IntroductionLinking free-text addresses to unique identifiers in a structural address database [the Ordnance Survey unique property reference number (UPRN) in the United Kingdom (UK)] is a necessary step for downstream geospatial analysis in many digital health systems, e.g., for identification of care home residents, understanding housing transitions in later life, and informing decision making on geographical health and social care resource distribution. However, there is a lack of open-source tools for this task with performance validated in a test data set.MethodsIn this article, we propose a generalisable solution (A Framework for Linking free-text Addresses to Ordnance Survey UPRN database, FLAP) based on a machine learning–based matching classifier coupled with a fuzzy aligning algorithm for feature generation with better performance than existing tools. The framework is implemented in Python as an Open Source tool (available at Link). We tested the framework in a real-world scenario of linking individual’s (n=771,588) addresses recorded as free text in the Community Health Index (CHI) of National Health Service (NHS) Tayside and NHS Fife to the Unique Property Reference Number database (UPRN DB).ResultsWe achieved an adjusted matching accuracy of 0.992 in a test data set randomly sampled (n=3,876) from NHS Tayside and NHS Fife CHI addresses. FLAP showed robustness against input variations including typographical errors, alternative formats, and partially incorrect information. It has also improved usability compared to existing solutions allowing the use of a customised threshold of matching confidence and selection of top n candidate records. The use of machine learning also provides better adaptability of the tool to new data and enables continuous improvement.DiscussionIn conclusion, we have developed a framework, FLAP, for linking free-text UK addresses to the UPRN DB with good performance and usability in a real-world task.

This is the ONS Postcode Directory (ONSPD) for the United Kingdom as at February 2024 in Comma Separated Variable (CSV) and ASCII text (TXT) formats. This file contains the multi CSVs so that postcode areas can be opened in MS Excel. To download the zip file click the Download button. The ONSPD relates both current and terminated postcodes in the United Kingdom to a range of current statutory administrative, electoral, health and other area geographies. It also links postcodes to pre-2002 health areas, 1991 Census enumeration districts for England and Wales, 2001 Census Output Areas (OA) and Super Output Areas (SOA) for England and Wales, 2001 Census OAs and SOAs for Northern Ireland and 2001 Census OAs and Data Zones (DZ) for Scotland. It now contains 2021 Census OAs and SOAs for England, Wales and Northern Ireland. It helps support the production of area-based statistics from postcoded data. The ONSPD is produced by ONS Geography, who provide geographic support to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and geographic services used by other organisations. The ONSPD is issued quarterly. (File size - 231 MB) Please note that this product contains Royal Mail, Gridlink, LPS (Northern Ireland), Ordnance Survey and ONS Intellectual Property Rights.

This file contains the National Statistics UPRN Lookup (NSUL) for Great Britain as at February 2023. The NSUL relates the Unique Property Reference Number (UPRN) for each GB address from AddressBase® Epoch 99 to a range of current statutory administrative, electoral, health and other statistical geographies via 'best-fit' allocation from 2021 Census output areas (National Parks and Workplace Zones are exempt from 'best-fit' and use 'exact-fit' allocations). The NSUL is produced by ONS Geography, who provide geographic support to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and geographic services used by other organisations. The NSUL is issued every 6 weeks and is designed to complement the Ordnance Survey AddressBase® product. For further technical information about this file, please refer to the User Guide document contained within the downloadable zip file. Please note that this product contains Royal Mail, Gridlink, Ordnance Survey and ONS Intellectual Property Rights. (File Size – 463 MB)

Available for England, Scotland, Wales, N Ireland, Channel Islands and the Isle of Man as a point geometry in 5 Ordnance Survey (OS) products: AddressBase, AddressBase Plus, AddressBase Premium, AddressBase Plus Islands and AddressBase Premium Islands. The residential nature of properties is determined by the Local Authority addressing custodian as part of their statutory role as Local Land Property Gazetteer (LLPG) custodians. This data is often used for geocoding, service delivery, address matching and verification, customer relationship management and statistical analysis. Keywords: Addresses, Unique Property Reference Numbers, UPRN, House Name, House Number, Postcode, Basic Land and Property Unit, BLPU, Land and Property Identifier, LPI, Residential, Address, Gazetteer, LLPG

Dataset population: Persons

Second address location

The location of the second address.

A second address is an address at which a person stays for more than 30 days per year that is not a person's place of usual residence. This includes addresses that are in the UK and those outside the UK. Typical second addresses include:

• Armed Forces bases
• Addresses used by people working away from home
• A student's home address
• The address of another parent or guardian
• Holiday homes

If a person with a second address was staying at that address on census night, they were classed as a visitor to that address, but counted as a usual resident at their home address.

Second address type

The type of the second address.

Our address datasets contain all geospatial address data of United Kingdom. You can use this data to send direct mail campaigns to households within a certain radius of your store, or to limit your online campaigns to viewers within a specific catchment area.

Address-Level Targeting in United Kingdom

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Available for England, Scotland, Wales, N Ireland, Channel Islands and the Isle of Man as a point geometry in 5 Ordnance Survey (OS) products: AddressBase, AddressBase Plus, AddressBase Premium, AddressBase Plus Islands and AddressBase Premium Islands. The commercial nature of properties is determined by the Local Authority addressing custodian as part of their statutory role as Local Land Property Gazetteer (LLPG) custodians. This data is often used for geocoding, service delivery, address matching and verification, customer relationship management and statistical analysis. Keywords: Addresses, Unique Property Reference Numbers, UPRN, House Name, House Number, Postcode, Basic Land and Property Unit, BLPU, Land and Property Identifier, LPI, Commercial, Address, Gazetteer, LLPG

This file contains the ONS Address Directory (ONSAD) for Great Britain as at January 2017. The ONSAD relates the Unique Property Reference Number (UPRN) for each GB address from AddressBase® Epoch 45 to a range of current statutory administrative, electoral, health and other statistical geographies. The ONSAD is produced by ONS Geography, who provide geographic support to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and geographic services used by other organisations. The ONSAD is issued every 12 weeks and is designed to complement the Ordnance Survey AddressBase® product. For further technical information about this file, please refer to the User Guide document contained within the downloadable zip file. Please note that this product contains Royal Mail, Gridlink, Ordnance Survey and ONS Intellectual Property Rights. (File Size - 401 MB)

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IP Addresses in the United Kingdom increased to 27493519 IP in the first quarter of 2017 from 26782989 IP in the fourth quarter of 2016. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for the United KingdomIP Addresses.

Dataset population: Persons

Second address

A second address is an address at which a person stays for more than 30 days per year that is not a person's place of usual residence. This includes addresses that are in the UK and those outside the UK.

Typical second addresses include:

• Armed Forces bases
• Addresses used by people working away from home
• A student's home address
• The address of another parent or guardian
• Holiday homes.

If a person with a second address was staying at that address on census night, they were classed as a visitor to that address, but counted as a usual resident at their home address.

This is the User Guide for the ONS Address Directory (ONSAD) for Great Britain as at January 2017. The ONSAD relates the Unique Property Reference Number (UPRN) for each GB address to a range of current geographies. (File Size - 446 KB)

Click on the title for more details and to download the file. (File Size - 372 MB).

This file contains the ONS UPRN Directory (ONSUD) for Great Britain as at January 2022. The ONSUD relates the Unique Property Reference Number (UPRN) for each GB address from AddressBase® Epoch 89 to a range of current statutory administrative, electoral, health and other statistical geographies. The ONSUD is produced by ONS Geography, who provide geographic support to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and geographic services used by other organisations. The ONSUD is issued every 6 weeks and is designed to complement the Ordnance Survey AddressBase® product. For further technical information about this file, please refer to the User Guide document contained within the downloadable zip file. Please note that this product contains Royal Mail, Gridlink, Ordnance Survey and ONS Intellectual Property Rights. (File Size - 511 MB)

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Every ten years since 1801 the nation has set aside one day for the census - a count of all people and households. It is the most complete source of information about the population that we have. The latest census was held on Sunday 21 March 2021.

Every effort is made to include everyone, and that is why the census is so important. It is the only survey which provides a detailed picture of the entire population, and is unique because it covers everyone at the same time and asks the same core questions everywhere. This makes it easy to compare different parts of the country.

The information the census provides allows central and local government, health authorities and many other organisations to target their resources more effectively and to plan housing, education, health and transport services for years to come.

In England and Wales, the census is planned and carried out by the Office for National Statistics. Elsewhere in the UK, responsibility lies with the National Records of Scotland and the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency.

A usual resident is anyone who on Census Day, 21 March 2021 was in the UK and had stayed or intended to stay in the UK for a period of 12 months or more, or had a permanent UK address and was outside the UK and intended to be outside the UK for less than 12 months.

The ONS have three processes for checking and resolving duplicate responses so that the main census data should simply be one record for each person:

1. The ONS resolve duplicates coming in for the same postcode using a process called Resolve Multiple Responses (RMR). For instance, if two people both fill in a form for their whole household, or someone from a household also submits an individual response unknown to the main submission. They have rules for checking they are duplicates, and rules for which to keep.

2. The ONS also do an over coverage check on a sample basis for duplicates across the rest of the country, and then factor the findings into their coverage estimation calculations. This sampling focuses on the types of population which are more likely to be duplicated (people who have indicated they have a second residence on the census, students aged 18-25, armed forces personnel, children, adults enumerated at a communal establishment, etc.) but also samples from the remaining population.

3. The ONS ask parents to fill in basic demographic information for any children who are away studying, and when they get to the question on their term-time address, if they answer that the term-time address is elsewhere, we then use that to filter those out-of-term students out of the main database. Then when that student does respond actually at their term-time address, they only include them there.

Note: variables RELAT06, RELAT11, RELAT16, RELAT21, RELAT26, GENDER_IDENTITY are not available in the data

Comparison between admin-based occupied address dataset and Census 2021 household estimates by local authority in England and Wales.

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