IntroductionLinking free-text addresses to unique identifiers in a structural address database [the Ordnance Survey unique property reference number (UPRN) in the United Kingdom (UK)] is a necessary step for downstream geospatial analysis in many digital health systems, e.g., for identification of care home residents, understanding housing transitions in later life, and informing decision making on geographical health and social care resource distribution. However, there is a lack of open-source tools for this task with performance validated in a test data set.MethodsIn this article, we propose a generalisable solution (A Framework for Linking free-text Addresses to Ordnance Survey UPRN database, FLAP) based on a machine learning–based matching classifier coupled with a fuzzy aligning algorithm for feature generation with better performance than existing tools. The framework is implemented in Python as an Open Source tool (available at Link). We tested the framework in a real-world scenario of linking individual’s (n=771,588) addresses recorded as free text in the Community Health Index (CHI) of National Health Service (NHS) Tayside and NHS Fife to the Unique Property Reference Number database (UPRN DB).ResultsWe achieved an adjusted matching accuracy of 0.992 in a test data set randomly sampled (n=3,876) from NHS Tayside and NHS Fife CHI addresses. FLAP showed robustness against input variations including typographical errors, alternative formats, and partially incorrect information. It has also improved usability compared to existing solutions allowing the use of a customised threshold of matching confidence and selection of top n candidate records. The use of machine learning also provides better adaptability of the tool to new data and enables continuous improvement.DiscussionIn conclusion, we have developed a framework, FLAP, for linking free-text UK addresses to the UPRN DB with good performance and usability in a real-world task.

This file contains the National Statistics UPRN Lookup (NSUL) for Great Britain as at November 2024. The NSUL relates the Unique Property Reference Number (UPRN) for each GB address from AddressBase® Epoch 114 to a range of current statutory administrative, electoral, health and other statistical geographies via 'best-fit' allocation from 2021 Census output areas (National Parks and Workplace Zones are exempt from 'best-fit' and use 'exact-fit' allocations). The NSUL is produced by ONS Geography, who provide geographic support to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and geographic services used by other organisations. The NSUL is issued every 6 weeks and is designed to complement the Ordnance Survey AddressBase® product. For further technical information about this file, please refer to the User Guide document contained within the downloadable zip file. Please note that this product contains Royal Mail, Gridlink, Ordnance Survey and ONS Intellectual Property Rights. (File Size – 454 MB)

Our UK Postcode Database offers comprehensive postal code data for spatial analysis, including postal and administrative areas. This dataset contains accurate and up-to-date information on all administrative divisions, cities, and zip codes, making it an invaluable resource for various applications such as address capture and validation, map and visualization, reporting and business intelligence (BI), master data management, logistics and supply chain management, and sales and marketing. Our location data packages are available in various formats, including CSV, optimized for seamless integration with popular systems like Esri ArcGIS, Snowflake, QGIS, and more. Product features include fully and accurately geocoded data, multi-language support with address names in local and foreign languages, comprehensive city definitions, and the option to combine map data with UNLOCODE and IATA codes, time zones, and daylight saving times. Companies choose our location databases for their enterprise-grade service, reduction in integration time and cost by 30%, and weekly updates to ensure the highest quality.

Click on the title for more details and to download the file. (File Size - 372 MB).

A comprehensive self-hosted geospatial database of street names, coordinates, and address data ranges for Enterprise use. The address data are georeferenced with industry-standard WGS84 coordinates (geocoding).

All geospatial data are provided in the official local languages. Names and other data in non-Roman languages are also made available in English through translations and transliterations.

Use cases for the Global Address Database (Geospatial data)

• Address capture and validation

• Parcel delivery

• Master Data Management

• Logistics and Shipping

• Sales and Marketing

Additional features

• Fully and accurately geocoded

• Multi-language support

• Address ranges for streets covered by several zip codes

• Comprehensive city definitions across countries

• Administrative areas with a level range of 0-4

• International Address Formats

For additional insights, you can combine the map data with:

• UNLOCODE and IATA codes (geocoded)

• Time zones and Daylight Saving Time (DST)

• Population data: Past and future trends

Data export methodology

Our location data packages are offered in CSV format. All geospatial data are optimized for seamless integration with popular systems like Esri ArcGIS, Snowflake, QGIS, and more.

Why companies choose our location databases

• Enterprise-grade service

• Reduce integration time and cost by 30%

• Frequent, consistent updates for the highest quality

Note: Custom geospatial data packages are available. Please submit a request via the above contact button for more details.

This file contains the ONS UPRN Directory (ONSUD) for Great Britain as at January 2022. The ONSUD relates the Unique Property Reference Number (UPRN) for each GB address from AddressBase® Epoch 89 to a range of current statutory administrative, electoral, health and other statistical geographies. The ONSUD is produced by ONS Geography, who provide geographic support to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and geographic services used by other organisations. The ONSUD is issued every 6 weeks and is designed to complement the Ordnance Survey AddressBase® product. For further technical information about this file, please refer to the User Guide document contained within the downloadable zip file. Please note that this product contains Royal Mail, Gridlink, Ordnance Survey and ONS Intellectual Property Rights. (File Size - 511 MB)

The national address gazetteer brings together address information from local authorities and Ordnance Survey to create a ‘national address gazetteer database’, providing one definitive source of accurate publicly-owned spatial address data for the whole of the public sector. To deliver this, the Local Government Group and Ordnance Survey have entered into a joint venture partnership, ‘GeoPlace™’, from which address products have been created. It brings together local government’s address and streets gazetteers - the National Land and Property Gazetteer (NLPG), National Street Gazetteer (NSG) and One Scotland Gazetteer (OSG) - with all of Ordnance Survey’s addressing products - ADDRESS-POINT® and OS MasterMap® Address Layer and Address Layer 2. The national address gazetteer contains the existing unique identifiers and the definitive street name and number (generated by local authorities) with the postcode from the Royal Mail as well as a link to the map base from Ordnance Survey, through the OS TOID® and grid reference. The data contains the unique property reference number (UPRN) and unique street reference number (USRN) from the NLPG and OSG as the primary keys.

Global Email Address & Contact Data Solutions: 293M+ Verified Emails and Phone Numbers for B2B & B2C Outreach Boost your marketing and sales strategies with Forager.ai's Global Contact Data and Email address Data. Our comprehensive database offers access to over 293 million verified email addresses, along with phone number data and detailed B2B Email data and contact information. Whether you're focused on expanding your B2B Email outreach or improving lead generation, our solutions provide the tools you need to engage decision-makers and drive success.

Designed to support your Email data-driven marketing efforts, Forager.ai delivers valuable insights with email data, phone number data, and contact details for both B2B and B2C audiences. Build meaningful connections and leverage high-quality, verified Email data to execute precise and effective outreach strategies.

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Database Enrichment: Improve your sales databases and CRM systems by enriching them with accurate and up-to-date contact data, supporting more informed decision-making.

B2B Lead Generation: Tap into our rich B2B Email data to expand your business networks, refine your outreach efforts, and generate high-quality leads.

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Why Forager.ai Stands Out: Precision & Accuracy: With a 95%+ accuracy rate, Forager.ai ensures that your email data and contact information is always fresh, reliable, and ready to be used for maximum impact.

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Unlock the Power of Verified Email (Personal Email data & Business Email data) Contact Data with Forager.ai Explore the potential of our 293M+ verified email addresses and phone numbers to elevate your B2B email marketing, sales outreach, and data-driven initiatives. Our contact data solutions are tailored to support your lead generation, sales pipeline, and competitive intelligence efforts, giving you the tools to execute more effective and impactful campaigns.

Top Use Cases for Forager.ai Data Solutions: Lead Generation & B2B Prospecting

Cold B2B Email Outreach

CRM Enrichment & Marketing Automation

Account-Based Marketing (ABM)

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Flexible Data Licensing & Access Options: One-Time Data Files available upon request

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This is the User Guide for the National Statistics Address Lookup (NSAL) for Great Britain as at March 2017. The NSAL relates the Unique Property Reference Number (UPRN) for each GB address to a range of current geographies via 'best-fit' allocation from 2011 output areas. (File Size - 303 KB)

Context

UK pubs as open data, including pub name, address, position and local authority.

Content

• fsa_id
• name
• address
• postcode
• easting
• northing
• latitude
• longitude
• local_authority

fsa_id is the FSA's ID for the premises and allows you to link the pub to their Food Hygiene Ratings.

Acknowledgements

For latest version and documentation see the Open Pubs homepage.

Derived from the Food Standard Agency Food Hygiene Ratings database and licensed under their terms and conditions.

Local Authority field derived from the ONS Postcode Directory licensed under the OGL.

• Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right 2016
• Contains Royal Mail data © Royal Mail copyright and database right 2016
• Contains National Statistics data © Crown copyright and database right 2016

Published and maintained by GetTheData.

Inspiration

Create mashups with other geocoded open datasets: Pubs/Bus Stop Mashup

Optimise pubcrawls: World's longest pub crawl: Maths team plots route between 25,000 UK boozers

The OS National Geographic Database (NGD) Address Theme provides a complete and definitive view of UK address data. It's designed to underpin a range of analytical use cases and provide the most detailed view of an address and its lifecycle. This table demonstrates the geographical extents of bus shelters in the West Midlands Conurbation area as polygons. This dataset is available to local authority partners. To request access contact the Data Insight Team.

This Special Licence Access dataset contains names and addresses from the Integrated Census Microdata (I-CeM) dataset for England and Wales for 1921. These data are made available under Special Licence (SL) access conditions due to commercial sensitivity.

The anonymised main I-CeM database that complements these names and addresses is available under End User Licence access: SN 9281, Integrated Census Microdata (I-CeM), England and Wales, 1921. See the catalogue record for 9280 for details on how to access the EUL data.

Further information about I-CeM can be found on the "https://www.campop.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/icem/"> I-CeM Integrated Microdata Project and webpages.

File format

These data are available in delimited .txt format. Due to the size of the file, it has been zipped in '.7z' format to ease download delivery. The file can be easily unzipped using open-source 7-Zip software or similar packages. Users may need to take advice from their organisation's IT service.

A global self-hosted location dataset containing all administrative divisions, cities, and zip codes for 247 countries. All geospatial data is updated weekly to maintain the highest data quality, including challenging countries such as China, Brazil, Russia, and the United Kingdom.

Use cases for the Global Zip Code Database (Geospatial data)

• Address capture and validation

• Map and visualization

• Reporting and Business Intelligence (BI)

• Master Data Mangement

• Logistics and Supply Chain Management

• Sales and Marketing

Data export methodology

Our location data packages are offered in variable formats, including .csv. All geospatial data are optimized for seamless integration with popular systems like Esri ArcGIS, Snowflake, QGIS, and more.

Product Features

• Fully and accurately geocoded

• Administrative areas with a level range of 0-4

• Multi-language support including address names in local and foreign languages

• Comprehensive city definitions across countries

For additional insights, you can combine the map data with:

• UNLOCODE and IATA codes

• Time zones and Daylight Saving Times

Why do companies choose our location databases

• Enterprise-grade service

• Reduce integration time and cost by 30%

• Weekly updates for the highest quality

Note: Custom geospatial data packages are available. Please submit a request via the above contact button for more details.

Comprehensive dataset of 21,632 Primary schools in United Kingdom as of July, 2025. Includes verified contact information (email, phone), geocoded addresses, customer ratings, reviews, business categories, and operational details. Perfect for market research, lead generation, competitive analysis, and business intelligence. Download a complimentary sample to evaluate data quality and completeness.

This is the ONS Postcode Directory (ONSPD) for the United Kingdom as at February 2024 in Comma Separated Variable (CSV) and ASCII text (TXT) formats. This file contains the multi CSVs so that postcode areas can be opened in MS Excel. To download the zip file click the Download button. The ONSPD relates both current and terminated postcodes in the United Kingdom to a range of current statutory administrative, electoral, health and other area geographies. It also links postcodes to pre-2002 health areas, 1991 Census enumeration districts for England and Wales, 2001 Census Output Areas (OA) and Super Output Areas (SOA) for England and Wales, 2001 Census OAs and SOAs for Northern Ireland and 2001 Census OAs and Data Zones (DZ) for Scotland. It now contains 2021 Census OAs and SOAs for England, Wales and Northern Ireland. It helps support the production of area-based statistics from postcoded data. The ONSPD is produced by ONS Geography, who provide geographic support to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and geographic services used by other organisations. The ONSPD is issued quarterly. (File size - 231 MB) Please note that this product contains Royal Mail, Gridlink, LPS (Northern Ireland), Ordnance Survey and ONS Intellectual Property Rights.

Database of staff name, office address and photograph.

Snapshot img

Graph Database Market Size 2025-2029

The graph database market size is forecast to increase by USD 11.24 billion at a CAGR of 29% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the increasing popularity of open knowledge networks and the rising demand for low-latency query processing. These trends reflect the growing importance of real-time data analytics and the need for more complex data relationships to be managed effectively. However, the market also faces challenges, including the lack of standardization and programming flexibility. These obstacles require innovative solutions from market participants to ensure interoperability and ease of use for businesses looking to adopt graph databases.
Companies seeking to capitalize on market opportunities must focus on addressing these challenges while also offering advanced features and strong performance to differentiate themselves. Effective navigation of these dynamics will be crucial for success in the evolving graph database landscape. Compliance requirements and data privacy regulations drive the need for security access control and data anonymization methods. Graph databases are deployed in both on-premises data centers and cloud regions, providing flexibility for businesses with varying IT infrastructures.

What will be the Size of the Graph Database Market during the forecast period?

Explore in-depth regional segment analysis with market size data - historical 2019-2023 and forecasts 2025-2029 - in the full report.
Request Free Sample

In the dynamic market, security and data management are increasingly prioritized. Authorization mechanisms and encryption techniques ensure data access control and confidentiality. Query optimization strategies and indexing enhance query performance, while data anonymization methods protect sensitive information. Fault tolerance mechanisms and data governance frameworks maintain data availability and compliance with regulations. Data quality assessment and consistency checks address data integrity issues, and authentication protocols secure concurrent graph updates. This model is particularly well-suited for applications in social networks, recommendation engines, and business processes that require real-time analytics and visualization.

Graph database tuning and monitoring optimize hardware resource usage and detect performance bottlenecks. Data recovery procedures and replication methods ensure data availability during disasters and maintain data consistency. Data version control and concurrent graph updates address versioning and conflict resolution challenges. Data anomaly detection and consistency checks maintain data accuracy and reliability. Distributed transactions and data recovery procedures ensure data consistency across nodes in a distributed graph database system.

How is this Graph Database Industry segmented?

The graph database industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

End-user

  Large enterprises
  SMEs


Type

  RDF
  LPG


Solution

  Native graph database
  Knowledge graph engines
  Graph processing engines
  Graph extension


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Italy
    Spain
    UK


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  Rest of World (ROW)

By End-user Insights

The Large enterprises segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. In today's business landscape, large enterprises are turning to graph databases to manage intricate data relationships and improve decision-making processes. Graph databases offer unique advantages over traditional relational databases, enabling superior agility in modeling and querying interconnected data. These systems are particularly valuable for applications such as fraud detection, supply chain optimization, customer 360 views, and network analysis. Graph databases provide the scalability and performance required to handle large, dynamic datasets and uncover hidden patterns and insights in real time. Their support for advanced analytics and AI-driven applications further bolsters their role in enterprise digital transformation strategies. Additionally, their flexibility and integration capabilities make them well-suited for deployment in hybrid and multi-cloud environments.

Graph databases offer various features that cater to diverse business needs. Data lineage tracking ensures accountability and transparency, while graph analytics engines provide advanced insights. Graph database benchmarking helps organizations evaluate performance, and relationship property indexing streamlines data access. Node relationship management facilitates complex data modeling, an

Our location data powers the most advanced address validation solutions for enterprise backend and frontend systems.

A global, standardized, self-hosted location dataset containing all administrative divisions, cities, and zip codes for 247 countries.

All geospatial data for address data validation is updated weekly to maintain the highest data quality, including challenging countries such as China, Brazil, Russia, and the United Kingdom.

Use cases for the Address Validation at Zip Code Level Database (Geospatial data)

• Address capture and address validation

• Address autocomplete

• Address verification

• Reporting and Business Intelligence (BI)

• Master Data Mangement

• Logistics and Supply Chain Management

• Sales and Marketing

Product Features

• Dedicated features to deliver best-in-class user experience

• Multi-language support including address names in local and foreign languages

• Comprehensive city definitions across countries

Data export methodology

Our location data packages are offered in variable formats, including .csv. All geospatial data for address validation are optimized for seamless integration with popular systems like Esri ArcGIS, Snowflake, QGIS, and more.

Why do companies choose our location databases

• Enterprise-grade service

• Full control over security, speed, and latency

• Reduce integration time and cost by 30%

• Weekly updates for the highest quality

• Seamlessly integrated into your software

Note: Custom address validation packages are available. Please submit a request via the above contact button for more details.