TURKSTAT Projection: ABRS: Population: ow Istanbul data was reported at 16,708.850 Person th in 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 16,512.489 Person th for 2024. TURKSTAT Projection: ABRS: Population: ow Istanbul data is updated yearly, averaging 15,468.919 Person th from Dec 2013 (Median) to 2025, with 13 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 16,708.850 Person th in 2025 and a record low of 14,107.954 Person th in 2013. TURKSTAT Projection: ABRS: Population: ow Istanbul data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Turkish Statistical Institute. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.G002: Population: Projection: Turkish Statistical Institute.

Turkey TURKSTAT Projection: ABRS: Population: Mid Year data was reported at 88,365.000 Person th in 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 87,396.000 Person th for 2024. Turkey TURKSTAT Projection: ABRS: Population: Mid Year data is updated yearly, averaging 68,865.000 Person th from Jun 1986 (Median) to 2025, with 40 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 88,365.000 Person th in 2025 and a record low of 51,480.000 Person th in 1986. Turkey TURKSTAT Projection: ABRS: Population: Mid Year data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Turkish Statistical Institute. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.G002: Population: Projection: Turkish Statistical Institute. Between 1986 and 1999 the data is based on the 2008 Edition of the Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) . Between 2000 and 2006 the data is based on Population Projections. Between 2007 and 2017 the data is based on the ABPRS. Between 2008 and 2080 the data is based on Population Projections.

Turkey TURKSTAT Projection: ABRS: Population: ow Ankara data was reported at 6,263.201 Person th in 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 6,162.224 Person th for 2024. Turkey TURKSTAT Projection: ABRS: Population: ow Ankara data is updated yearly, averaging 5,649.093 Person th from Dec 2013 (Median) to 2025, with 13 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6,263.201 Person th in 2025 and a record low of 5,056.126 Person th in 2013. Turkey TURKSTAT Projection: ABRS: Population: ow Ankara data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Turkish Statistical Institute. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.G002: Population: Projection: Turkish Statistical Institute.

Turkey TURKSTAT Projection: ABRS: Population: Mid Year: Male data was reported at 41,760.000 Person th in 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 42,350.000 Person th for 2024. Turkey TURKSTAT Projection: ABRS: Population: Mid Year: Male data is updated yearly, averaging 38,164.500 Person th from Jun 2000 (Median) to 2025, with 26 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 42,350.000 Person th in 2024 and a record low of 32,401.000 Person th in 2000. Turkey TURKSTAT Projection: ABRS: Population: Mid Year: Male data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Turkish Statistical Institute. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.G002: Population: Projection: Turkish Statistical Institute.

The Population Weighted Cooling Degree Days Data of Turkey

Time Period: 1980-2018

Data providers: NASA (2015) and TurkStat (2019)

-NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). 2015. NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections (NEX-GDDP). http://dx.doi.org/10.7292/W0MW2F2G.

-TurkStat (Turkish Statistical Institute). 2019. Population of provinces by years report. Accessed August 11, 2019. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreIstatistikTablo.do?istab_id=1590.

Turkey TURKSTAT Projection: ABRS: Population: YoY: per Mile data was reported at 10.857 ‰ in 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 11.193 ‰ for 2024. Turkey TURKSTAT Projection: ABRS: Population: YoY: per Mile data is updated yearly, averaging 13.046 ‰ from Dec 1986 (Median) to 2025, with 40 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 17.200 ‰ in 1989 and a record low of 10.100 ‰ in 2017. Turkey TURKSTAT Projection: ABRS: Population: YoY: per Mile data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Turkish Statistical Institute. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.G002: Population: Projection: Turkish Statistical Institute.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

households/individuals

Kind of data

Census

Frequency of data collection

Yearly

Sampling procedure

Sample size:

Turkey TURKSTAT Projection: ABRS: Population data was reported at 107,100.904 Person th in 2080. This records a decrease from the previous number of 107,180.781 Person th for 2079. Turkey TURKSTAT Projection: ABRS: Population data is updated yearly, averaging 103,476.304 Person th from Dec 2013 (Median) to 2080, with 68 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 107,664.079 Person th in 2069 and a record low of 76,481.847 Person th in 2013. Turkey TURKSTAT Projection: ABRS: Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Turkish Statistical Institute. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkey – Table TR.G003: Population: Projection: Turkish Statistical Institute.

Abstract

The 2013 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS-2013) is a nationally representative sample survey. The primary objective of the TDHS-2013 is to provide data on socioeconomic characteristics of households and women between ages 15-49, fertility, childhood mortality, marriage patterns, family planning, maternal and child health, nutritional status of women and children, and reproductive health. The survey obtained detailed information on these issues from a sample of women of reproductive age (15-49). The TDHS-2013 was designed to produce information in the field of demography and health that to a large extent cannot be obtained from other sources.

Specifically, the objectives of the TDHS-2013 included: - Collecting data at the national level that allows the calculation of some demographic and health indicators, particularly fertility rates and childhood mortality rates, - Obtaining information on direct and indirect factors that determine levels and trends in fertility and childhood mortality, - Measuring the level of contraceptive knowledge and practice by contraceptive method and some background characteristics, i.e., region and urban-rural residence, - Collecting data relative to maternal and child health, including immunizations, antenatal care, and postnatal care, assistance at delivery, and breastfeeding, - Measuring the nutritional status of children under five and women in the reproductive ages, - Collecting data on reproductive-age women about marriage, employment status, and social status

The TDHS-2013 information is intended to provide data to assist policy makers and administrators to evaluate existing programs and to design new strategies for improving demographic, social and health policies in Turkey. Another important purpose of the TDHS-2013 is to sustain the flow of information for the interested organizations in Turkey and abroad on the Turkish population structure in the absence of a reliable and sufficient vital registration system. Additionally, like the TDHS-2008, TDHS-2013 is accepted as a part of the Official Statistic Program.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Women age 15-49
• Children under age of five

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), children age 0-5 years and women age 15-49 years resident in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample design and sample size for the TDHS-2013 makes it possible to perform analyses for Turkey as a whole, for urban and rural areas, and for the five demographic regions of the country (West, South, Central, North, and East). The TDHS-2013 sample is of sufficient size to allow for analysis on some of the survey topics at the level of the 12 geographical regions (NUTS 1) which were adopted at the second half of the year 2002 within the context of Turkey’s move to join the European Union.

In the selection of the TDHS-2013 sample, a weighted, multi-stage, stratified cluster sampling approach was used. Sample selection for the TDHS-2013 was undertaken in two stages. The first stage of selection included the selection of blocks as primary sampling units from each strata and this task was requested from the TURKSTAT. The frame for the block selection was prepared using information on the population sizes of settlements obtained from the 2012 Address Based Population Registration System. Settlements with a population of 10,000 and more were defined as “urban”, while settlements with populations less than 10,000 were considered “rural” for purposes of the TDHS-2013 sample design. Systematic selection was used for selecting the blocks; thus settlements were given selection probabilities proportional to their sizes. Therefore more blocks were sampled from larger settlements.

The second stage of sample selection involved the systematic selection of a fixed number of households from each block, after block lists were obtained from TURKSTAT and were updated through a field operation; namely the listing and mapping fieldwork. Twentyfive households were selected as a cluster from urban blocks, and 18 were selected as a cluster from rural blocks. The total number of households selected in TDHS-2013 is 14,490.

The total number of clusters in the TDHS-2013 was set at 642. Block level household lists, each including approximately 100 households, were provided by TURKSTAT, using the National Address Database prepared for municipalities. The block lists provided by TURKSTAT were updated during the listing and mapping activities.

All women at ages 15-49 who usually live in the selected households and/or were present in the household the night before the interview were regarded as eligible for the Women’s Questionnaire and were interviewed. All analysis in this report is based on de facto women.

Note: A more technical and detailed description of the TDHS-2013 sample design, selection and implementation is presented in Appendix B of the final report of the survey.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Two main types of questionnaires were used to collect the TDHS-2013 data: the Household Questionnaire and the Individual Questionnaire for all women of reproductive age. The contents of these questionnaires were based on the DHS core questionnaire. Additions, deletions and modifications were made to the DHS model questionnaire in order to collect information particularly relevant to Turkey. Attention also was paid to ensuring the comparability of the TDHS-2013 findings with previous demographic surveys carried out by the Hacettepe Institute of Population Studies. In the process of designing the TDHS-2013 questionnaires, national and international population and health agencies were consulted for their comments.

The questionnaires were developed in Turkish and translated into English.

Cleaning operations

TDHS-2013 questionnaires were returned to the Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies by the fieldwork teams for data processing as soon as interviews were completed in a province. The office editing staff checked that the questionnaires for all selected households and eligible respondents were returned from the field. A total of 29 data entry staff were trained for data entry activities of the TDHS-2013. The data entry of the TDHS-2013 began in late September 2013 and was completed at the end of January 2014.

The data were entered and edited on microcomputers using the Census and Survey Processing System (CSPro) software. CSPro is designed to fulfill the census and survey data processing needs of data-producing organizations worldwide. CSPro is developed by MEASURE partners, the U.S. Bureau of the Census, ICF International’s DHS Program, and SerPro S.A. CSPro allows range, skip, and consistency errors to be detected and corrected at the data entry stage. During the data entry process, 100% verification was performed by entering each questionnaire twice using different data entry operators and comparing the entered data.

Response rate

In all, 14,490 households were selected for the TDHS-2013. At the time of the listing phase of the survey, 12,640 households were considered occupied and, thus, eligible for interview. Of the eligible households, 93 percent (11,794) households were successfully interviewed. The main reasons the field teams were unable to interview some households were because some dwelling units that had been listed were found to be vacant at the time of the interview or the household was away for an extended period.

In the interviewed 11,794 households, 10,840 women were identified as eligible for the individual interview, aged 15-49 and were present in the household on the night before the interview. Interviews were successfully completed with 9,746 of these women (90 percent). Among the eligible women not interviewed in the survey, the principal reason for nonresponse was the failure to find the women at home after repeated visits to the household.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) nonsampling errors, and (2) sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the TDHS-2013 to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the TDHS-2013 is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall

Abstract

The Survey on Income and Living Conditions, introduced as part of the European Union harmonisation efforts, aims to produce data on income distribution, relative poverty by income, living conditions and social exclusion comparable with European Union member states. The study which uses a panel survey method is repeated every year and monitors sample of household members for four years. Every year, the study attempts to obtain two datasets: cross-sectional and panel.

The Income and Living Conditions Survey 2011 has been conducted to provide annual and regular cross-sectional data to answer questions such as:

• How equally is the income in the country distributed and how has it changed as compared to the previous years?
• How many poor people are there in the country and how do they distribute across regions? How has this situation changed as compared to the previous years?
• Who is poor? Has there been a change over time?
• How has this gap between the poor and the rich evolved over time?
• What kind of a change or transition occurs in the incomes of individuals and households? How does the direction of this change depends on characteristics and circumstances, does it decline or grow?
• How is the income distributed across sectors, types of income and household characteristics?
• How do people's living conditions change or improve over time?
• The study also aims to provide panel data to calculate indicators such as persistent income poverty and to measure net changes over time.

The cross-sectional database 2011 is documented here.

Geographic coverage

All settlements within the borders of the Republic of Turkey have been included.

Universe

All household members living in households within the borders of the Republic of Turkey. However, the study excludes the population defined as institutional population living in hospices, elderly homes, prisons, military barracks, private hospitals and in childcare centres. Migrant population has also been excluded due to practical challenges.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sampling method: Stratified, multi-stage, clustered sampling.

Sampling unit: Household.

Sampling framework: Sampling framework has been derived from 2 sources:

1. For the settlements with municipal status; General Building Census conducted in 2000 by TurkStat and Numbering Study (conducted in 2000) Form Population 1 data have been used.
2. For the settlements without municipal status (Villages); data of General Population Census conducted in 2000 have been used to select the blocks which constituted the sampling unit of the first stage.

Selection of sample households: for the purposes of the study which used a two-staged sampling design; entire Turkey has been divided into blocks which covered 100 households each.

• At the first stage, blocks were selected as the first stage sampling unit
• At the second stage, households were selected from among the previously selected blocks as the final sampling unit. Prior to the selection of sample households, addresses at the blocks were updated through an "address screening study"

Sample size: Annual sampling size is 13,414 households in respect of the estimation, objectives and targeted variables of the study and in consideration of the attritions in the sample.

Substitution principle: Substitution has not been used as the sample size had been calculated by taking account of non-response.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

• Household registry form: The form filled at the beginning of the survey provides brief information on access to the address of the household, condition of the household and of the survey. Moreover, following the first field application, modalities are identified for filling in the monitoring forms if the households included in the panel survey move home.

• Personal registry form: These forms aim to identify basic demographic characteristics of the household members, changes that occur in the status of household membership of the individuals included in the panel survey, reasons for their leaving the household, the date of their departure etc. as well as individuals who join the household.

• Household and personal follow-up form: There is need for following up the households which have moved home and the sample individuals who have left the household to join or found another one. Household and personal follow-up forms are used to identify their new addresses and access their contact information.

• Household questionnaire: These forms attempt to collect information on the type of the occupied dwelling, status of ownership, information relating to the dwelling (number of rooms, the space actually used, heating system, dwelling facilities, goods owned etc), problems of the dwelling of the neighbourhood, status of indebtedness, rent payments, expenditures for the dwelling, the extent to which households are able to meet their general economic and basic needs and incomes earned at household level.

• Personal questionnaire: These forms attempt to collect information on education, health, employment and marital status of the household members aged 15 and over, as well as the dates of employment and incomes earned during the reference year.

TURKSTAT Projection：ABRS：人口在12-01-2080达107,100.904千人，相较于12-01-2079的107,180.781千人有所下降。TURKSTAT Projection：ABRS：人口数据按年更新，12-01-2013至12-01-2080期间平均值为103,476.304千人，共68份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于12-01-2069，达107,664.079千人，而历史最低值则出现于12-01-2013，为76,481.847千人。CEIC提供的TURKSTAT Projection：ABRS：人口数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Turkish Statistical Institute，数据归类于全球数据库的土耳其 – 表 TR.G003：人口：预测：Turkish Statistical Institute。

TURKSTAT Projection：ABRS：人口：中年人口在06-01-2025达88,365.000千人，相较于06-01-2024的87,396.000千人有所增长。TURKSTAT Projection：ABRS：人口：中年人口数据按年更新，06-01-1986至06-01-2025期间平均值为68,865.000千人，共40份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于06-01-2025，达88,365.000千人，而历史最低值则出现于06-01-1986，为51,480.000千人。CEIC提供的TURKSTAT Projection：ABRS：人口：中年人口数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Turkish Statistical Institute，数据归类于Global Database的土耳其 – 表 TR.G002：人口：预测：Turkish Statistical Institute。

Turkey Residential Real Estate Market Outlook 2031

The Turkey residential real estate market size was USD 79.92 Billion in 2022 and is projected to reach USD 212.88 Billion by 2031 expand at a CAGR of 11.5% during the forecast period, 2023–2031. The growth of the market is attributed to the increasing surge in foreign buyer, rising population, affordable financing options.



Turkey is known for its diverse set of both oriental and European elements, country is a lucrative destination due to its tourism, infrastructure, transportation facilities, and ease of living. Turkey is at a historical combination of aspects where urban transformation meets green housing which is expected to improve affordability and quality of housing and community development. According to Housing Development Administration of Turkey (TOKi) a total of 500,000 residential units were constructed between 2003-2010 in 81 provinces and 830 townships across the country.

In 2002 Turkish property market was first opened to foreign buyers under the reciprocity clause. According to this clause only countries allowing Turkish citizens reciprocal rights, such as Britain, Germany, and Netherlands. The reciprocity clause was abolished in 2012, and since then nationals from 183 countries have been allowed to buy properties in Turkey.



The residential real estate market in Turkey was impacted negatively by the onset of Covid-19 in 2020, the market has since regained some of the momentum due to ease of restrictions worldwide. According to Turkish Statistical Institute Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) in the first four months of 2020, the total number of home sales in Turkey rose by 8.9% to 383,821 units.

Turkey Residential Real Estate Market Trends, Drivers, Restraints, and Opportunities

• Rising population, increasing urbanization, disposable income growth, and affordable financing are major factors driving the market growth during the forecast period.


• Increasing demand for residential real estate among the foreign buyers due to factor such as

Abstract

Turkey Household Income and Consumption Expenditure Survey (HICES) started in Turkey in 1987. Since 2002 it has been conducted annually. The survey is one of the major sources that provide information on the socio-economic structures, living standards and consumption patterns of the households in Turkey.

Turkey HICES has the following objectives: - obtain weights to calculate Consumer Price Index, - monitor changes that occur in the consumption patterns of the households over time, - compile data to estimate consumption expenditures for the National Accounts, - determine poverty line and obtain other socio-economic indicators, - obtain data required for studies on minimum wage determination.

Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose (COICOP) code was applied in the study.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• individuals;
• households.

A household is defined as a community, which is comprised of one or more members living together in the same housing or part of the housing unit, either with blood relationship or not, meeting the basic needs together, participating in management of the household.

Universe

Private households in Turkey. Population in assisted living facilities, prisons, military barracks, hospitals, hotels, orphanages as well as the immigrant population were excluded from the study.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Stratified multi-stage systematic sampling method was used in the survey.

Households were selected from urban and rural areas of Turkey. Settlements with population equal to or more than 20,001 belonged to the urban areas. Settlements with population equal to or less than 20,000 belonged to rural areas.

The sample frame for the survey was obtained from two sources:

• information from General Building Census realized by the TurkStat in 2000 and Population 1 Numbering Work Form 2000 (for settlements with municipalities);
• 1997 General Census results (for settlements without municipalities (villages)).

Turkey was allocated into blocks of approximately 200 households each. Sample blocks were selected from those blocks by using the probability proportional to size sampling method. Address listing survey was conducted in the selected blocks.

To select households, an address, education, employment status, occupation of the head of the household, status of property and heating system, total number of members, number of members 15 and older, and variables related to the agricultural data of the household were grouped, and sample units out of each block were systematically selected. A household was defined as the final sampling unit.

In case a sample household refused or could not participate in the survey, non-response section at the bottom of the questionnaire was filled out and substitution was used.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaire was redesigned to match international standards, using recommendations from "Household Budget Surveys in European Union, Methodology and Recommendations for Harmonization," the publication of the Statistical Office of the European Communities (EUROSTAT).

Two basic groups of variables have been obtained from the survey: - variables of socio-economic status of the households (type of housing, status of property, heating system, housing facilities, premises and transportation vehicles, etc.); - variables related to the individuals (age, gender, academic background), variables of employment status (occupation, economic activity, performance at work) income both available and unavailable for the activity in last year.

Three different classifications were used in 2004 HBS: 1) Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose (COICOP, 2004) to list the expenditure items for consumption, 2) Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in European Union (NACE-Rev.1) to classify economic activities of employees, 3) International Standard Classification of Occupation (ISCO-88) to list occupations.

I present a new dataset for the related and unrelated variety at the provincial level in Turkey by employing Hidalgo, Klinger, Barabasi, and Hausmann's (2007) proximity approach following Boschma, Minondo, and Navarro (2012 and 2013). The data covers the period between 2007 and 2022.I used province-level export data obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) classified according to the four-digit Standard International Trade Classification (SITC). Global proximity values for product groups, on the other hand, were calculated by using the International Trade Database at the Product Level (BACI) dataset. First, the HS classification of BACI has been converted to four-digit SITC (revision 3) by using Eurostat Metadata Server (RAMON) conversion tables to provide data compliance.In addition, to eliminate the noise resulting from the fluctuations in prices, exchange rates, and seasonality, especially in four-digit export data, Hidalgo (2021) recommends excluding countries that export less than 1 Billion dollars, countries with a population of less than 1 Million, and products with a global export value below 500 Million dollars from the sample. After the data cleaning process, we calculated global proximity values over 139 countries.Variables descriptionColumn A: yearColumn B: Province namesColumn C: Province idColumn D: Related Variety IndexColumn E: Unrelated Variety Index

Turkey Cookware Market size was valued at $ 1.85 Bn in 2024 and is expected to reach $ 2.73 Bn by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 5.2% from 2026 to 2032.Turkey Cookware Market DynamicsThe key market dynamics that are shaping the Turkish cookware market include:Key Market DriversGrowing Middle-Class Population and Rising Disposable Income: Turkey's growing middle class is a major source of demand in the cookware market. According to the Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat), Turkey's GDP per capita has been steadily increasing, reaching 8.5% in 2022. This increase in disposable income allows customers to spend more money on home items like cookware, adding to the increased demand for high-quality products in both cities and rural areas.

Related and Unrelated Variety Index values are calculated by using proximity approach following Hidalgo et al. (2007) and Boschma et al. (2012). We used International Trade Database at the Product Level (BACI) dataset to obtain the global proximity values. Although the BACI data set contains export data for more than 200 countries and territories, Hidalgo (2021) recommends to remove countries with exports below $ 1 billion, countries with a population of less than 1 million, and products with a global export value of less than $ 500 million from the dataset to eliminate noise and thus to obtain more accurate values. In this context, after the data cleaning process, the global product proximity values were calculated over approximately 970 product groups (4-digit HS classifications) for 132 countries. Then, we used the global proximity values and the regional export dataset (4-digit HS classifications) from Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT) to calculate related and unrelated variety from 2007 to 2020 for 26 NUTS-2 regions in Turkey. Variable description id: NUTS-2 id (created by me) countrycode: NUTS-2 codes country: NUTS-2 regions urvi: Unrelated Variety Index rvi: Related Variety Index

TURKSTAT Projection：ABRS：人口：同比：中年人口：每英里在12-01-2025达11.000月利率‰，相较于12-01-2024的11.400月利率‰有所下降。TURKSTAT Projection：ABRS：人口：同比：中年人口：每英里数据按年更新，12-01-1986至12-01-2025期间平均值为12.700月利率‰，共40份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于12-01-1989，达17.200月利率‰，而历史最低值则出现于12-01-2017，为10.200月利率‰。CEIC提供的TURKSTAT Projection：ABRS：人口：同比：中年人口：每英里数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Turkish Statistical Institute，数据归类于Global Database的土耳其 – 表 TR.G002：人口：预测：Turkish Statistical Institute。

TURKSTAT Projection：ABRS：人口：中年人口：女性在06-01-2025达41,806.000千人，相较于06-01-2024的42,391.000千人有所下降。TURKSTAT Projection：ABRS：人口：中年人口：女性数据按年更新，06-01-2000至06-01-2025期间平均值为37,891.000千人，共26份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于06-01-2024，达42,391.000千人，而历史最低值则出现于06-01-2000，为32,330.000千人。CEIC提供的TURKSTAT Projection：ABRS：人口：中年人口：女性数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Turkish Statistical Institute，数据归类于Global Database的土耳其 – 表 TR.G002：人口：预测：Turkish Statistical Institute。

Abstract

The project on "Promoting Competitiveness in Micro and Small Enterprises" (MSE) was initiated in 2000 by the Economic Research Forum, with the main objective has been to expand the knowledge on this sector in the Middle East and North Africa region, with the ultimate aim of designing relevant policies and specific programs to help this sector fulfill its enormous growth potentials. Constituting an average of 95% of the number of enterprises in the region, it is presumed that promoting this sector will have a positive spill-over effect on the economies of the region.

Discussions on the results of the project have pointed to an emerging consensus that it will be filling a knowledge gap related to the micro and small enterprises sector in the MENA region. Policies and strategies designed to promote this sector have not been adequately targeting their needs, and thus this project is considered to be of great relevance to the policy making process. Specifically, the main contributions may be summarized as follows:

1) The database gathered through the project based on field surveys is considered unique, as to the number of enterprises covered (18,000), and the information produced, including information on the enterprise, the entrepreneur and the household. A special focus on women entrepreneurs have been made throughout the survey. This mine of data will undoubtedly provide background information that enables policy makers to design relevant policies.

2) The "Policy Briefs" gives a concise summary of the outcome of each country study and highlights the recommendations reached based on the analysis.

3) The current Country reports series is prepared based on the findings of the surveys, detailed information about the performance of the enterprises, determinants of success and prospects for the future are given. Special focus on the status of women entrepreneurs is also made.

4) The Synthesis report will have a comparative analytical approach of the case studies of the four countries. This report will asses the MSE sector in the four countries and will draw relevant policy recommendations for the region.

It has been evidently shown that promoting this sector could contribute to the solution of the increasing unemployment problem in the region, and a means to alleviate poverty through income generation. The spillover effects that this sector if properly developed will positively affect the development of the countries concerned. However, the real level of knowledge about the MSEs is surprisingly low.

The Micro and Small Enterprises survey (MSEs) study in Turkey attempts to make an essential contribution to the knowledge of MSEs in Turkey by investigating both the internal conditions and the dynamics of MSEs as well as examining the external economic and social conditions pertaining to their performance and development. For the most part, studies of small enterprises in Turkey focus on the SMEs operating in the manufacturing sector. Furthermore, they lay emphasis on larger SMEs. The present study, by contrast, focuses on a neglected group of enterprises in the Turkish economy, namely, the portion of the SMEs which contain smaller enterprises. This portion is significant; it constitutes 99.4% of the total nonagricultural enterprises in Turkey (TURKSTAT, 2002). Moreover, this study does not only cover the manufacturing sector, but all sectors of the economy except the agricultural sector. It is also distinguished by its scope of investigation as it provides an assessment of MSEs in the economy as a whole within a dynamic context.

The present study attempts to identify the following:

i. the importance of MSEs in the economy vis-à-vis their contribution to the national value-added and employment in the main sectors of the economy; ii. the characteristics of MSEs and their entrepreneurs, with particular emphasize on their similarities, differences, and the ways in which they affect the performance of the MSEs; iii. the dynamics of success and failure of MSEs; iv. the role played by the economic and social environment in enabling or hindering the performance of MSEs, thus focusing on the legal, bureaucratic, economic, financial and social conditions that constrain or facilitate the operation of MSEs; and v. the policy recommendations that would enable MSEs to perform their activities in a more efficient way, and at the same time contributing to their growth and generation of decent and productive work.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

1- Enterprises. 2- Households. 3- Individuals.

Universe

The survey covered all enterprises engaging up to 50 people including the working proprietors and unpaid family workers. A number of activities have been excluded from the investigations because they were of lower priority in relation to the focus of the research project. This means that the definition of MSEs refers to enterprises consisting of a person producing accessories for sale in the market, as well as factories with 30 or 40 workers. Both formal and informal enterprises falling within the MSE universe were the subject of investigations.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling was national in coverage and is chosen by stratified, multi-stage systematic sampling method by the TURKSTAT. In Stage 1, 19 provinces were selected from 5 strata11 that were stratified in terms of socio-economic development level of the provinces compiled by the State Planning Organization (SPO). The selection of provinces from each stratum was carried out by weighted probability regarding the number of enterprises in each province. In stage 2, 432 PSUs with a minimum of 45 enterprises in urban areas of the 19 provinces were selected based on census of buildings for the year 2000 by the SIS, and 100 villages were selected in the rural area.

Urban areas: Settlements with population over 20,000. These settlements include the central city of the province and district centers (ilce) with a population over 20,000. Rural areas: Villages with a population between 500 and 2,000.

Some of the sample villages visited during the survey selected by the TURKSTAT, were more or less deserted and usually had only one grocery shop as an enterprise. But this was not always clearly reflected in the Population Census. This is because the municipalities receive their budget from the central administration in proportion to their population. Thus in order to compensate for the dearth of population in the villages, most of the municipalities arrange bus trips for migrants living in the big cities like Istanbul, taking them to their home towns and villages during the national census in order to increase their allowances from the public sources. The persistence of this practice means that the population of some villages is not reflected accurately in the population census. They are usually inflated.

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A more detailed description of the different sampling stages and allocation of sample across governorates is provided in Appendix 5 in the full report available among external resources.

Sampling deviation

Due to the lack of a nation-wide survey of establishments for both rural and urban areas, the selection of villages was carried out without a reliable stratification process. It was decided to exclude the rural enterprises from the sample before the weighting and extrapolating process. The rural MSEs interviewed could be evaluated separately from the urban MSEs that constitute a representative sample of MSEs for the urban areas.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaire used in the main survey included four different forms:

Form I. The enterprise list, used for listing all the enterprises within the PSU9 to identify the enterprise, entrepreneur, and associated household. All members of the enterprise universe were included in the first listing (identifying nature of enterprise), but those in excluded activities were not given the Form II used in the main survey.

Exclusion rules concern agricultural and non-market activities, illegal activities, production for own personal use, mobile vendors, domestic services, professional services (except ICT) and enterprises with 50 and more persons engaged.

Sampling rule designed to under-sample smaller sizes and men entrepreneurs Entrepreneur women: (size 1=>1/5; size 2-9 =>1/1; size 10-49=>1/1) Entrepreneur men: (size 1=>1/10; size 2-9 =>1/2; size 10-49=>1/1)

The size 1 enterprises were deliberately under-sampled to avoid dominating the sample by enterprises size 1, and therefore have statistically significant number of enterprises in the sample for the larger size. The over sampling of enterprises with women entrepreneurs was necessary in order to ensure that the sample included sufficient number of women entrepreneurs to obtain statistically significant results.

Form II. Household roster-enterprise identification. This type of questionnaire included identification variables for the members of the household and possible MSEs at home.

Form III. Enterprise-entrepreneur questionnaire focused on characteristics of the entrepreneur and enterprise. Form III contained 322 questions related to the characteristics of the entrepreneur and the enterprise, growth performance, access to credit, financial and business services, relations with business associations, status of registration, level of technology, value of