As of February 10, 2025, the majority of the transgender population aged 13 and over in the United States were living in a state with no ban on transgender people's use of bathrooms or facilities. However, 10 percent of the transgender population were living in a state which banned transgender people from using bathrooms and facilities consistent with their gender identity in K-12 schools only, while eight percent were living in a state which banned transgender people from using bathrooms and facilities corresponding to their gender identity in all government-owned buildings and spaces, including schools, colleges, and more. A further seven percent were living in a state which restricted transgender people from using bathrooms and facilities consistent with their gender identity in K-12 schools and at least some government-owned buildings as well. Anti-education legislation Statewide legislation affecting LGBTQ+ people in the U.S. has been on the rise recently, especially in K-12 schools. Many states have taken legal action to restrict schools from teaching topics of racism, sexism, gender identity, sexual orientation, and systemic inequality to students. However, studies show that Americans typically remain politically divided over how these topics should be taught; in 2022, the majority of Democratic parents were found to believe that children should be taught that the legacy of slavery still affects the position of Black people in American society today while the majority of Republican parents thought that children should be taught that slavery is a part of American history but does not affect the position of Black people in American society today. Book bans Censorship of these topics has also been seen in K-12 libraries, with book bans occurring in multiple states throughout the country. As of 2022, Texas had the highest number of books banned in the U.S., followed by Florida. Florida's Parental Rights in Education Act, which is often referred to as the "Don't Say Gay" law, has been particularly controversial as it aims to prevent discussion of gender identity or sexual orientation and remove books featuring LGBTQ+ characters in K-12 schools and libraries. Along with potentially harming LGBTQ+ students, K-12 teachers have also highlighted how these laws and debates over what topics should be taught in the classroom may negatively impact their ability to do their job.

In India, the state of Maharashtra, had a transgender population of approximately ** percent from 2010 to 2011. Tamil Nadu on the other hand had a lower transgender population which was roughly **** percent of the population.

As of April 2024, 55 percent of the LGBT population lived in the 50 states and the District of Columbia where private health insurance service providers weren't allowed to deny coverage for transgender-related health care services, such as sex reassignment surgery. However, only 40 percent lived in states where health insurance protections included sexual orientation and gender identity.

LGBT Americans The share of Americans self-identifying as lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender has grown in recent years. This suggests that insurance protections which cover LGBT-related health care services will also continue to grow in importance. The prevalence of younger Americans self-identifying as LGBT when compared with older generations confirms this. Millennials and Gen Xers are much more likely to personally identify as LGBT than previous generations were. Growing acceptance and tolerance in wider society means that more people are willing to be open about their gender identity and sexual orientation. For instance, support for same-sex marriage in the U.S. underwent a huge shift over the past two decades with the majority of Americans being in favor of it since 2011.

The TransPop study is the first national probability sample of transgender individuals in the United States (it also includes a comparative cisgender sample). A primary goal of this study was to provide researchers with a representative sample of transgender people in the United States. The study examines a variety of health-relevant domains including health outcomes and health behaviors, experiences with interpersonal and institutional discrimination, identity, transition-related experiences, and basic demographic characteristics (age, race/ethnicity, religion, political party affiliation, marital status, employment, income, location, sex, gender, and education). Co-investigators (in alphabetical order): Walter O. Bockting, Ph.D. (Columbia University); Jody L. Herman, Ph.D. (UCLA); Sari L. Reisner, Ph.D. (Harvard University and The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health).

Transgender people, often referred to as the Hijras in the Indian subcontinent, are an officially recognized third gender in the country and consider themselves neither male nor female. As per the latest census in 2011, India recorded over 487 thousand people who identified as the third gender, most of whom came from the northern state of Uttar Pradesh.

Socioeconomics of Hijras 

Hijras are associated by several terms, depending on culture and linguistics. In various Indian languages, Hijras are called Napunsakudu (Telugu), Thiru Nangai (Tamil), Khwaja Sara (Urdu), Khusra (Punjabi) and Mangalamukhi (Kannada) among others. The third gender is inherent to Indian mythology.

Socio-economically, Hijras live in well-defined communities, led by a Guru or teacher. They consist of generations of the third gender who were rejected by or fled from their birth-families. Apart from sex-work, performing at auspicious social gatherings or plain extortion was how most survived. This was due to the lack of education and employment due to their low status in their society’s hierarchy. This also meant that they underwent brutal violence with little or no opportunity for justice.

 Indian law and the third gender  

When the country’s Supreme Court re-criminalized homosexuality in 2013, there was a sharp increase in violence against the third gender by the Indian Police Service, far from investigating reports of sexual assault. Later in 2014, with the support of activists and NGOs lobbying for human rights, the same highest court ruled the recognition of the third gender community, equal to the socially and economically backward class. This meant that they now had access to proportional representation in education and jobs.

Abstract: Introduction: Transgender people are subject to discrimination and illness due to social marginalization and lack of access to basic rights, especially health care. They suffer from the inadequacy of care directed to basic health demands, high incidence of diseases and non-fulfillment of specific demands. The vulnerability of these people reaches a disturbing level due to disrespectful attitudes that lead trans people to avoid seeking help. Understanding that medical education geared to the needs of marginalized populations is the basis for universal access and adequate care, it is essential that medical schools define contents and pedagogical strategies for vulnerable groups. The aim of this study was to investigate and discuss how (and if) the topic of transgender people healthcare is contemplated in the undergraduate curriculum of medical schools in the state of São Paulo. Method: Exploratory, descriptive-analytical study based on data collected from medical schools in São Paulo, conducted in two stages: 1st, documentary research on the inclusion of the topic of trans people health in the undergraduate curricula; 2nd, research with teachers of the Bioethics courses, where a questionnaire was applied to evaluate how and if the topic is approached as a programmatic content. The data obtained in the 1st stage were analyzed quantitatively and are presented as relative frequencies of the evaluated characteristics, while those of the 2nd stage were analyzed through the descriptive statistical method (closed questions) and content analysis (open questions). Results: We identified references to the trans topic in the formal curricula of only 2 of the 32 surveyed medical schools, with a total of 5 citations on the topic. Analyzing the questionnaires applied to teachers in the area of bioethics, we found reports of discussions on this topic in 5/12 (42%) schools. Although all participants consider the topic to be important, only 7/12 (58%) consider themselves prepared to address it. Conclusion: It is postulated that the evident lack of content aimed at trans health in medical schools can make it difficult to reduce transphobia and develop more dignified services within the healthcare network for these people. Based on the subsidies found in the Bioethics of Protection theoretical framework, we believe the medical curricula and Bioethics courses should create spaces to address this issue, using different and effectively transformative pedagogical practices, and respecting gender identity in all environments.

The IPUMS Contextual Determinants of Health (CDOH) data series includes measures of disparities, policies, and counts, by state or county, for historically marginalized populations in the United States including Black, Asian, Hispanic/Latina/o/e/x, and LGBTQ+ persons, and women. The IPUMS CDOH data are made available through ICPSR/DSDR for merging with the National Couples' Health and Time Study (NCHAT), United States, 2020-2021 (ICPSR 38417) by approved restricted data researchers. All other researchers can access the IPUMS CDOH data via the IPUMS CDOH website. Unlike other IPUMS products, the CDOH data are organized into multiple categories related to Race and Ethnicity, Sexual and Gender Minority, Gender, and Politics. The CDOH measures were created from a wide variety of data sources (e.g., IPUMS NHGIS, the Census Bureau, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Movement Advancement Project, and Myers Abortion Facility Database). Measures are currently available for states or counties from approximately 2015 to 2020. The Sexual and Gender measures in this release include the proportion of a state's population identifying as LGBTQ+ in the U.S. Census Bureau's Household Pulse Survey, Phases 3.2 (07/21/2021-10/11/2021), 3.3 (12/01/2021-02/07/2022), 3.4 (03/02/2022-05/09/2022), and 3.5 (06/01/2022-08/08/2022). To work with the IPUMS CDOH data, researchers will need to first merge the NCHAT data to DS1 (MATCH ID and State FIPS Data). This merged file can then be linked to the IPUMS CDOH datafile (DS2) using the STATEFIPS variable.

According to a survey in 2023, more than two thirds of Americans believed that transgender people were discriminated against at least to some extent in the United States. Meanwhile, only ten percent felt transgender people did not receive discrimination.

The 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey (USTS) was conducted by the National Center for Transgender Equality (NCTE) to examine the experiences of transgender adults in the United States. The USTS questionnaire was administered online and data were collected over a 34-day period in the summer of 2015, between August 19 and September 21. The final sample included respondents from all fifty states, the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and U.S. military bases overseas. The USTS Public Use Dataset (PUDS) features survey results from 27,715 respondents and details the experiences of transgender people across a wide range of areas, such as education, employment, family life, health, housing, and interactions with police and prisons. The survey instrument had thirty-two sections that covered a broad array of topics, including questions related to the following topics (in alphabetical order): accessing restrooms; airport security; civic participation; counseling; family and peer support; health and health insurance; HIV; housing and homelessness; identity documents; immigration; intimate partner violence; military service; police and incarceration; policy priorities; public accommodations; sex work; sexual assault; substance use; suicidal thoughts and behaviors; unequal treatment, harassment, and physical attack; and voting. Demographic information includes age, racial and ethnic identity, sex assigned at birth, gender and preferred pronouns, sexual orientation, language(s) spoken at home, education, employment, income, religion/spirituality, and marital status. There are no publicly available data files for this study. The naming conventions were maintained from the original pre-ICPSR release and the PUDS file is restricted use along with the qualitative data (MS Excel) file. Before applying for access to these data please refer to the Approved Requests for USTS Data. These abstracts describe work currently in progress, and we provide them to help reduce the risk of duplication of research efforts.

According to a survey conducted in 2024, 42 percent of Americans thought that society has gone too far in accepting people who are transgender in the United States. 46 percent of white Americans and 41 percent of Hispanic Americans also shared this belief, compared to only 26 percent of Black Americans.

This collection includes a combined dataset of the Generations study wave 1 (baseline) survey and the TransPop study transgender survey. The two studies have many overlapping variables, and they examined topics such as respondents' health outcomes and behaviors, experiences with discrimination, identity, and transition-related experiences. Data from these studies were merged to allow for analysis of the combined LGBT populations. This dataset has also been reweighted to be representative of these populations. The complete Generations study data (baseline, wave 2, and wave 3 survey data) can be found under study number 37166, and the complete TransPop study data (transgender and cisgender survey data) can be found under study number 37938. For detailed information on the Generations and TransPop studies, including related publications, please refer to their respective DSDR/ICPSR study pages.

As of February 10, 2025, 37 percent of transgender adolescents aged 13 to 17 years in the United States were living in a state that banned best practice medication and surgical care for transgender youth, while three percent were living in a state that bans best-practice surgical care. Such legislation typically aims to restrict access to gender-affirming medical care for transgender people under 18, despite evidence to show that medical care bans increase the risk of harm for trans youth when they are forced to find care elsewhere. Laws targeting transgender students Recently, there has been a rise in state legislation restricting LGBTQ+ youth in the United States, particularly in K-12 schools. A growing number of transgender students have been banned from playing on school sports teams corresponding to their gender identity, and restricted from accessing their preferred bathrooms or locker rooms. Additionally, there has been an increase in laws that explicitly require teachers and staff to tell parents that their child is transgender, despite the risk of students facing harm from potentially unsupportive families.

In 2023, around ** percent of the Black people interviewed in the United States thought transgender people face a great deal of discrimination. In comparison, the share of Hispanic and white people who shared this view was about ** and ** percent, respectively.

The goal of this exploratory study was to delineate health differences among transgender subpopulations (transgender women/TW, transgender men/TM, gender nonbinary/GNB adults). 2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data were analyzed to compare the health of three groups (TW:N = 369; TM:N = 239; GNB:N = 156). Logistic regression and adjusted odds ratios were used to determine whether health outcomes (fair/poor health, frequent physical and mental unhealthy days, chronic health conditions, and health problems/impairments) are related to group and its interaction with personal characteristics and socioeconomic position. Group was a significant predictor of fair/poor health and frequent mental unhealthy days, revealing significant health differences between the transgender groups. The odds of poor/fair health were approximately 2.5 times higher in TM and GNB adults relative to TW. The odds of frequent mental unhealthy days for TM were approximately 1.5–2 times greater than TW and GNB adults. Among those with health insurance, the odds of fair/poor health for GNB adults was more than 1.5–2 times higher that of TM and TW. Among those without health insurance, TM had over 7 times greater odds of fair/poor health than TW. This study underscores the importance of classifying and examining the health of the transgender population as unique subpopulations, as notable health differences were discovered. TM and GNB adults have significant health concerns, requiring the attention of clinical interventions aimed at promoting health and preventing illness.

The US gender reassignment surgery market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing societal acceptance of transgender individuals, advancements in surgical techniques resulting in improved outcomes and patient satisfaction, and expanding access to healthcare coverage for gender-affirming care. The market's Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 12.50% from 2019-2024 suggests a significant expansion, indicating a substantial and growing demand for these procedures. This growth is fueled by a rising transgender population seeking medical transition, coupled with increased awareness and advocacy efforts promoting access to gender-affirming surgeries. The market segmentation reveals a substantial portion dedicated to male-to-female (MTF) surgeries, encompassing procedures like feminizing vaginoplasty, augmentation mammoplasty, and facial feminization. Female-to-male (FTM) surgeries, including phalloplasty and hysterectomy, also contribute significantly, though potentially with a slightly smaller market share. The primary end-users are hospitals and specialized clinics equipped to handle the complex nature of these procedures, reflecting the need for experienced surgeons and advanced medical facilities. While precise market figures for the US are unavailable in the provided data, based on the global CAGR and considering the significant US healthcare market, a reasonable estimate for the 2025 US market size could be in the range of $500 million to $750 million, assuming a proportionally larger US market share compared to other regions. The key players in the US market comprise a mix of specialized transgender healthcare centers and established cosmetic surgery practices. This competitive landscape drives innovation and improvements in surgical techniques, further stimulating market growth. However, factors such as high procedure costs, limited insurance coverage in certain areas, and the potential for lengthy wait times due to high demand could act as restraints. Future growth will depend on continued progress in surgical techniques, expanded insurance coverage, legislative changes increasing access to care, and ongoing efforts to destigmatize gender transition. Geographic variations in access to care and societal acceptance will also influence the growth trajectory across different regions within the US. The forecast period of 2025-2033 promises a substantial expansion, projecting a larger market size in 2033 due to the continued influence of the factors mentioned above, further solidifying the position of gender reassignment surgery as a significant segment within the broader healthcare landscape. Recent developments include: April 2023: Governor Murphy signed Executive Order No. 326 establishing New Jersey as a safe haven for gender-affirming health care by directing all state departments and agencies to protect all persons, including health care professionals and patients, against potential repercussions resulting from providing and receiving assisting in providing or receiving, seeking, or traveling to New Jersey to obtain gender-affirming health care services., September 2022: The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH), headquartered in the United States, updated its Standards of Care and Ethical Guidelines for health professionals. Among the updates is a new suggestion to lift the age restriction for youth seeking gender-affirming surgical treatment, in comparison to the previous suggestion of surgery at 17 or older.. Key drivers for this market are: Growing Burden of Gender Dysphoria, Rising Government Initiatives and Reimbursements. Potential restraints include: Growing Burden of Gender Dysphoria, Rising Government Initiatives and Reimbursements. Notable trends are: Facial Feminization Procedures Segment is Expected to Have Significant Growth in the Market Over the Forecast Period.

Weighted descriptive statistics by marital status and gender, transmen.

Estimated odds ratios and 95% CIs from logistic regression models predicting suicidality, transmen.

Mapping LGBTQ Equality: 2010 to 2020 presented the status of LGBTQ equality at the U.S. state level by examining a policy tally by the Movement Advancement Project (MAP), and encompassed nearly 40 LGBTQ-related laws and policies across all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the five U.S. territories as of January 1, 2020. The report also compared the January 1, 2020 status of LGBTQ policy landscape to the status of those same laws as of January 1, 2010. MAP's policy tally aggregated these laws and policies to gauge the LGBTQ-related policy landscape across the country. What emerged in 2020 was a patchwork of positive LGBTQ laws and policies, with variations both by region and area of law, as well as growth in both the policy accomplishments and challenges facing LGBTQ people over the decade of observation. Areas of law and policy included: relationship and parental recognition, nondiscrimination, religious exemptions, LGBTQ youth-related laws, health care, criminal justice, and identity documents.

The aim of this study was to identify discourses on access to and quality of comprehensive care for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people adopted by doctors working in the Family Health Strategy. This article reflects upon how these discourses influence the provision of healthcare to LGBT population. Fifteen doctors from Uberlândia and Belo Horizonte, in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, participated in the study. The analysis of the interviews was underpinned by the principles of social constructionism and based on the following analytical categories: the “no difference discourse”, “don’t know discourse”, “don’t want discourse”. Insights were gained into how these discourses prompt the silencing of issues related to the health status of LGBT people, alienating them from comprehensive universal healthcare. We conclude that to improve care provision for this population, healthcare providers need to change their approach. In this respect, training is urgently needed to improve the accessibility and delivery of comprehensive health services to LGBT people.

This catalog record includes detailed variable-level descriptions, enabling data discovery and comparison. The data are not archived at ICPSR. Users should consult the data owners (via the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research) directly for details on obtaining the data. This collection includes variable-level metadata of the 2017 Discrimination in the United States Survey, a survey from Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health/Robert Wood Johnson Foundation/National Public Radio conducted by Social Science Research Solutions (SSRS). Topics covered in this survey include:Belief in discrimination against racial/ethnic minoritiesDiscrimination against men/womenDiscrimination against lesbian/gay/bisexual peopleDiscrimination against transgender peopleBiggest problem with discrimination against lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgender/queer (LGBTQ) peopleLive on tribal landsLocal/tribal government Discrimination based on raceDiscrimination based on genderDiscrimination based on being part of the LGBTQ communityReasons for avoiding seeking health careExperiences with discriminationDiscrimination resulting in fewer employment opportunitiesDiscrimination resulting in unequal payDiscrimination resulting in fewer chances for quality educationEncouraged to/discouraged from applying to collegePredominant groups living in respondent's areaNot feeling/being welcomed in neighborhood due to raceNot feeling/being welcomed in neighborhood due to being part of LGBTQ communityConsidered moving to another area because of discriminationComparing respondent's area to othersPolice using unnecessary force based on race/ethnicityAvoiding activities to avoid discrimination from policeExperiences caused by racial discriminationExperiences caused by gender discriminationExperiences caused by discrimination against LGBTQ communityLocal police force does/does not reflect racial/ethnic background of communityContacted by political representatives about voting/supporting causeRegistered to voteVote in 2016 presidential electionPhysical health statusMental health statusDisabilityChronic illnessVeterans AdministrationIndian Health ServicesSeeking health careInsurance coverageThe data and documentation files for this survey are available through the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research [Roper #31114655]. Frequencies and summary statistics for the 235 variables from this survey are available through the ICPSR social science variable database and can be accessed from the Variables tab.