In 2023, Russia ranked first by the economic impact of internet shutdowns in the country. The restrictions placed by the government cost 4.02 billion U.S. dollars in the measured year. Internet users in Myanmar endured a total of 18,768 hours of shutdowns, which affected 23.7 million users and had an economic impact of approximately 974 million U.S. dollars. Brazil had the largest population impacted by the internet shutdowns. Online shutdowns and blackouts are generally seen as an indicator of low internet freedom.
This dataset shows the cost, duration and number of people affected by government-imposed internet outages in 25 countries in 2023. It also provides information on any additional human rights abuses perpetrated during each internet shutdown.
As of February 2025, India was the country with the largest offline population worldwide. The South Asian country had over 651 million people without internet connection. China ranked second, with around 311.9 million people not connected to the internet. Despite these large shares of the disconnected population in these countries, China and India ranked first and second, respectively, as countries with the highest number of internet users worldwide. Internet access in Africa In 2023, Africa lagged behind other global regions regarding internet penetration rate, as only 37 percent of the continent’s population accessed the web. In contrast, around 91 percent of Europe’s population were internet users. This is heavily influenced by the infrastructure development in the region. However, some improvements are forecasted, as by 2028, the internet penetration rate in Africa will be at an estimated 48.15 percent. Global internet access challenges: disruptions and restrictions Government internet shutdowns around the world are another challenge for internet access. Between 2015 and the first half of 2023, 172 local internet connection disruptions occurred due to protests globally. Moreover, according to a 2023report on internet freedom, almost four out of ten global internet users were deprived of essential freedoms on online platforms. In 2023, 76 new restrictions on internet usage were implemented worldwide. Asia led in imposing these restrictions, accounting for approximately 55 cases across various countries in the region.
In the first half of 2024, five cases of internet connection disruption were recorded in Africa. Furthermore, three network shutdowns happened in Asian countries. Overall, Asia is the region where most internet shutdown cases were recorded between the second half of 2015 and the first half of 2024.
In 2023, 39 countries placed internet shutdowns, up from 23 countries in 2017. Over the past years, the number of countries initiating internet shutdowns reached 40.
In 2024, Iceland was the worldwide leader in terms of internet freedom. The country ranked first with 94 index points in the Freedom House Index, where each country received a numerical score from 100 (the freest) to 0 (the least free). Estonia ranked second with a 92 index points, followed by Canada, with a score of 86 index points. Internet restrictions worldwide The decline of internet freedom in 2022 is mainly linked to political conflicts in different parts of the world. With the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Russian government intensified its attempts to control the online content in the country. The government placed restrictions on three different U.S.-based social media platforms at the same time, Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. These restrictions made it to the top of the longest-lasting limitations on the web in 2022. Social protests rose in Iran following the death of Mahsa Amini in September 2022. The Iranian government decided to shut down the internet and various social media platforms in an attempt to minimize the communication between the protesters. In 2022, 11 new internet restrictions were recorded in Iran. However, residents in the Indian region of Jammu and Kashmir saw the highest number of new internet restrictions, which amounted to more than double than the ones in Iran. The impact of internet shutdowns In 2022, the economic impact of internet restrictions worldwide reached an estimated 23.79 billion U.S. dollars. Meanwhile, the highest financial losses due to internet shutdowns were caused by limitations in Russia, and more than seven thousand hours of restricted various online services had an economic impact of 21.59 billion U.S. dollars. The restrictions impacted around 113 million people in the country. Myanmar placed the most extended restriction on internet services, lasting 17,520 hours in total. Similar restrictions in India affected over 120 million people.
Face-to-face interview Face-to-face interview: CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interview)
As of 2024, 2009 was the most intense year regarding restrictions and internet censorship. The first was in February of that year when the government of Oman banned VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol). In 2020, the country's Telecom Regulatory Authority (TRA) lifted the ban, yet WhatsApp Calling remains blocked. In May and June, restrictions were carried out in Iran, including the blockage of Facebook and YouTube and cutting the leading mobile network in the capital Tehran. Additionally, in July 2009, social networks Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube were blocked in China and remain blocked as of February 2024. Lastly, among the longest-lasting internet restrictions was the YouTube ban in Turkmenistan in December 2009.
Sampling Procedure Comment: Probability Sample: Multistage Sample
The global number of internet users in was forecast to continuously increase between 2024 and 2029 by in total 1.3 billion users (+23.66 percent). After the fifteenth consecutive increasing year, the number of users is estimated to reach 7 billion users and therefore a new peak in 2029. Notably, the number of internet users of was continuously increasing over the past years.Depicted is the estimated number of individuals in the country or region at hand, that use the internet. As the datasource clarifies, connection quality and usage frequency are distinct aspects, not taken into account here.The shown data are an excerpt of Statista's Key Market Indicators (KMI). The KMI are a collection of primary and secondary indicators on the macro-economic, demographic and technological environment in up to 150 countries and regions worldwide. All indicators are sourced from international and national statistical offices, trade associations and the trade press and they are processed to generate comparable data sets (see supplementary notes under details for more information).Find more key insights for the number of internet users in countries like the Americas and Asia.
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IntroductionDepression has become one of the most prevalent mental illnesses affecting the elderly in aging countries, i. e., in countries of the world whose population is slowly aging. It has become an important topic for scientists and policymakers to analyze how best to improve the elderly's mental health and save them from depression. The aim of this paper was to investigate whether and to what extent internet use may affect depression in the elderly. The heterogeneous effects of internet use on the elderly's depression across age, gender, and occupation were also investigated.MethodsThe data used in the present study were gathered from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study that was conducted in 2018. The propensity score matching technique and the endogenous switch regression model were employed in this study to address potential endogeneity caused by both observed and unobserved factors.ResultsThe results of the present study show that the elderly who are relatively young, male, well educated, live in an urban area, or have a small family are more likely to use the internet. The elderly who have healthy eyes or good eyesight, those who are not employed in the agricultural sector, or those who are retired, and those who are not eligible to receive any subsistence allowance or drink wine have a higher probability of using the internet. We also find that internet use significantly reduces the elderly's depression status by 3.370 points, which is roughly equivalent to a reduction of 37.19%. Heterogeneity analysis on internet use reveals that the health effect is particularly effective for agricultural workers, female, or the older elderly.ConclusionThe results of the present study highlight the significant welfare effects brought about by the development of internet infrastructure. To improve the mental health of the elderly, the government should encourage them to adopt the internet. In particular, the needs of the elderly who are older, female, or have agricultural work should be paid more attention to motivate them to use the internet more to alleviate depression.
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The DSL chipset market size was valued at USD 1.8 billion in 2023 and is expected to reach approximately USD 2.5 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.8% from 2024 to 2032. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing demand for high-speed internet connectivity in both residential and commercial sectors across the globe. As more devices become interconnected and data-intensive applications become standard, there is a surging need for enhanced broadband services, which in turn propels the demand for DSL technology, particularly as it remains cost-effective and widely accessible in various regions.
One of the critical growth factors for the DSL chipset market is the ongoing advancements in digital subscriber line (DSL) technology itself. Technologies such as VDSL (Very-high-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line) and G.fast are significantly improving the bandwidth capabilities of DSL connections, making them competitive alternatives to fiber optic networks, especially in areas where deploying fiber is economically unfeasible. The evolution of these technologies allows service providers to maximize the utility of existing copper infrastructure, thereby reducing the need for costly overhauls while still delivering substantial improvements in service quality and internet speeds. This technological progression is essential for maintaining relevance in a broadband market increasingly dominated by high-speed requirements.
Another factor contributing to the market's growth is the increasing investment in broadband infrastructure by both public and private sectors. Governments across various nations are recognizing the socio-economic benefits of robust internet connectivity, such as improved education, healthcare access, and economic development. Consequently, initiatives aimed at expanding broadband reach to underserved areas are being heavily funded, often with DSL technologies as a key component due to their cost-effectiveness compared to full fiber rollouts. Moreover, the private sector is continually seeking to enhance network capabilities to meet consumer demands, driving further investments in DSL technologies.
Additionally, the burgeoning trend of smart homes and the Internet of Things (IoT) is notably influencing the demand for reliable and fast internet connectivity, which in turn boosts the DSL chipset market. As residential consumers increasingly adopt smart home devices, which require robust and stable internet connections to function effectively, the need for efficient broadband solutions like DSL becomes more pronounced. This demand is complemented by the commercial sector's digital transformation, where businesses are increasingly relying on cloud-based services and real-time data processing, necessitating reliable internet solutions that DSL can provide.
The role of Fixed-Line Broadband Access Equipment is becoming increasingly pivotal in the DSL chipset market. As the demand for high-speed internet connectivity continues to grow, fixed-line broadband solutions offer a reliable and efficient means to deliver these services, particularly in areas where wireless options may be less feasible. The infrastructure supporting fixed-line broadband, including modems and routers, is crucial for ensuring stable and high-speed internet access. This equipment not only facilitates the delivery of DSL services but also enhances the overall user experience by providing consistent connectivity and reducing latency. As more consumers and businesses rely on digital platforms for their daily operations, the importance of robust fixed-line broadband access equipment becomes even more pronounced, driving further advancements and investments in this area.
From a regional outlook perspective, Asia Pacific is expected to hold a significant share of the DSL chipset market, driven by the large-scale adoption of DSL technologies in countries such as China and India. The rapid urbanization and increasing digital literacy rates in these countries are boosting the demand for high-speed internet services. In contrast, North America and Europe are experiencing steady growth, supported by technological advancements and substantial investments in upgrading existing broadband infrastructures. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are emerging markets with untapped potential, where increasing internet penetration and government initiatives to improve broadband access are likely to facilitate market expansion.
Since the early 1970s the European Commission´s Standard & Special Eurobarometer are regularly monitoring the public opinion in the European Union member countries. Principal investigators are the Directorate-General Communication and on occasion other departments of the European Commission or the European Parliament. Over time, candidate and accession countries were included in the Standard Eurobarometer Series. Selected questions or modules may not have been surveyed in each sample. Please consult the basic questionnaire for more information on country filter instructions or other questionnaire routing filters. In this study the following modules are included: 1. Future of Europe, 2. E-Communications in the household and telecom single market.
Topics: 1. Future of Europe: expectations regarding the life of future generations in the EU; main assets and main challenges of the EU; preferred issues to be emphasized by society in order to face global challenges; preference for more decision-making at EU level in each of the following areas: economic policy and taxation, health and social security, fight against unemployment, immigration issues, environmental protection; approval of the following issues: creation of an EU army, direct election of the president of the European Commission by EU citizens, designation of a justice minister for the EU; attitude towards a ´two speed Europe´; assessment of the EU’s influence in 2020 compared to: the USA, Japan, China, India, Brazil, and Russia.
Demography: marital status; age at end of education; sex; age;...
One year after the end of roaming charges within the EU.
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The global undersea cabling market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the burgeoning offshore renewable energy sector, particularly offshore wind power generation, and the increasing demand for high-bandwidth, low-latency communication across continents and islands. The market, currently estimated at $15 billion in 2025, is projected to achieve a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8% from 2025 to 2033, reaching an estimated value of $28 billion by 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. Firstly, the rapid deployment of offshore wind farms necessitates extensive undersea cabling infrastructure for power transmission. Secondly, the growing need for reliable and high-speed internet connectivity, particularly in remote areas and between countries, is driving demand for undersea fiber optic cables. Thirdly, the expanding offshore oil and gas industry continues to rely on robust undersea cabling for communication and data transmission. However, challenges remain, including the high installation and maintenance costs associated with undersea cabling projects, as well as regulatory hurdles and environmental concerns related to cable deployment and potential disruptions to marine ecosystems. The market is segmented by voltage type (medium, high, extra-high voltage) and application (offshore wind, inter-country/island connections, offshore oil & gas). Key players in this dynamic market include ABB, Nexans, Prysmian Group, and others, constantly innovating to meet the evolving demands of this critical infrastructure sector. The competitive landscape is characterized by established players with extensive experience in cable manufacturing and installation, alongside emerging companies focusing on innovative technologies and solutions. While market concentration is notable, there is scope for new entrants, particularly those offering specialized solutions for niche applications or regions. Future market growth will depend on several factors: continued investment in offshore renewable energy, technological advancements in cable design and manufacturing, governmental support for infrastructure development, and effective mitigation of environmental risks. The market segments will experience varied growth rates, with offshore wind and inter-country connectivity likely leading the way, supported by strong government policies and increasing private investment in clean energy initiatives. The Asia-Pacific region, with its extensive coastlines and rapid economic development, is anticipated to experience particularly strong growth. This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of the global undersea cabling market, a critical infrastructure sector experiencing significant growth fueled by burgeoning data traffic, renewable energy expansion, and global connectivity needs. Valued at approximately $7 billion in 2023, the market is projected to reach $12 billion by 2030. This report delves into key market trends, competitive dynamics, and future growth prospects, offering invaluable insights for industry stakeholders.
Life satisfaction and trust. Opinion towards different privacy and security scenarios. Perceptions of privacy and security issues. Privacy and data protection specifies. Values questions.
Topics: A: life satisfaction; trust in people; trust in institutions (country´s parliament and government, the legal system, the police, the press and broadcasting media, politicians, businesses); frequency of media use (television, radio, printed newspaper, internet, social networks).
B: Opinion towards different privacy and security scenarios (each respondent to be asked a random selection of four of these scenarios) 1. NSA surveillance: governments should vs. should not monitor the communications of people living in other countries; impact of the foreign government´s practices on people´s rights and freedoms (helps to protect people´s rights and freedoms, threatens people´s rights and freedoms, or has no impact); attitude towards this scenario practices of monitoring the communications of people (these practices make me feel vulnerable, make the world a better place, trust in governments that monitor internet and digital communications, even if they are from another country, charity´s officials have no need to worry about their members´ personal information). 2. Biometric logical access control systems: the school should vs. should not be asking people who enter or leave the school to use their fingerprints to identify themselves; impact of the school´s practices on people´s rights and freedoms (helps to protect, threatens, or has no impact); attitude towards this scenario (it would be better to control access to the school by having staff members who know children and parents at the school gate, parents should be consulted about decisions like this, trust the school to store children´s fingerprints safely); reasons for the opinion that it would be better to control access to school by using staff members (it would be more likely to stop wrong people getting into the school, cheaper, doesn´t collect as much information about people, more respectful of people´s rights, don´t like the idea of giving fingerprints generally and of children giving their fingerprints, the technology would not work, another reason). 3. Smart grids / meters: energy companies should vs. should not use data from smart meters to get a more detailed picture of how their customers use energy; impact of the electricity companies´ practices on people´s rights and freedoms (helps to protect, threatens, or has no impact); attitude towards this scenario (the power company should only use the information they collect to bill households and not for any other purpose, the power company should be able to use data collected to market new products to consumers based on the energy they use, energy companies should give information to public authorities to detect fraud or criminal behavior, would support any device that helps ensure the own country does not run out of energy, a smart meter would help to reduce how much energy is used, no trust in the power company to keep this data secure). 4. Internet monitoring: security agencies should vs. should not be watching special kinds of internet use concerning terrorist propaganda; impact of the security agencies´ practices on people´s rights and freedoms (helps to protect, threatens, or has no impact); view about how the parents should react if they find out that their son visits websites that contain terrorist propaganda (the parents should worry, the parents might be right to worry depending on their family background, parents should not worry, because security agencies can tell the difference between innocent users and those they need to watch). 5. ANPR (automatic number plate recognition) cameras: local authorities should be able to use ANPR systems which identify and track all vehicles and calculate their average speed in suburban streets; impact of the local authorities´ practices on people´s rights and freedoms (helps to protect, threatens, or has no impact); better or worse alternatives to ANPR cameras (designing the streets in a way that makes it difficult to drive too fast (e.g. by installing speed bumps), increasing police presence, installing speed control cameras, which identify speeding vehicles but do not track them, making it easier for commuters to use alternatives, for example by improving public transport or introducing incentives for cyclists); reason for this better alternative (more effective at reducing speeding, cheaper, it collects less information about people, more respectful of people´s rights and freedoms, it only affects people who are speeding, another reason). 6. ISP data (only respondents who use the internet ever): companies offering services on the internet should vs. should not be able to sell information about the respondent and about people; impact of selling ISP data by companies offering services on the internet on people´s rights and freedoms (helps to protect,...
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The global gigabit Wi-Fi access points market size was valued at approximately USD 5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 12.5 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.5% from 2024 to 2032. The rapid surge in demand for high-speed internet and the growing adoption of smart devices are key drivers propelling the market's growth. Businesses and consumers alike are increasingly prioritizing faster, more reliable wireless connectivity, which in turn has amplified the demand for gigabit Wi-Fi access points across various sectors.
A significant factor contributing to this market's expansion is the evolution of IoT (Internet of Things) devices, which necessitate robust and high-speed internet connectivity to function efficiently. As the number of connected devices continues to grow exponentially, so does the need for advanced Wi-Fi solutions that can manage increased network traffic without compromising performance. Additionally, the advent of remote work and online education has underscored the critical importance of reliable Wi-Fi connectivity, further fueling the market demand for gigabit Wi-Fi access points.
Moreover, advancements in Wi-Fi technology, particularly the introduction of Wi-Fi 6 and Wi-Fi 6E, have propelled the market forward. These new standards offer enhanced speed, lower latency, and the ability to handle a greater number of simultaneous connections, making them ideal for both consumer and enterprise applications. The escalating popularity of bandwidth-intensive applications such as video streaming, online gaming, and virtual reality has also spurred the demand for high-performance Wi-Fi solutions.
Another pivotal growth driver is the expanding infrastructure development in emerging economies. Countries across the Asia Pacific and Latin America regions are witnessing substantial investments in digital infrastructure to support smart city initiatives, e-governance, and digital transformation projects. This surge in infrastructural development is consequently boosting the demand for gigabit Wi-Fi access points, providing significant growth opportunities for market players.
The demand for Outdoor Wi-Fi Equipment is also on the rise as more public spaces and outdoor venues seek to provide seamless connectivity. These environments require specialized equipment that can withstand harsh weather conditions while delivering consistent performance. As urban areas expand and the concept of smart cities becomes more prevalent, the deployment of outdoor Wi-Fi solutions is becoming integral to urban planning. These solutions not only enhance connectivity for citizens but also support various applications such as public safety, traffic management, and environmental monitoring. The integration of outdoor Wi-Fi equipment into city infrastructure is a testament to the growing importance of connectivity in modern urban life.
On the regional front, North America is poised to maintain its dominance in the gigabit Wi-Fi access points market, driven by the early adoption of advanced technologies and the presence of key market players. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to exhibit the highest growth rate during the forecast period, spurred by rapid urbanization, increasing internet penetration, and government initiatives to promote digitalization. Europe is also anticipated to witness substantial growth owing to the rising demand for high-speed internet across various industries.
The gigabit Wi-Fi access points market is segmented by product type into indoor access points and outdoor access points. Indoor access points are predominantly used in residential and commercial settings where they provide critical connectivity solutions. These access points are designed to ensure efficient data transmission within buildings, handling multiple devices simultaneously. With the increasing trend of smart homes and offices, the demand for indoor gigabit Wi-Fi access points is expected to rise significantly.
Outdoor access points, on the other hand, are engineered to provide robust and reliable connectivity in external environments, including public venues, campuses, and industrial areas. These access points are built to withstand various weather conditions and offer extended range coverage. The growing need for seamless connectivity in public hotspots and outdoor commercial spaces is driving the
Between January 2012 and February 2024, there were 805 government-imposed internet shutdowns across India, resulting in the highest number of internet blocks in the world so far. According to the Freedom House Index ratings of 2019, India was labelled a partially free democracy and scored a mediocre 55 points out of 100 on the freedom of internet parameters.
Cost of shutdowns
In 2019, India’s forced internet blackouts lasted well over four thousand hours, resulting in an economic loss of over 1.3 billion U.S. dollars, third in the world’s most economically affected countries, after Iraq and Sudan. The report added that India’s internet blackouts tend to be highly targeted and at times they are down to the level of individual blacklisting. Some internet shutdowns are imposed for a few hours in just a few city districts, while others are a blanket restriction of all internet services across larger regions in the country. As such, the report warns that the full economic impact is likely to be much higher than the stated figures.
Justifications for internet shutdowns
In 2016, the United Nations declared internet access as a basic human right. Despite this, many governments including India seem to be normalizing internet shutdowns. Public safety was the most common government justification to enable internet shutdowns in 2018, followed by national security. Fake news or hate speech, usually called disinformation, was ranked third. However, official justifications for shutdowns rarely seemed to match actual causes, which frequently included political instability and civilian protests.
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The global mobile hotspot router market size was valued at USD 8.2 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 15.6 billion by 2032, driven by a CAGR of 7.6% during the forecast period. This market is experiencing robust growth due to increasing demand for seamless internet connectivity in both urban and remote areas. One of the significant growth factors propelling the market is the ubiquity of smart devices and the need for on-the-go internet access.
One key growth factor for the mobile hotspot router market is the exponential increase in the number of mobile devices globally. Smartphones, tablets, and laptops have become essential tools for both personal and professional use, driving the demand for reliable and fast internet connections. As remote work and online education continue to gain traction, especially post-pandemic, the need for mobile hotspot routers has surged. Moreover, advancements in technology have enhanced the efficiency and speed of these devices, making them more appealing to consumers and businesses alike.
Another significant driver is the expanding penetration of high-speed internet across emerging economies. Countries in Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Africa are seeing significant investments in telecommunications infrastructure, which in turn boosts the mobile hotspot router market. Governments and private companies are increasingly focusing on bridging the digital divide, making internet access available to underserved and remote areas. Mobile hotspot routers offer a flexible and cost-effective solution to these connectivity challenges, further accelerating market growth.
Additionally, the development and rollout of advanced cellular networks, such as 4G and 5G, are major catalysts for market expansion. The transition from 4G to 5G networks promises faster data speeds, lower latency, and more reliable connections, making mobile hotspot routers even more valuable. Businesses are particularly keen on adopting 5G-enabled devices to support a myriad of applications, from IoT and smart cities to real-time data streaming and augmented reality. This technological evolution is poised to create substantial opportunities for market players in the coming years.
The demand for Wireless Broadband Hotspot Equipment is also on the rise as consumers and businesses seek more reliable and faster internet solutions. These devices are crucial in providing seamless connectivity in areas where traditional broadband infrastructure is lacking or insufficient. With the proliferation of smart devices and the increasing need for uninterrupted internet access, wireless broadband hotspot equipment offers a versatile solution. It enables users to connect multiple devices simultaneously, ensuring that connectivity is maintained even in high-traffic environments. This growing demand is further fueled by the expansion of 5G networks, which promise to enhance the capabilities of wireless broadband equipment significantly.
From a regional perspective, North America holds a significant share of the mobile hotspot router market, attributed to high consumer awareness and robust telecommunications infrastructure. The United States and Canada are at the forefront of adopting new technologies, including 5G, which further propels market growth in the region. However, Asia Pacific is expected to witness the fastest growth during the forecast period, driven by large-scale investments in network infrastructure and a burgeoning middle class seeking better connectivity solutions.
The mobile hotspot router market can be segmented by type into standalone devices and bundled devices. Standalone devices are dedicated mobile hotspot routers that provide internet access through cellular networks, independent of other hardware. These devices are favored for their ease of use and the ability to connect multiple devices simultaneously. The standalone device segment is expected to maintain a significant market share due to its versatility and convenience, particularly among frequent travelers and remote workers who require reliable internet access on the go.
On the other hand, bundled devices are mobile hotspot routers that come integrated with other hardware, such as smartphones or tablets. These devices
When asked about "Attitudes towards the internet", most Mexican respondents pick "It is important to me to have mobile internet access in any place" as an answer. 56 percent did so in our online survey in 2025. Looking to gain valuable insights about users of internet providers worldwide? Check out our reports on consumers who use internet providers. These reports give readers a thorough picture of these customers, including their identities, preferences, opinions, and methods of communication.
In 2023, Russia ranked first by the economic impact of internet shutdowns in the country. The restrictions placed by the government cost 4.02 billion U.S. dollars in the measured year. Internet users in Myanmar endured a total of 18,768 hours of shutdowns, which affected 23.7 million users and had an economic impact of approximately 974 million U.S. dollars. Brazil had the largest population impacted by the internet shutdowns. Online shutdowns and blackouts are generally seen as an indicator of low internet freedom.