Model-based prognostics approaches use _domain knowledge about a system and its failure modes through the use of physics-based models. Model-based prognosis is generally divided into two sequential problems: a joint state-parameter estimation problem, in which, using the model, the health of a system or component is determined based on the observations; and a prediction problem, in which, using the model, the state-parameter distribution is simulated forward in time to compute end of life and remaining useful life. The first problem is typically solved through the use of a state observer, or filter. The choice of filter depends on the assumptions that may be made about the system, and on the desired algorithm performance. In this paper, we review three separate filters for the solution to the first problem: the Daum filter, an exact nonlinear filter; the unscented Kalman filter, which approximates nonlinearities through the use of a deterministic sampling method known as the unscented transform; and the particle filter, which approximates the state distribution using a finite set of discrete, weighted samples, called particles. Using a centrifugal pump as a case study, we conduct a number of simulation-based experiments investigating the performance of the different algorithms as applied to prognostics.

In this work we compute a reasonably comprehensive set of tables for current and next generation survey facility filter conversions. Almost all useful transforms are included with the ProSpect software package described in Robotham et al (2020) Users are free to provide their own filters and compute their own transforms, where the included package examples outline the approach. This arXiv document will be relatively frequently updated, so people are encouraged to get in touch with their suggestions for additional utility (i.e. new filter sets).

Parameter presets for the domain transform filter used in testing.

The proposed framework generates a unique set of context-dependent filters based on the input image, and combines them with max-pooling to produce transformation-invariant feature representations.

It is important to understand the role of terrestrial ecosystems in the global carbon cycle, especially for circumpolar regions where fire disturbances are frequent. We developed an atmospheric inversion system based on the local ensemble transform Kalman

IFAX 2 Filter Spectrometer Optical Density with Graphics Transform curve from Schlumberger. Measured in unitless.

These data are simulated results used in the manuscript titled "Hourly aerosol assimilation of Himawari-8 AOT using the four-dimensional local ensemble transform Kalman filter" to Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems.

RF and Microwave Filter Market Outlook

The RF and Microwave Filter market has witnessed significant growth and transformation over the past decade, with its market size valued at approximately USD 12 billion in 2023. With a robust CAGR of 6.5% projected between 2024 and 2032, the market is anticipated to reach a value of approximately USD 21.2 billion by the end of 2032. This growth is primarily driven by the relentless technological advancements in wireless communication systems and the increasing demand for sophisticated electronic devices across various sectors. The proliferation of 5G networks, along with advancements in defense communication technologies, forms the backbone of this market's expansion, reflecting the critical role of RF and microwave filters in enabling efficient signal transmission.

One of the primary growth factors for the RF and Microwave Filter market is the ever-increasing demand for enhanced communication solutions. The transition towards 5G and beyond has necessitated the deployment of advanced RF and microwave filters, which are integral to improving signal clarity and reducing interference in wireless communication. The surge in data consumption and the need for higher bandwidth to support applications such as IoT, smart devices, and autonomous vehicles are driving the demand for high-performance filters. Moreover, the expansion of mobile broadband services, especially in emerging markets, is propelling the need for modern infrastructure that relies heavily on efficient filtering technologies.

Another significant growth driver is the burgeoning aerospace and defense sector, which demands cutting-edge RF and microwave filters for secure and reliable communication. Defense forces worldwide are increasingly investing in modern warfare technologies that include advanced radars, electronic warfare systems, and satellite communication, all of which require sophisticated filters to function optimally. The need for enhanced security and surveillance capabilities has led to increased funding in defense projects, thereby boosting the demand for RF and microwave filters. This trend is further supported by governmental initiatives aimed at strengthening national security, which in turn propels market growth.

The automotive industry's evolution towards electric and autonomous vehicles also contributes to the market's growth. As vehicles become more connected and autonomous, the requirement for advanced communication systems within the automotive sector has risen sharply. RF and microwave filters play a crucial role in ensuring seamless communication between various vehicle systems, enhancing the performance and reliability of vehicular communication networks. The integration of filters in automotive radar systems for collision avoidance and navigation further accentuates their importance in this industry, thus driving their demand.

Regionally, the Asia Pacific dominates the RF and Microwave Filter market, largely due to the rapid industrialization and technological advancements in countries like China, Japan, and South Korea. The region is expected to maintain its lead, supported by a high CAGR during the forecast period. North America and Europe also hold significant market shares, driven by their advanced aerospace and defense sectors and the ongoing deployment of next-generation communication networks. The Middle East & Africa, and Latin America, while currently holding smaller shares, are witnessing gradual growth fueled by infrastructure development and increased military spending.

Type Analysis

The RF and Microwave Filter market is segmented by type into band pass filter, low pass filter, high pass filter, band stop filter, and others, each serving unique functions in different applications. Band pass filters, which allow signals within a certain frequency range to pass while attenuating frequencies outside that range, are widely used in communication systems and are anticipated to dominate the market. The growth can be attributed to their extensive use in wireless communication and the ongoing expansion of mobile broadband networks. With the rapid adoption of 5G technology, the demand for band pass filters is expected to surge, as they are essential in filtering out interference and ensuring clear signal transmission.

Low pass filters are another critical segment, primarily used in applications where the removal of high-frequency signals is necessary. They find applications in audio systems, radio transmitters, and various other electronic devices. The increasing demand for consumer electronics, coupled with advancements

Cylinder Particulate Filter Market Outlook

The global Cylinder Particulate Filter market size is projected to experience substantial growth, expanding from a market size of approximately $1.5 billion in 2023 to an estimated $3.4 billion by 2032, registering a notable CAGR of 9.5% during the forecast period. This growth is primarily driven by stringent environmental regulations and the increasing demand for cleaner emission systems in various industrial and automotive sectors. The adoption of cylinder particulate filters is becoming increasingly critical as industries strive to meet emission standards and reduce their environmental footprints.

One of the primary growth factors for the Cylinder Particulate Filter market is the global push towards reducing air pollution and carbon emissions. Governments and regulatory bodies worldwide are implementing stricter emission standards, particularly in the automotive industry, to combat the adverse effects of pollution on health and the environment. This has led to a surge in demand for particulate filters as they play a crucial role in capturing and reducing harmful emissions. Additionally, technological advancements in filter materials and designs are enhancing the efficiency and durability of these components, further propelling market growth.

The automotive sector represents a significant portion of the demand for cylinder particulate filters. With the automotive industry undergoing a transformation towards greener technologies, there is an increasing emphasis on equipping vehicles with advanced emission control systems. The rising popularity of electric and hybrid vehicles, which often require specialized filtration systems, is also contributing to the market's expansion. Moreover, manufacturers are focusing on developing cost-effective and high-performance filters to cater to the growing needs of both passenger and commercial vehicles, boosting the overall market trajectory.

Another key factor fueling the market is the growth of industrial applications for particulate filters. Industries such as manufacturing, power generation, and marine are under pressure to comply with environmental standards, leading to heightened demand for efficient filtration solutions. The growing awareness of the impact of industrial emissions on climate change and public health is pushing companies to invest in advanced cylinder particulate filters to reduce their emissions. This trend is expected to continue as industries worldwide prioritize sustainability and environmental responsibility.

Regionally, the Cylinder Particulate Filter market is witnessing significant growth, with regions like Asia Pacific and Europe leading the charge. The Asia Pacific region, with its booming automotive industry and rapid industrialization, presents lucrative opportunities for market players. Europe, known for its stringent emission standards and commitment to environmental sustainability, is also a key market for cylinder particulate filters. Meanwhile, North America and Latin America are expected to see steady growth, driven by increasing regulatory requirements and technological advancements in emission control systems.

Product Type Analysis

The Cylinder Particulate Filter market is segmented by product type into metallic and ceramic filters, each offering distinct advantages and applications. Metallic filters are known for their robustness and durability, making them particularly suitable for high-temperature applications and environments where mechanical stress is prevalent. These filters are often utilized in heavy-duty industrial settings and commercial vehicles where longevity and resistance to harsh conditions are paramount. Their ability to withstand thermal cycling and corrosion further enhances their appeal in various sectors.

Ceramic filters, on the other hand, are valued for their excellent thermal resistance and filtration efficiency. These filters are commonly used in applications where fine particulate removal is essential, such as in passenger vehicles and certain industrial processes. Ceramic materials are capable of withstanding higher temperatures without degrading, making them ideal for high-performance applications that require reliable emission control solutions. The increasing demand for lightweight and highly efficient filtration systems continues to drive the adoption of ceramic filters in the market.

The choice between metallic and ceramic filters often depends on the specific requirements of the application, including operating conditions, cost considerations, and desired performanc

Cooking Oil Filter Market Outlook

The global cooking oil filter market size was valued at approximately USD 1.8 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 3.1 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.2% during the forecast period. The primary growth factors contributing to this market expansion include the increasing awareness regarding health and hygiene, rising demand from the food and beverage industry, and advancements in filtration technologies.

The growing consciousness about the health benefits of consuming clean and filtered cooking oil is one of the major drivers of the cooking oil filter market. Consumers are becoming more aware of the negative health impacts of consuming oil containing impurities, which can lead to various health issues. This awareness is fostering a higher adoption rate of cooking oil filters, especially in residential and commercial kitchens. The demand for high-quality, clean cooking oil is directly pushing the need for efficient filtration systems.

Another significant growth factor is the booming food and beverage industry, which requires large quantities of cooking oil. Commercial establishments such as restaurants, hotels, and fast-food chains use cooking oil filters to enhance the quality and longevity of the oil, thus reducing operational costs and improving food quality. With the expansion of the food service sector globally, the demand for cooking oil filters is set to rise, contributing to the market's growth.

Technological advancements in filtration methods are also propelling the cooking oil filter market. Innovations such as automated filtration systems, smart filters, and eco-friendly filtration materials are transforming the market landscape. These advanced filters not only improve the efficiency of the filtration process but also extend the life of the cooking oil, making them highly cost-effective for end-users. These technological developments are expected to provide lucrative growth opportunities for market participants.

In addition to the technological advancements, the role of Cooking Oil Collection Services is becoming increasingly significant in the cooking oil filter market. These services provide a sustainable solution for managing used cooking oil, which is often a byproduct in commercial kitchens. By collecting and recycling used oil, these services help reduce waste and promote environmental sustainability. The integration of oil collection services with filtration systems can enhance the overall efficiency of oil management in restaurants and food processing units. This not only contributes to cost savings but also aligns with the growing consumer demand for eco-friendly business practices. As more establishments adopt these services, the demand for compatible filtration systems is expected to rise, further driving market growth.

The regional outlook of the cooking oil filter market is diverse, with North America and Europe leading in terms of market share due to the high adoption rate of advanced filtration technologies and stringent food safety regulations. The Asia Pacific region, however, is expected to exhibit the highest growth rate during the forecast period, driven by the expanding food service industry and rising health awareness among consumers. Emerging markets in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also presenting growth opportunities due to increasing urbanization and changing dietary habits.

Product Type Analysis

The cooking oil filter market can be segmented by product type into portable oil filters, in-line oil filters, countertop oil filters, and others. Portable oil filters are increasingly gaining popularity due to their convenience and ease of use. These filters are ideal for smaller establishments and residential kitchens where space is limited and flexibility is required. The portability aspect allows users to move the filters as needed, enhancing their usability and appeal, especially in dynamic kitchen environments.

In-line oil filters are primarily used in larger commercial and industrial settings where continuous filtration is needed. These filters are integrated into the cooking systems and provide a seamless filtration process without interrupting the cooking operations. The efficiency and seamless operation make in-line oil filters a preferred choice for high-volume food production facilities. Their ability to handle large volumes of oil consis

Link to the ScienceBase Item Summary page for the item described by this metadata record. Service Protocol: Link to the ScienceBase Item Summary page for the item described by this metadata record. Application Profile: Web Browser. Link Function: information

The global home air filter market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing awareness of indoor air quality (IAQ) and rising prevalence of respiratory illnesses. The market, estimated at $15 billion in 2025, is projected to expand at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7% from 2025 to 2033, reaching approximately $28 billion by 2033. This growth is fueled by several key factors, including urbanization leading to increased indoor pollutant exposure, rising disposable incomes enabling consumers to invest in better IAQ solutions, and stringent government regulations promoting healthier indoor environments. The market is segmented by application (online vs. offline sales) and filter type (pure copper, stainless steel, PP cotton), with online sales showing faster growth due to e-commerce penetration. Geographically, North America and Asia Pacific currently dominate the market, with China and the United States being significant contributors. However, growing awareness in emerging markets is expected to drive significant expansion in regions like South America and the Middle East & Africa in the coming years. Competition is intense, with major players like Midea, Haier, Panasonic, and others vying for market share through product innovation, strategic partnerships, and aggressive marketing campaigns. While the market shows strong growth potential, challenges such as fluctuating raw material prices and the need for continuous technological advancements in filter efficiency represent potential restraints. The increasing demand for advanced filtration technologies, such as HEPA and activated carbon filters, is transforming the market. Consumers are increasingly seeking filters that effectively remove pollutants like particulate matter, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and allergens. This trend is further reinforced by the rising adoption of smart home technology, with many manufacturers integrating smart features into their air filter products for enhanced user experience and remote control. The growing adoption of sustainable and eco-friendly materials in filter production is also a significant trend. The market is witnessing a shift towards reusable and recyclable filters, aligning with the growing environmental consciousness among consumers. Overall, the home air filter market presents a lucrative opportunity for manufacturers that can effectively address the growing consumer demand for high-performance, sustainable, and smart air filtration solutions.

This data set contains various measurements obtained from the analyses of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filters. The goal of the paper is to assess the potential of using PTFE filters collected in the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) to measure organic sulfur compounds. The data include 1) gravimetric mass measurements to assess mass stability over time, 2) FT-IR spectra to assess and understand the changes of the functional groups of each compound, and 3) IC and/or Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) to assess extraction efficiency and stability of each compound. All data were in ug/filter units except FT-IR spectra which is in absorbance units (AU). The compounds were organosulfur, methanesulfonic acid (MSA), hydroxymethanesulfonate ion (HMS), and organosulfate methyl sulfate (MS) and 2-methyl tetrol sulfate (2-MTS).

Stockwell transform(ST) time-frequency representation(ST-TFR) is a time frequency analysis method which combines short time Fourier transform with wavelet transform, and ST time frequency filtering(ST-TFF) method which takes advantage of time-frequency localized spectra can separate the signals from Gaussian noise. The ST-TFR and ST-TFF methods are used to analyze the fault signals, which is reasonable and effective in general Gaussian noise cases. However, it is proved that the mechanical bearing fault signal belongs to Alpha(α) stable distribution process(1 < α < 2) in this paper, even the noise also is α stable distribution in some special cases. The performance of ST-TFR method will degrade under α stable distribution noise environment, following the ST-TFF method fail. Hence, a new fractional lower order ST time frequency representation(FLOST-TFR) method employing fractional lower order moment and ST and inverse FLOST(IFLOST) are proposed in this paper. A new FLOST time frequency filtering(FLOST-TFF) algorithm based on FLOST-TFR method and IFLOST is also proposed, whose simplified method is presented in this paper. The discrete implementation of FLOST-TFF algorithm is deduced, and relevant steps are summarized. Simulation results demonstrate that FLOST-TFR algorithm is obviously better than the existing ST-TFR algorithm under α stable distribution noise, which can work better under Gaussian noise environment, and is robust. The FLOST-TFF method can effectively filter out α stable distribution noise, and restore the original signal. The performance of FLOST-TFF algorithm is better than the ST-TFF method, employing which mixed MSEs are smaller when α and generalized signal noise ratio(GSNR) change. Finally, the FLOST-TFR and FLOST-TFF methods are applied to analyze the outer race fault signal and extract their fault features under α stable distribution noise, where excellent performances can be shown.

Sampling the aquatic environment for microplastic concentration is inherently difficult because of variations in microplastic concentration, shape, and density and the potential for contamination. We present an assessment of a method for microplastic sampling that uses a peristaltic pump to pump water through a series of in-line stainless-steel mesh filters. Following filtration, the stainless-steel filters were treated using previously published methods to isolate microplastics, adjusted for the stainless-steel mesh filters. Microplastics were identified using micro-Fourier Transform Infrared (µFTIR) spectroscopy in transmission mode. This method was tested in the laboratory using standard polyethylene beads and was applied to two sample sites at the Las Vegas Wash in Nevada. The results showed 70% of the polyethylene beads were recovered after the peristaltic pump and laboratory steps with minimal blank contamination. The advantages of the peristaltic pump sampling method are it (1) supports a range of sample volumes, (2) reduces sample handling, (3) reduces the potential for contamination, (4) provides flexibility in sampling locations, and (5) supports a variety of filter types. Using stainless-steel mesh filters allows for (1) streamlined and direct field-to-laboratory sample processing, (2) µFTIR transmission mode analysis of filter-mounted microplastics, and (3) reduced filter and sample processing costs.

Automotive Air Filters Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global automotive air filters market size reached USD 5.65 billion in 2024, driven by the increasing demand for cleaner air in vehicles and stringent emission regulations worldwide. The market is expected to expand at a CAGR of 6.2% during the forecast period, reaching USD 9.68 billion by 2033. This robust growth is fueled by rising vehicle production, growing consumer awareness regarding air quality, and ongoing advancements in filter technology. As per our latest findings, the automotive air filters market is witnessing a significant transformation, propelled by both regulatory pressures and evolving customer expectations for vehicle performance and comfort.

The primary growth driver for the automotive air filters market is the increasing stringency of environmental regulations imposed by governments across the globe. Regulatory bodies, especially in North America and Europe, are mandating the use of high-efficiency filtration systems to curb vehicular emissions and improve air quality. These regulations are compelling automakers to integrate advanced air filter solutions into their vehicles, not only to comply with emission standards but also to enhance engine performance and fuel efficiency. Additionally, the rapid urbanization and industrialization in emerging economies have led to a surge in air pollution levels, further boosting the demand for automotive air filters as consumers become more conscious of the health risks associated with polluted cabin environments.

Another significant factor contributing to the growth of the automotive air filters market is the rising production and sales of automobiles, particularly in developing regions such as Asia Pacific and Latin America. The increasing disposable income of consumers in these regions has led to a higher demand for both passenger cars and commercial vehicles, thereby escalating the need for efficient air filtration systems. The aftermarket segment is also experiencing substantial growth, as vehicle owners are increasingly prioritizing regular maintenance and replacement of air filters to ensure optimal vehicle performance and occupant health. Furthermore, advancements in filter media technology, such as the adoption of synthetic and activated carbon filters, are enhancing the efficiency and lifespan of air filters, making them more appealing to both OEMs and end-users.

Technological innovation is playing a pivotal role in shaping the future of the automotive air filters market. Manufacturers are investing heavily in research and development to design filters that offer superior filtration efficiency, longer service intervals, and reduced environmental impact. The integration of nanotechnology and smart sensors in air filters is emerging as a promising trend, enabling real-time monitoring of air quality and filter condition. These innovations are not only improving the effectiveness of automotive air filters but are also creating new opportunities for market expansion. Additionally, the growing focus on electric and hybrid vehicles is expected to open up new avenues for air filter manufacturers, as these vehicles require specialized filtration solutions to protect sensitive electronic components and maintain cabin air quality.

From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific dominates the automotive air filters market, accounting for the largest share in 2024, followed by North America and Europe. The rapid growth of the automotive sector in countries like China, India, and Japan is a key factor driving market expansion in this region. North America and Europe are also significant markets, primarily due to the presence of stringent emission norms and a high level of consumer awareness regarding vehicle maintenance. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are witnessing steady growth, supported by increasing vehicle sales and gradual improvements in regulatory frameworks. Overall, the regional outlook for the automotive air filters market remains positive, with all major regions expected to contribute to market growth during the forecast period.

Uploaded as the second ESM file "Data" including the data at different antennas

RF Tunable Filter Market Outlook

As per our latest research, the RF Tunable Filter market size reached USD 1.19 billion in 2024 globally, with a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.6%. The market is projected to expand significantly, reaching USD 2.49 billion by 2033, driven by the rising demand for advanced wireless communication systems and the proliferation of connected devices. This growth is primarily attributed to the increasing adoption of RF tunable filters in 5G infrastructure, defense communication, and satellite communication, where dynamic frequency selection and interference mitigation are critical.

The accelerating deployment of 5G networks worldwide stands out as a primary growth factor for the RF Tunable Filter market. As network operators roll out 5G infrastructure, there is a heightened need for tunable filters that can dynamically adapt to varying frequency bands and ensure optimal signal integrity. The ability of RF tunable filters to provide selective frequency control, reduce signal interference, and support multiple communication standards makes them indispensable in modern wireless networks. Furthermore, the ongoing evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems and the surge in data traffic have created a pressing requirement for advanced filtering solutions, further propelling market growth.

Another key driver is the increasing utilization of RF tunable filters in aerospace and defense applications. These filters are critical in radar systems, electronic warfare, and secure military communication, where precise frequency tuning and robust interference mitigation are essential for mission success. The growing investments by governments in modernizing defense communication infrastructure and enhancing surveillance capabilities have led to a surge in demand for high-performance RF tunable filters. Additionally, advancements in electronic tuning mechanisms and the integration of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology are enabling the development of compact, energy-efficient, and highly reliable filters for use in harsh operating environments.

The RF Tunable Filter market is also benefiting from the expansion of satellite communication networks and the increasing adoption of wireless technologies in industrial automation and consumer electronics. As industries embrace digital transformation and smart manufacturing, the need for reliable, interference-free communication becomes paramount. RF tunable filters play a pivotal role in ensuring seamless connectivity and data transmission in these environments. Moreover, the growing trend of miniaturization in electronic devices and the emergence of software-defined radios are creating new avenues for market expansion, as manufacturers seek innovative filtering solutions that can be easily integrated into compact form factors.

Regionally, Asia Pacific dominates the RF Tunable Filter market, accounting for the largest revenue share in 2024, followed by North America and Europe. The rapid growth in this region is fueled by the massive deployment of 5G networks in countries like China, South Korea, and Japan, as well as significant investments in defense modernization and satellite communication infrastructure. North America remains a key market due to the presence of leading technology companies, robust defense spending, and early adoption of advanced wireless technologies. Europe is witnessing steady growth, driven by increasing investments in telecommunication infrastructure and the expansion of industrial automation. The Middle East & Africa and Latin America are also emerging as promising markets, supported by ongoing digital transformation initiatives and rising demand for advanced communication solutions.

Type Analysis

The RF Tunable Filter market is segmented by type into Bandpass Filters, Bandstop Filters, Low Pass Filters, High Pass Filters, and Others. Bandpass filters continue to command the largest market share, owing to their widespread adoption in communication systems that require selective frequency transmission while attenuating unwanted signals. These filters are extens

This data set contains FT-IR data obtained from spectra of PTFE filters routinely in IMPROVE network during the time period 2015-2017, as well as the corresponding routine IMPROVE data for all ( ~160) IMPROVE sites except Korea. The data include PM2.5 aerosol concentrations measurements for organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), total carbon (TC), sulfate, nitrate, silicon, aluminum, calcium, titanium, iron, mass and light absorption. The data are in ug/m3. Some samples are excluded based on routine validation criteria used by IMPROVE including samples known to be contaminated by a diesel generator near the site. For additional information, refer to Debus et al., 2021, submitted.

uploaded as the first ESM file "CODE.m" (matlab)