In 2024, the trade surplus of goods in Russia amounted to about ****** billion U.S. dollars, having sharply decreased from the previous year. The indicator is calculated as exports minus imports of goods. A positive value means a trade surplus; a negative trade balance means a trade deficit. Russia's politics and the effect on the economy Russia has maintained a positive trade balance over the last 10 years, but in 2009, Russian exports slumped significantly due to the economic crisis. Since then, Russia has recovered and the country reports a greater surplus now than it did prior to the crisis. However, Russia’s economy has been weakened recently because of reductions in global oil and gas prices, upon which the Russian economy is largely dependent, and because of international tensions as a result of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. In the past couple of years, Russia has often reacted with hostility to any developments seen as threatening, and as Russia continues to provoke international conflict, this will affect its economy and likely hurt existing trade relations with both import and export partners. As a result, GDP growth was negative in 2015. This has also contributed to significant reductions in GDP per capita, which will directly affect Russian citizens, and more so as Russia’s inflation is peaking, and the unemployment rate continues to rise. In 2015, the inflation rate was close to ** percent. Economic diversification beyond oil and gas in addition to maintaining trade relations would help Russia’s economy.

Iran’s gross domestic product (GDP) inclined by 3.33 percent in 2020 after adjusting for inflation. This figure fell from 13.4 percent growth four years ago, which had been a reaction to sanctions lifting after the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JPCOA) regarding Iran’s nuclear program. United States president Donald Trump ended that country’s participation in the deal, imposing new sanctions.

Political influence on the economy

Political tensions have hampered the economy of Iran, keeping growth low in spite of the country’s considerable oil reserves. The effect of these sanctions becomes obvious when looking at Iran’s oil exports to Europe over the past decade. Some analysts have blamed the new sanctions for the increase in Iran’s inflation rate, as well as the currency depreciation that has accompanied it.

Iran’s options

Although Iran’s main export partners are largely in Asia, many of the transactions are carried out using U.S. dollars. Even though other means of payment are possible, some countries worry about political ramifications of continuing trade relations with Iran. Iran’s greatest strength at the moment may be its low national debt, meaning that it can borrow a substantial amount of money if it can find a willing lender. However, given the instability of the political situation worldwide and regionally, it is difficult to assume that such a borrower exists at the moment.

The statistic shows the growth of the real gross domestic product (GDP) in India from 2020 to 2024, with projections up until 2030. GDP refers to the total market value of all goods and services that are produced within a country per year. It is an important indicator of the economic strength of a country. Real GDP is adjusted for price changes and is therefore regarded as a key indicator for economic growth. In 2024, India's real gross domestic product growth was at about 6.46 percent compared to the previous year. Gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate in India Recent years have witnessed a shift of economic power and attention to the strengthening economies of the BRIC countries: Brazil, Russia, India, and China. The growth rate of gross domestic product in the BRIC countries is overwhelmingly larger than in traditionally strong economies, such as the United States and Germany. While the United States can claim the title of the largest economy in the world by almost any measure, China nabs the second-largest share of global GDP, with India racing Japan for third-largest position. Despite the world-wide recession in 2008 and 2009, India still managed to record impressive GDP growth rates, especially when most of the world recorded negative growth in at least one of those years. Part of the reason for India’s success is the economic liberalization that started in 1991and encouraged trade subsequently ending some public monopolies. GDP growth has slowed in recent years, due in part to skyrocketing inflation. India’s workforce is expanding in the industry and services sectors, growing partially because of international outsourcing — a profitable venture for the Indian economy. The agriculture sector in India is still a global power, producing more wheat or tea than anyone in the world except for China. However, with the mechanization of a lot of processes and the rapidly growing population, India’s unemployment rate remains relatively high.

Gold rose to 3,325.31 USD/t.oz on July 29, 2025, up 0.32% from the previous day. Over the past month, Gold's price has risen 0.67%, and is up 37.99% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Gold - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

Vietnam’s real gross domestic product (GDP) has been experiencing positive growth for the past five years since 2019, and is projected to continue to do so through 2030. In 2023, Vietnam’s real GDP increased by around five percent compared to the previous year. Learning from real GDP Real gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure that reflects the value of all goods and services an economy produces within a given year. It is expressed in base-year prices, and is thus an inflation-adjusted way to compare a country’s economic output through the years. The GDP growth rate is a significant indicator of a country’s economic health, as it reacts to the economy’s expansions and contractions. Vietnam’s optimistic future As indicated by the positive growth rate of its real GDP, Vietnam’s economy is expanding due to growth in exports, domestic demand, and the manufacturing sector. As the economy expands, so does the total expenditure of Vietnamese consumers. The average monthly income per capita in Vietnam increased to almost 3.8 percent in 2018, and is spent on fast moving consumer goods from popular brands like Vinamilk and P/S.

India was greatly affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in various sectors. Intending to get hold of the situation, India announced its first nation-wide lockdown in March 2020, which led to the economic slowdown. Consequently, international trade took a huge hit as well. In April 2021, imported commodities, specifically silver, pulses and newsprint, faced more than ** percent decline compared to previous year. By contrast, in April 2022,close to all commodities saw a significant recoveries compared to the previous year. India’s economic loss due to COVID-19

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic laid additional stress on the country's already struggling economy. With a GDP growth of just ***** percent in the fourth quarter of the financial year 2020, a drop of more than ** percent in the next quarter came as a huge blow. The markets reacted differently to the crisis, which was reflected in their growth rate. The automotive market was hit the hardest by the lockdown, as it showed the maximum negative growth. While most industries were shaken to their core, financial, real estate, and professional services were estimated to incur huge losses.

Sudden rise in unemployment

Owing to the lockdown, many Indians found themselves with no work. In May 2020, the unemployment levels reached a new high with more than ** percent of the country's labor force unemployed. However, the effects within the different parts of society varied. In April 2020, small traders and laborers suffered the most due to the coronavirus, as nearly a hundred million lost their jobs. Contrary to this, the farmers saw an increase in employment.

As a share of gross domestic product (GDP), Ukraine spent more on its military than any other country in 2023, reaching 37 percent of the country's GDP. The high figure is due to the country being invaded by Russia in February 2022. Algeria and Saudi Arabia followed behind.Leading military spending countriesIn gross terms, the countries with the highest military spending are the United States, China, and Russia. However, these are countries with large populations and GDPs, and smaller countries usually cannot compete alone, regardless of how much they invest. For this reason, they form alliances such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). NATO countries aim to pool two percent of their GDP towards their own militaries and to aid each other in case of war. Regional differencesThe past decade has seen an increase in global military spending. This has not been distributed evenly. That period saw large positive changes in military spending from several Asian countries, including a large increase from China. While this does not reflect the number of active conflicts, it reflects growing tensions in global affairs.

Inflation Rate in Russia decreased to 9.40 percent in June from 9.90 percent in May of 2025. This dataset provides - Russia Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Abstract

This survey was conducted in India between June 2013 and December 2014 as part of the Enterprise Survey project, an initiative of the World Bank. The objective of the survey is to obtain feedback from enterprises on the state of the private sector as well as to help in building a panel of enterprise data that will make it possible to track changes in the business environment over time, thus allowing, for example, impact assessments of reforms. Through interviews with firms in the manufacturing and services sectors, the survey assesses the constraints to private sector growth and creates statistically significant business environment indicators that are comparable across countries.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90% of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country's business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents' opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.

Data from 9,281 formal establishments was analyzed. Stratified random sampling was used to select the surveyed businesses. Data was collected using face-to-face interviews.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

The primary sampling unit of the study is the establishment. An establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.

Universe

The whole population, or universe of the study, is the non-agricultural economy. It comprises: all manufacturing sectors according to the group classification of ISIC Revision 3.1: (group D), construction sector (group F), services sector (groups G and H), and transport, storage, and communications sector (group I). Note that this definition excludes the following sectors: financial intermediation (group J), real estate and renting activities (group K, except sub-sector 72, IT, which was added to the population under study), and all public or utilities-sectors.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample was selected using stratified random sampling. Three levels of stratification were used: industry, establishment size, and region.

For stratification by industry, the universe was stratified into 11 manufacturing industries (food, textiles, chemicals, rubber/plastics, non-metallic mineral products, basic metals, fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment, electrical machinery and communications equipment, motor vehicles, and other manufacturing), and 7 services industries (construction, sales and repair of motor vehicles, wholesale, retail, hotels and restaurants, transportation/storage/communications, and IT).

Size stratification was defined following the standardized definition for the rollout: small (5 to 19 employees), medium (20 to 99 employees), and large (more than 99 employees). For stratification purposes, the number of employees was defined on the basis of reported permanent full-time workers. This seems to be an appropriate definition of the labor force since seasonal/casual/part-time employment is not common practice, apart from the construction and agriculture sectors which are not included in the survey.

Regional stratification was defined in 23 states. Delhi was included as a state for stratification purposes, whereas the 6 other UT's were excluded from the survey project (due to their very small size and low contribution to national GDP). The states of Sikkim and Mizoram were also excluded as their share of national GDP was less than 0.1%. At the onset of the survey project, Andhra Pradesh included Telangana (hence Telangana was not considered as its own state). The states of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura, and Meghalaya were combined and considered one state (Arunachal Pradesh) for the purposes of stratification. The survey focused on major cities and the surrounding business area.

For manufacturing establishments, the sample frame used for the survey in India was from the 2013 Annual Survey of Industries compiled by the Central Statistics Office of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.

For services establishments, industry associations lists were used to create lists from which to randomly sample from.

Given the impact that non-eligible units included in the sample universe may have on the results, adjustments may be needed when computing the appropriate weights for individual observations. The percentage of confirmed non-eligible units as a proportion of the total number of sampled establishments contacted for the survey was 14.9% (566 out of 3,789 establishments).

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The structure of the data base reflects the fact that two different versions of the questionnaire were used for 3 categories of businesses (manufacturing, retail, and other services/non-retail). The Manufacturing Questionnaire includes all common questions asked to all establishments and some specific questions relevant to manufacturing firms. The Services Questionnaire, administered to retail and other services/non-retail establishments, includes all common questions asked to all establishments and some specific questions relevant retail and other services firms. Each variation of the questionnaire is identified by the index variable, a0.

All variables are named using, first, the letter of each section and, second, the number of the variable within the section, i.e. a1 denotes section A, question 1. Variable names proceeded by a prefix "SAR" or "IND" indicate questions specific to the South Asia region or India only, therefore, they may not be found in the implementation of the rollout in other countries. All other suffixed variables are global and are present in all country surveys over the world. All variables are numeric with the exception of those variables with an "x" at the end of their names. The suffix "x" denotes that the variable is alpha-numeric.

Cleaning operations

Data entry and quality controls are implemented by the contractor and data is delivered to the World Bank in batches (typically 10%, 50% and 100%). These data deliveries are checked for logical consistency, out of range values, skip patterns, and duplicate entries. Problems are flagged by the World Bank and corrected by the implementing contractor through data checks, callbacks, and revisiting establishments.

Response rate

Survey non-response must be differentiated from item non-response. The former refers to refusals to participate in the survey altogether whereas the latter refers to the refusals to answer some specific questions. Enterprise Surveys suffer from both problems and different strategies were used to address these issues.

Item non-response was addressed by two strategies: a- For sensitive questions that may generate negative reactions from the respondent, such as corruption or tax evasion, enumerators were instructed to collect the refusal to respond as a different option from don’t know. b- Establishments with incomplete information were re-contacted in order to complete this information, whenever necessary.

Survey non-response was addressed by maximizing efforts to contact establishments that were initially selected for interview. Attempts were made to contact the establishment for interview at different times/days of the week before a replacement establishment (with similar strata characteristics) was suggested for interview. Survey non-response did occur but substitutions were made in order to potentially achieve strata-specific goals.

In May 2025, the index for consumer confidence in China ranged at ** points, up from **** points in the previous month. The index dropped considerably in the first half of 2022 and performed a sideways movement during 2023 and 2024. Consumer confidence Index The consumer confidence index (CCI), also called Index of Consumer Sentiment (ICS) is a commonly used indicator to measure the degree of economic optimism among consumers. Based on information about saving and spending activities of consumers, changes in business climate and future spending behavior are being projected. The CCI plays an important role for investors, retailers, and manufacturers in their decision-making processes. However, measurement of consumer confidence varies strongly from country to country. As consumers need time to react to economic changes, the CCI tends to lag behind other indicators like the consumer price index (CPI) and the producer price index (PPI). Development in China As shown by the graph at hand, confidence among Chinese consumers picked up since mid of 2016. In October 2017, the CCI hit a record value of 127.6 index points and entered into a sideward movement. Owing to a relative stability in GDP growth, a low unemployment rate, and a steady development of disposable household income, Chinese consumers gained more confidence in the state of the national economy. Those factors also contribute to the consumers’ spending power, which was reflected by a larger share of consumption in China’s GDP. After the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic, consumer confidence dropped quickly in the beginning of 2020, but started to recover in the second half of the year, leading to a v-shaped movement of the index in 2020.

In 2018, the estimated average inflation rate in Pakistan amounted to about 3.93 percent compared to the previous year, a slight drop from 2017, but an ever sharper one compared to four years earlier. Over the next few years, forecasts estimate it to level off at around 6.5 percent.

Pakistan‘s more or less fragile economy

Pakistan is one of the most populous countries in the worldwith a large Muslim population and a rather low urbanization rate, which means that the majority of Pakistanis live in rural areas. However, the majority of the country's GDP is generated by the services sector, which also employs most of the workforce. As of now, Pakistan’s economic growth seems stable, but that wasn’t always the case.

Stable growth ahead?

Like many others, Pakistan’s economy suffered during the 2009 financial crisis, and while it has recovered today, inflation was still over 10 percent in 2012. GDP slumped during that time as well, but now, ten years later, it has almost tripled and seems to be on an upward trend. Although its GDP generation now mainly relies on services, Pakistan still exports agricultural goods like cotton. However, the country still struggles with an increasing trade deficit and thus rising national debt – two factors that could hinder economic growth in the future.

The number of international tourist arrivals in Northern Africa was forecast to continuously increase between 2024 and 2029 by in total 9.6 million arrivals (+27.67 percent). After the ninth consecutive increasing year, the arrivals is estimated to reach 44.31 million arrivals and therefore a new peak in 2029. Depicted is the number of inbound international tourists. According to World Bank this refers to tourists travelling to a country which is not their usual residence, whereby the main purpose is not work related and the planned visitation period does not exceed 12 months. The forecast has been adjusted for the expected impact of COVID-19.The shown data are an excerpt of Statista's Key Market Indicators (KMI). The KMI are a collection of primary and secondary indicators on the macro-economic, demographic and technological environment in more than 150 countries and regions worldwide. All input data are sourced from international institutions, national statistical offices, and trade associations. All data has been are processed to generate comparable datasets (see supplementary notes under details for more information).Find more key insights for the number of international tourist arrivals in countries like Western Africa and Eastern Africa.

Inflation Rate in South Korea increased to 2.20 percent in June from 1.90 percent in May of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - South Korea Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

According to data from the European Central Bank, this graph displays the monthly exchange rate (as of the end of each month) of the euro to the Polish zloty (EUR/PLN). The concrete, or time, the measure shows the exchange rate as of the last day of each month, which is different from the standardized measure, a calculation of the average based on observations throughout the period in question.As of June 2025, the exchange rate of the euro to the zloty amounted to ****, a decrease from the previous month.   EUR/PLN exchange rate analysis      The initial phase of the economic activity breakdown in Poland and key global centers caused by the coronavirus epidemic is slowly passing. There is a growing belief in markets that many stimulus packages will improve the economic situation and allow for a relatively rapid return to growth. The recovery is conducive to recouping losses by emerging market currencies — among which is the Polish zloty. However, further strengthening of the Polish currency should be carried out gradually. The beginning of 2020 for the Polish zloty can be described as turbulent. The limited depreciation of the zloty against the euro in January and February turned into a violent sale in March. Starting from the beginning of the year to the minimum point that the zloty reached in relation to the euro in the second half of March, the Polish currency lost about ***** percent.   Fundamental analysis      Recently, the Polish zloty has made up for some of the losses. The Polish government reacted quickly to the crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic. On ** March, the introduction of an "epidemic emergency" was announced, which on 20 March turned into an "epidemic state". Poland launched preventive measures relatively early, and the restrictions implemented were rather rigorous compared to many other European countries. Thus, economic activity in the country experienced a collapse. The GDP growth rate decreased from *** percent y/y in the fourth quarter of 2019 to *** percent in the first quarter of 2020. The data for the second quarter will undoubtedly show a much larger downturn scale, mostly due to the lockdown. April's data indicate an evident deterioration of the labor market situation. The data for the following months will most likely show a further increase in the unemployment rate. The Polish authorities have taken coordinated steps to support the economy during the crisis, assisting businesses and households. Under the two key adopted packages, the total value of measures is estimated at around *** billion zloty, equivalent to roughly ** percent of the country's GDP. Concerning the size of the economy, it is one of the most extensive aid packages among the European Union countries. Poland is in the process of opening the economy. This gives hope that economic activity in Poland will regain momentum. Apart from the significant fiscal and monetary stimulation undertaken by the Polish authorities, Poland can probably also count on considerable support from the EU. The new proposal of the European Commission assumes financial assistance for the EU countries. Poland will probably be one of the largest beneficiaries of this proposal if it is accepted in this or a similar form.