare expenditure and established vaccination infrastructure. However, the Asia-Pacific region is emerging as a key growth area, fueled by increasing disposable incomes, improving healthcare infrastructure, and rising awareness of hepatitis prevention in countries like China and India. Major players like GSK, Merck, Sanofi, and Serum Institute of India are driving innovation and expanding their market presence through strategic partnerships, product diversification, and geographic expansion. The competitive landscape remains intense, with companies constantly striving to improve vaccine efficacy, safety, and affordability.

The global oral delivery vaccines market, valued at $3651.6 million in 2025, is poised for significant growth. While the exact CAGR is unavailable, considering the consistent demand driven by increasing vaccination rates globally and the ongoing efforts to improve vaccine accessibility and affordability, a conservative estimate places the CAGR between 7% and 10% for the forecast period 2025-2033. This growth is fueled by several key drivers. Rising prevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases, particularly in developing nations, necessitates widespread vaccination programs. Furthermore, advancements in vaccine technology, leading to improved efficacy, safety profiles, and ease of administration, are boosting market expansion. The convenience and cost-effectiveness associated with oral delivery, eliminating the need for trained healthcare professionals for administration, are also contributing factors. Increased government initiatives promoting vaccination programs and public health awareness campaigns further underpin market expansion. Segmentation analysis reveals strong growth across various vaccine types, with rotavirus, cholera, and oral polio vaccines leading the way. Both public and private sectors are major consumers, reflecting the diverse applications of these vaccines. Significant regional variations exist. North America and Europe are expected to maintain substantial market shares due to robust healthcare infrastructure and high per capita income. However, the Asia-Pacific region is projected to witness the fastest growth, driven by rising population, increasing healthcare expenditure, and a growing awareness of vaccine importance. Market restraints include potential adverse effects associated with certain oral vaccines and challenges in maintaining the cold chain for effective vaccine storage and distribution, particularly in resource-limited settings. Despite these challenges, the overall outlook for the oral delivery vaccines market remains positive, with considerable opportunities for growth and innovation in the coming years. Major players like Merck, GSK, Sanofi, and several prominent vaccine manufacturers in India and China are driving innovation and expanding their market presence.

The Indian veterinary market, valued at approximately ₹100 billion (approximately $12.5 billion USD, based on an assumed exchange rate and market size conversion from the provided 1.25 million value unit) in 2025, is experiencing robust growth, driven by factors such as rising pet ownership, increasing awareness of animal health, and expanding veterinary infrastructure. The market is projected to exhibit a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8.63% from 2025 to 2033, indicating significant future potential. Key drivers include a growing middle class with increased disposable income to spend on pet care, the growing preference for companion animals, and government initiatives promoting animal welfare and disease control. The market is segmented by product (therapeutics such as vaccines and anti-infectives, and diagnostics including immunodiagnostic and molecular tests), animal type (dogs and cats, livestock like ruminants and poultry), and therapeutic areas. While the dog and cat segment currently dominates, the livestock sector shows promising growth potential due to increasing demand for safe and high-quality animal protein, driving the need for effective veterinary care and disease prevention. Challenges include a lack of standardized veterinary practices across regions, affordability concerns among some segments of the population, and the need for improved disease surveillance and control mechanisms. However, the overall outlook remains positive, with increasing investment in the veterinary sector and technological advancements further fueling market expansion. The major players in this dynamic market include both multinational corporations like Boehringer Ingelheim, Zoetis, and Merck, as well as domestic companies such as Hester Biosciences and Indian Immunologicals. These companies are actively involved in product development, distribution, and service provision, further strengthening the competitive landscape. The market presents significant opportunities for companies focused on innovation in diagnostics, preventative healthcare, and specialized veterinary services. This includes developing cost-effective solutions that cater to the diverse needs of various animal types and socioeconomic groups within India. Recent developments include: October 2022 : Hyderabad-based Indian Immunologicals Limited (IIL) announced that the company will invest about Rs 700 Crores to set up a new animal vaccine manufacturing facility in Genome Valley, Hyderabad - the 'Vaccine Hub of the World', to meet the vaccine security of the nation against economically important diseases such as Foot and Mouth disease (FMD) and other emerging diseases. The facility will create total employment for around 750 people., December 2021: Fujifilm India Pvt. Ltd, a pioneer in medical imaging and diagnostic technologies, recently joined hands with A'alda Vet India Pvt. Ltd to boost healthcare facilities for pets. As part of the partnership, Fujifilm India will provide innovative medical and screening devices to DCC (Dogs, Cats, and Companions) animals.. Key drivers for this market are: Advanced Technology Leading to Innovations in Animal Healthcare, Increasing Adoption of Pet in India. Potential restraints include: Advanced Technology Leading to Innovations in Animal Healthcare, Increasing Adoption of Pet in India. Notable trends are: The Vaccine Segment is Expected to Have the Highest Growth Rate Over the Forecast Period.

The global tuberculosis (TB) vaccination market is poised for significant growth, driven by increasing TB incidence, particularly in developing nations, and ongoing efforts to improve vaccination rates. The market, estimated at $2 billion in 2025, is projected to experience a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7% from 2025 to 2033, reaching approximately $3.5 billion by 2033. Key drivers include rising awareness of TB's impact, government initiatives promoting vaccination programs (especially through organizations like UNICEF), and the continuous development of improved and more effective vaccines. The market is segmented by application (self-procurement, UNICEF, and other organizations) and vaccine type (immune vaccines and therapy vaccines). Immune vaccines currently dominate the market share due to their widespread use in national immunization programs, while therapy vaccines represent a growing niche with potential for future expansion. The substantial presence of key players like Merck and Serum Institute of India, alongside regional variations in vaccination rates and healthcare infrastructure, contribute to the market's dynamic landscape. Challenges such as vaccine hesitancy, limited access to healthcare in certain regions, and the emergence of drug-resistant TB strains represent potential restraints to market growth, demanding innovative solutions and strategic interventions. The regional distribution reveals significant variations, with Asia Pacific, including India and China, anticipated to hold the largest market share due to high TB prevalence. North America and Europe are expected to maintain moderate growth due to established healthcare infrastructure and relatively lower TB incidence. However, ongoing research and development into novel TB vaccines, including those targeting specific strains or offering improved efficacy and safety profiles, are expected to fuel market expansion. The self-procurement segment is likely to experience moderate growth, driven by increasing private healthcare expenditure and growing awareness among individuals, particularly in developed nations. Collaboration between pharmaceutical companies, public health organizations, and research institutions is vital in addressing the challenges and realizing the full potential of the TB vaccination market.