Bipartite ecological networks are increasingly used to described and model relationships between interacting species (e.g. plant-pollinator or host parasite). Here, we apply network methods developed in community ecology to quantify division of labor in insect societies. We consider two quantitative indices (H2' and d') derived from information theory that inform on how much the actual patterns of task performance deviates from the null expectation that workers perform tasks randomly. In addition, we computed network modularity to identify clusters of specialized individuals that are preferentially engaged in the completion of subset of available tasks. We analyzed both simple synthetic networks, varying in size and degree of specialization, and published datasets to introduce the metrics and to show that a bipartite approach provides useful insights into task allocation. Considering division of labor as a bipartite network offers a conceptual framework that could substantially increase...

This page includes R codes for all studies discussed in the manuscript Robustness of normality-based likelihood ratio tests for interaction in two-mode data and a permutation-based alternative.

(a)The RMSDs refer to those between the intermediates generated by moving along the 1st ANM mode (columns 5–7), two modes (8–10) and three modes (11–13) in iteration k = 1 (see Eq. (3)). For each step (1st column), the results are separately given for the reconfiguration of the forward (first row), backward (2nd row) and simultaneous (3rd row) passages between the two endpoints.(b)Lowest frequency modes that exhibit a correlation cosine of >0.1 with d(0) are selected. Note that these are all confined to the lowest frequency six ANM modes (see listed mode numbers).

This tar.gz file contains the original Mathematica data files for the gravitational quasi-normal modes of the Kerr geometry. For n=0--15, all m values for the l=2--16 modes are present. For n=16--32, all m values for the l=2--4 modes are present. These data sets were constructed using the methods outlines in Cook & Zalutskiy, Phys. Rev. D 90 (2014) pp. 124021 (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.90.124021).

The zip file includes the data on which the figures of Journal of Physics Communications 5, 045002 (2021) ( https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-6528/abeec2 ) are based and a sample plot file for Figure 1.

The NF-κB family of transcription factors is crucial for the expression of multiple genes involved in cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation. The molecular basis by which NF-κB activates endogenous promoters is largely unknown, but it seems likely that it should include the means to tailor transcriptional output to match the wide functional range of its target genes. To dissect NF-κB–driven transcription at native promoters, we disrupted the interaction between NF-κB p65 and the Mediator complex. We found that expression of many endogenous NF-κB target genes depends on direct contact between p65 and Mediator, and that this occurs through the Trap-80 subunit and the TA1 and TA2 regions of p65. Unexpectedly, however, a subset of p65-dependent genes are transcribed normally even when the interaction of p65 with Mediator is abolished. Moreover, a mutant form of p65 lacking all transcription activation domains previously identified in vitro can still activate such promoters in vivo. We found that without p65, native NF-κB target promoters cannot be bound by secondary transcription factors. Artificial recruitment of a secondary transcription factor was able to restore transcription of an otherwise NF-κB–dependent target gene in the absence of p65, showing that the control of promoter occupancy constitutes a second, independent mode of transcriptional activation by p65. This mode enables a subset of promoters to utilize a wide choice of transcription factors, with the potential to regulate their expression accordingly, whilst remaining dependent for their activation on NF-κB.

The basin-hopping algorithm (BHA) allows for the efficient exploration of atomic cluster potential energy surfaces by random perturbations in configuration space, followed by energy minimizations. Here, the taboo search method is incorporated to prevent the search from revisiting recently visited regions of the search space. Two taboo search modes are implemented, one mode resets the search to random coordinates upon encountering the taboo region, while the other simply rejects any proposed move into the taboo region. These two modes are tested and compared on a variety of potential energy surfacesseveral clusters where atomic interactions are described by the Lennard-Jones potential, and Au55 where a semi-empirical tight binding potential is used to describe atomic interactions. Some differences in performance between the two taboo search modes were noted for LJ38 and Au55, with the mode that rejects all hops into the taboo region performing better, offering a means to improve the efficiency of the BHA for multifunnel systems. However, both taboo search modes failed to significantly improve performance on multifunnel systems where more than two funnels were present in the system.

These tar.gz files contain the original Mathematica data files for the gravitational total transmission modes of the Kerr geometry for n=0 (Normal) and n=1 & 2 (Asymptotic) sequences for l=2--8. These data sets were constructed using the methods outlines in Cook & Zalutskiy, Phys. Rev. D 90 (2014) pp. 124021 (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.90.124021) and Cook & Lu, Phys. Rev. D 107 (2023) pp. 044043 (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.107.044043).

This dataset (in .csv format), accompanying codebook and replication code serve as supplement to a study titled: “Does the mode of administration impact on quality of data? Comparing a traditional survey versus an online survey via a Voting Advice Application” submitted for publication to the journal: “Survey Research Methods”). The study involved comparisons of responses to two near-identical questionnaires administered via a traditional survey and through a Voting Advice Application (VAA) both designed for and administered during the pre-electoral period of the Cypriot Presidential Elections of 2013. The offline dataset consisted of questionnaires collected from 818 individuals whose participation was elicited through door-to-door stratified random sampling with replacement of individuals who could not be contacted. The strata were designed to take into account the regional population density, gender, age and whether the area was urban or rural. Offline participants completed a pen-and-paper questionnaire version of the VAA in a self-completing capacity, although the person administering the questionnaire remained present throughout. The online dataset involved responses from 10,241 VAA users who completed the Choose4Cyprus VAA. Voting Advice Applications are online platforms that provide voting recommendations to users based on their closeness to political parties after they declare their agreement or disagreement on a number of policy statements. VAA users freely visited the VAA website and completed the relevant questionnaire in a self-completing capacity. The two modes of administration (online and offline) involved respondents completing a series of supplementary questions (demographics, ideological affinity & political orientation [e.g. vote in the previous election]) prior to the main questionnaire consisting of 35 and 30 policy-related Likert-type items for the offline and online mode respectively. The dataset includes all 30 policy items that were common between the two modes, although only the first 19 (q1:q19) appeared in the same order and in the same position in the two questionnaires; as such, all analyses reported in the article were conducted using these 19 items only. The phrasing of the questions was identical for the two modes and is described per variable in the attached codebook.

Entanglement between two spatially separated atomic modes [Dataset]

Plant organ primordia develop successively at the shoot apical meristem (SAM). In Arabidopsis, primordia formed early in development differentiate into vegetative leaves, whereas those formed later generate inflorescence branches and flowers. TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1), a negative regulator of transcription, acts in the SAM to delay flowering and to maintain inflorescence meristem indeterminacy. We used confocal microscopy, time-resolved transcript profiling, and reverse genetics to elucidate this dual role of TFL1. We find that TFL1 accumulates dynamically in the SAM reflecting its dual function. Moreover, TFL1 represses two major sets of genes. One set includes genes that promote flowering and whose expression increases earlier in tfl1. The other set is spatially misexpressed in tfl1 inflorescence meristems. The misexpression of these two gene sets in tfl1 mutants depends upon FD transcription factor with which TFL1 interacts. Furthermore, the MADS-box gene SEPALLATA4, which is upregulated in tfl1, contributes both to the floral transition and shoot determinacy defects of tfl1 mutants. Thus, we delineate the dual function of TFL1 in shoot development in terms of its dynamic spatial distribution and different modes of gene repression.

This dataset contains concurrent airborne DopplerScatt radar retrievals of surface vector winds and ocean currents from the Sub-Mesoscale Ocean Dynamics Experiment (S-MODE) during a pilot campaign conducted approximately 300 km offshore of San Francisco over two weeks in October 2021. S-MODE aims to understand how ocean dynamics acting on short spatial scales influence the vertical exchange of physical and biological variables in the ocean. DopplerScatt is a Ka-band (35.75 GHz) scatterometer with a swath width of 24 km that records Doppler measurements of the relative velocity between the platform and the surface. It is mounted on a B200 aircraft which flies daily surveys of the field _domain during deployments, and data is used to give larger scale context, and also to compare with in-situ measurements of velocities and divergence. Level 2 data includes estimates of surface winds and currents. The V1 data have been cross-calibrated against SIO-DopVis leading to the 'dopvis_2021' current geophysical model function. It is expected that additional DopVis data will lead to a reprocessing of this data set and it should be regarded as provisional, to be refined after future S-MODE deployments. Data are available in netCDF format.

Two Modes of Self-Coordinating Edge-over-Edge Zn(II) Porphyrin Dimerization:  A Structural and Spectroscopic Comparison†

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The modes of transportation chart illustrates residents' most popular choices when it comes to getting around the area.

These instances provide data for planning problems in city logistics. The considered urban transportation system consists of two tiers and involves different modes of transportation like truck, cargo bike and public transport service. Three types of demands are considered: e2c (external to customer) demands, which require a delivery at a customer location in the inner city, c2e (customer to external) demands requiring a pickup at a customer location, and c2c (customer to customer) demands, which are shipped within the dense urban area. The instances are based on the district 'Oststadt' of Karlsruhe, a medium-size German city.

The set contains 46,656 single instances, which mainly differ in the number of demands (10, 20 and 30), the modes of transport, the planning time horizon, the demand types involved, the time window widths and the maximum waiting time allowed.

See the provided manual for more details.

Water bath demonstration of the fluid mechanics of natural displacement and natural mixing ventilation (two forms of buoyancy ventilation). Conducted in preparation for CFI IF grant application.

In the era of digital intelligence empowerment, the data-driven approach to the mining and organization of humanistic knowledge has ushered in new development opportunities. However, current research on allusions, an important type of humanities data, mainly focuses on the adoption of a traditional paradigm of humanities research. Conversely, little attention is paid to the application of auto-computing techniques to allusive resources. In light of this research gap, this work proposes a model of allusive word sentiment recognition and application based on text semantic enhancement. First, explanatory texts of 36,080 allusive words are introduced for text semantic enhancement. Subsequently, the performances of different deep learning-based approaches are compared, including three baselines and two optimized models. The best model, ERNIE-RCNN, which exhibits a 6.35% improvement in accuracy, is chosen for the sentiment prediction of allusive words based on text semantic enhancement. Next, according to the binary relationships between allusive words and their source text, explanatory text, and sentiments, the overall and time-based distribution regularities of allusive word sentiments are explored. In addition, the sentiments of the source text are inferred according to the allusive word sentiments. Finally, the LDA model is utilized for the topic extraction of allusive words, and the sentiments and topics are fused to construct an allusive word-sentiment theme relationship database, which provides two modes for the semantic association and organization of allusive resources. The empirical results show that the proposed model can achieve the discovery and association of allusion-related humanities knowledge.

This data set shows the operation of the fuel cell inverter under grid-forming mode of operation, grid-following mode of operation and transition between the two modes.

A nonlinear bump-on-tail model for the growth and saturation of energetic particle driven plasma waves has been extended to include two populations of fast particles—one dominated by dynamical friction at the resonance and the other by velocity space diffusion. The resulting temporal evolution of the wave amplitude and frequency depends on the relative weight of the two populations. The two species model is applied to burning plasma with drag-dominated alpha particles and diffusion-dominated ICRH accelerated minority ions, showing the stabilization of bursting modes. The model also suggests an explanation for the recent observations on the TJ-II stellarator, where Alfv'en Eigenmodes transition between steady state and bursting as the magnetic configuration varied.