Contained within the 3rd Edition (1957) of the Atlas of Canada is a map that shows two condensed maps which use dots and proportional circles to illustrate the distribution of population of French and British origin, respectively, according to the 1951 census of Canada. Each map is accompanied by a pie chart which shows the British origin and French origin percentage population distribution by province and territory. For Canadian census purposes, a person's origin or cultural group is traced through the father to the paternal ancestor on first arrival to this continent. The term 'British' embraces all those of British Isles origin, that is, it includes those from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Channel Islands and the Republic of Ireland.

Echo’s Building Footprint dataset maps 11M+ precise location boundaries across the UK, France, Spain, Italy, and Germany to power geospatial analysis.

Created using satellite imagery, machine learning, and human validation, these polygons define the exact footprint of stores, offices, and landmarks — enabling high-precision mapping and accurate foot traffic attribution.

Key data points include: - Polygon geometry linked to POIs - Location name, type, and coordinates - Commercial and amenity coverage - Verified, analysis-ready format - Available in major European markets

Ideal for commercial real estate, retail, and proptech teams optimizing site planning, mobility analytics, and investment strategies.

In the century between Napoleon's defeat and the outbreak of the First World War (known as the "Pax Britannica"), the British Empire grew to become the largest and most powerful empire in the world. At its peak in the 1910s and 1920s, it encompassed almost one quarter of both the world's population and its land surface, and was known as "the empire on which the sun never sets". The empire's influence could be felt across the globe, as Britain could use its position to affect trade and economies in all areas of the world, including many regions that were not part of the formal empire (for example, Britain was able to affect trading policy in China for over a century, due to its control of Hong Kong and the neighboring colonies of India and Burma). Some historians argue that because of its economic, military, political and cultural influence, nineteenth century Britain was the closest thing to a hegemonic superpower that the world ever had, and possibly ever will have. "Rule Britannia" Due to the technological and logistical restrictions of the past, we will never know the exact borders of the British Empire each year, nor the full extent of its power. However, by using historical sources in conjunction with modern political borders, we can gain new perspectives and insights on just how large and influential the British Empire actually was. If we transpose a map of all former British colonies, dominions, mandates, protectorates and territories, as well as secure territories of the East India Trading Company (EIC) (who acted as the precursor to the British Empire) onto a current map of the world, we can see that Britain had a significant presence in at least 94 present-day countries (approximately 48 percent). This included large territories such as Australia, the Indian subcontinent, most of North America and roughly one third of the African continent, as well as a strategic network of small enclaves (such as Gibraltar and Hong Kong) and islands around the globe that helped Britain to maintain and protect its trade routes. The sun sets... Although the data in this graph does not show the annual population or size of the British Empire, it does give some context to how Britain has impacted and controlled the development of the world over the past four centuries. From 1600 until 1920, Britain's Empire expanded from a small colony in Newfoundland, a failing conquest in Ireland, and early ventures by the EIC in India, to Britain having some level of formal control in almost half of all present-day countries. The English language is an official language in all inhabited continents, its political and bureaucratic systems are used all over the globe, and empirical expansion helped Christianity to become the most practiced major religion worldwide. In the second half of the twentieth century, imperial and colonial empires were eventually replaced by global enterprises. The United States and Soviet Union emerged from the Second World War as the new global superpowers, and the independence movements in longstanding colonies, particularly Britain, France and Portugal, gradually succeeded. The British Empire finally ended in 1997 when it seceded control of Hong Kong to China, after more than 150 years in charge. Today, the United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries, and it is responsible for three crown dependencies and fourteen overseas territories, although the legacy of the British Empire can still be seen, and it's impact will be felt for centuries to come.

This map shows the extent of the various datasets comprising the World Elevation dynamic (Terrain, TopoBathy) and tiled (Terrain 3D, TopoBathy 3D, World Hillshade, World Hillshade (Dark)) services.The tiled services (Terrain 3D, TopoBathy 3D, World Hillshade, World Hillshade (Dark)) also include an additional data source from Maxar's Precision3D covering parts of the globe.Topography sources listed in the table below are part of Terrain, TopoBathy, Terrain 3D, TopoBathy 3D, World Hillshade and World Hillshade (Dark), while bathymetry sources are part of TopoBathy and TopoBathy 3D only. Data Source Native Pixel Size Approximate Pixel Size (meters) Coverage Primary Source Country/Region

Topography

Australia 1m 1 meter 1 Partial areas of Australia Geoscience Australia Australia

Moreton Bay, Australia 1m 1 meter 1 Moreton Bay region, Australia Moreton Bay Regional Council Australia

New South Wales, Australia 5m 5 meters 5 New South Wales State, Australia DFSI Australia

SRTM 1 arc second DEM-S 0.0002777777777779 degrees 31 Australia Geoscience Australia Australia

Burgenland 50cm 0.5 meters 0.5 Burgenland State, Austria Land Burgenland Austria

Upper Austria 50cm 0.5 meters 0.5 Upper Austria State, Austria Land Oberosterreich Austria

Austria 1m 1 meter 1 Austria BEV Austria

Austria 10m 10 meters 10 Austria BEV Austria

Wallonie 50cm 0.5 meters 0.5 Wallonie state, Belgium Service public de Wallonie (SPW) Belgium

Vlaanderen 1m 1 meter 1 Vlaanderen state, Belgium agentschap Digitaal Vlaanderen Belgium

Canada HRDEM 1m 1 meter 1 Partial areas of Canada Natural Resources Canada Canada

Canada HRDEM 2m 2 meter 2 Partial areas of the southern part of Canada Natural Resources Canada Canada

Denmark 40cm 0.4 meters 0.4 Denmark KDS Denmark

Denmark 10m 10 meters 10 Denmark KDS Denmark

England 1m 1 meter 1 England Environment Agency England

Estonia 1m 1 meter 1 Estonia Estonian Land Board Estonia

Estonia 5m 5 meters 5 Estonia Estonian Land Board Estonia

Estonia 10m 10 meters 10 Estonia Estonian Land Board Estonia

Finland 2m 2 meters 2 Finland NLS Finland

Finland 10m 10 meters 10 Finland NLS Finland

France 1m 1 meter 1 France IGN-F France

Bavaria 1m 1 meter 1 Bavaria State, Germany Bayerische Vermessungsverwaltung Germany

Berlin 1m 1 meter 1 Berlin State, Germany Geoportal Berlin Germany

Brandenburg 1m 1 meter 1 Brandenburg State, Germany GeoBasis-DE/LGB Germany

Hamburg 1m 1 meter 1 Hamburg State, Germany LGV Hamburg Germany

Hesse 1m 1 meter 1 Hesse State, Germany HVBG Germany

Nordrhein-Westfalen 1m 1 meter 1 Nordrhein-Westfalen State, Germany Land NRW Germany

Saxony 1m 1 meter 1 Saxony State, Germany Landesamt für Geobasisinformation Sachsen (GeoSN) Germany

Sachsen-Anhalt 2m 2 meters 2 Sachsen-Anhalt State, Germany LVermGeo LSA Germany

Hong Kong 50cm 0.5 meters 0.5 Hong Kong CEDD Hong Kong SAR

Italy TINITALY 10m 10 meters 10 Italy INGV Italy

Japan DEM5A *, DEM5B * 0.000055555555 degrees 5 Partial areas of Japan GSI Japan

Japan DEM10B * 0.00011111111 degrees 10 Japan GSI Japan

Latvia 1m 1 meters 1 Latvia Latvian Geospatial Information Agency Latvia

Latvia 10m 10 meters 10 Latvia Latvian Geospatial Information Agency Latvia

Latvia 20m 20 meters 20 Latvia Latvian Geospatial Information Agency Latvia

Lithuania 1m 1 meters 1 Lithuania NZT Lithuania

Lithuania 10m 10 meters 10 Lithuania NZT Lithuania

Netherlands (AHN3/AHN4) 50cm 0.5 meters 0.5 Netherlands AHN Netherlands

Netherlands (AHN3/AHN4) 10m 10 meters 10 Netherlands AHN Netherlands

New Zealand 1m 1 meters 1 Partial areas of New Zealand Land Information New Zealand (Sourced from LINZ. CC BY 4.0) New Zealand

Northern Ireland 10m 10 meters 10 Northern Ireland OSNI Northern Ireland

Norway 10m 10 meters 10 Norway NMA Norway

Poland 1m 1 meter 1 Partial areas of Poland GUGIK Poland

Poland 5m 5 meters 5 Partial areas of Poland GUGIK Poland

Scotland 1m 1 meter 1 Partial areas of Scotland Scottish Government et.al Scotland

Slovakia 1m 1 meter 1 Slovakia ÚGKK SR Slovakia

Slovakia 10m 10 meters 10 Slovakia GKÚ Slovakia

Slovenia 1m 1 meter 1 Slovenia ARSO Slovenia

Madrid City 1m 1 meter 1 Madrid city, Spain Ayuntamiento de Madrid Spain

Spain 2m (MDT02 2019 CC-BY 4.0 scne.es) 2 meters 2 Partial areas of Spain IGN Spain

Spain 5m 5 meters 5 Spain IGN Spain

Spain 10m 10 meters 10 Spain IGN Spain

Varnamo 50cm 0.5 meters 0.5 Varnamo municipality, Sweden Värnamo Kommun Sweden

Canton of Basel-Landschaft 25cm 0.25 meters 0.25 Canton of Basel-Landschaft, Switzerland Geoinformation Kanton Basel-Landschaft Switzerland

Grand Geneva 50cm 0.5 meters 0.5 Grand Geneva metropolitan, France/Switzerland SITG Switzerland and France

Switzerland swissALTI3D 50cm 0.5 meters 0.5 Switzerland and Liechtenstein swisstopo Switzerland and Liechtenstein

Switzerland swissALTI3D 10m 10 meters 10 Switzerland and Liechtenstein swisstopo Switzerland and Liechtenstein

OS Terrain 50 50 meters 50 United Kingdom Ordnance Survey United Kingdom

Douglas County 1ft 1 foot 0.3048 Douglas County, Nebraska, USA Douglas County NE United States

Lancaster County 1ft 1 foot 0.3048 Lancaster County, Nebraska, USA Lancaster County NE United States

Sarpy County 1ft 1 foot 0.3048 Sarpy County, Nebraska, USA Sarpy County NE United States

Cook County 1.5 ft 1.5 foot 0.46 Cook County, Illinois, USA ISGS United States

3DEP 1m 1 meter 1 Partial areas of the conterminous United States, Puerto Rico USGS United States

NRCS 1m 1 meter 1 Partial areas of the conterminous United States NRCS USDA United States

San Mateo County 1m 1 meter 1 San Mateo County, California, USA San Mateo County CA United States

FEMA LiDAR DTM 3 meters 3 Partial areas of the conterminous United States FEMA United States

NED 1/9 arc second 0.000030864197530866 degrees 3 Partial areas of the conterminous United States USGS United States

3DEP 5m 5 meter 5 Alaska, United States USGS United States

NED 1/3 arc second 0.000092592592593 degrees 10 conterminous United States, Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico, and Territorial Islands of the United States USGS United States

NED 1 arc second 0.0002777777777779 degrees 31 conterminous United States, Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico, Territorial Islands of the United States; Canada and Mexico USGS United States

NED 2 arc second 0.000555555555556 degrees 62 Alaska, United States USGS United States

Wales 1m 1 meter 1 Wales Welsh Government Wales

WorldDEM4Ortho 0.00022222222 degrees 24 Global (excluding the countries of Azerbaijan, DR Congo and Ukraine) Airbus Defense and Space GmbH World

SRTM 1 arc second 0.0002777777777779 degrees 31 all land areas between 60 degrees north and 56 degrees south except Australia NASA World

EarthEnv-DEM90 0.00083333333333333 degrees 93 Global N Robinson,NCEAS World

SRTM v4.1 0.00083333333333333 degrees 93 all land areas between 60 degrees north and 56 degrees south except Australia CGIAR-CSI World

GMTED2010 7.5 arc second 0.00208333333333333 degrees 232 Global USGS World

GMTED2010 15 arc second 0.00416666666666666 degrees 464 Global USGS World

GMTED2010 30 arc second 0.0083333333333333 degrees 928 Global USGS World

Bathymetry

Canada west coast 10 meters 10 Canada west coast Natural Resources Canada Canada

Gulf of Mexico 40 feet 12 Northern Gulf of Mexico BOEM Gulf of Mexico

MH370 150 meters 150 MH370 flight search area (Phase 1) of Indian Ocean Geoscience Australia Indian Ocean

Switzerland swissBATHY3D 1 - 3 meters 1, 2, 3 Lakes of Switzerland swisstopo Switzerland

NCEI 1/9 arc second 0.000030864197530866 degrees 3 Puerto Rico, U.S Virgin Islands and partial areas of eastern and western United States coast NOAA NCEI United States

NCEI 1/3 arc second 0.000092592592593 degrees 10 Partial areas of eastern and western United States coast NOAA NCEI United States

CRM 1 arc second (Version 2) 0.0002777777777779 degrees 31 Southern California coast of United States NOAA United States

NCEI 1 arc second 0.0002777777777779 degrees 31 Partial areas of northeastern United States coast NOAA NCEI United States

CRM 3 arc second 0.00083333333333333 degrees 93 United States Coast NOAA United States

NCEI 3 arc second 0.00083333333333333 degrees 93 Partial areas of northeastern United States coast NOAA NCEI United States

Echo’s Building Footprint dataset maps 38M+ precise location boundaries across the UK, France, Spain, Italy, and Germany to power geospatial analysis.

Created using satellite imagery, machine learning, and human validation, these polygons define the exact footprint of stores, offices, and landmarks — enabling high-precision mapping and accurate foot traffic attribution.

Key data points include: - Polygon geometry linked to POIs - Location name, type, and coordinates - Commercial and amenity coverage - Verified, analysis-ready format - Available in major European markets

Ideal for commercial real estate, retail, and proptech teams optimizing site planning, mobility analytics, and investment strategies.

"The aim of the Eastern English Channel Marine Habitat Map (EECMHM) study is to produce integrated regional habitat maps. The principal driver is the planned exploitation of substantial marine aggregate resources in this area and the need to place these resources in a wider spatial context to inform management decicisionsrelating to sustainable use and conservation. The EECMHM study provides this context through regional scale geological and biological interpretations and will contribute to the effective stewardship of the marine environment by providing broader understanding of how the potential resource areas relate to the wider wider regional ecology and physical processes. The study area covers an extensive sea bed area of approximately 5090km² between Selsey Bill and Dungeness, out to the UK/France median line, centred on ten current aggregate licence application areas."

Depicted on this map is British North America less than one hundred years after the fall of New France. It also shows the emergence of British influence prior to Confederation. British North America circa 1823 was comprised of Lower Canada, Upper Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland (including the Labrador Coast). The Northwest Territories were considered British possessions, while the Hudson’s Bay Company controlled Rupert’s Land. The United States and Britain jointly administered the Oregon Territory. This map along with New France circa 1740 shows the settlement and population in Canada for two important periods in Canadian history prior to Confederation.

Europe Modified Atmosphere Packaging Market is Segmented by Packaging Gas Type (Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, Other Gases), Type of Packaging Material (Polypropylene (PP), Polyvinylchloride (PVC), Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Other Materials), Application (Poultry, Seafood, & Meat Products, Fruits & Vegetables, Bakery & Confectionery, Other Applications) and Country (UK, Germany, France, Italy, Rest of Europe (Spain, Netherlands, Nordic Countries).

The Risk-behaviour map is a document intended to aid access to and transfer of key data between research groups in the European project Safeconsume. The map covers only steps from retail to consumption for the case studies in Safeconsume where the consumer can reduce risk for foodborne infection (CCHs, Critical Consumer Handling).

The map contains information about observed/reported behaviours that can affect risk for foodborne infection divided by country, consumer group, pathogen, food and step in the journey from retail to consumption.

Details about data collection is given in: Skuland, S.E., Borda, D., Didier, P., Dumitras¸cu, L., Ferreira, V., Foden, M., Langsrud, S., Maître, I., Martens, L., Møretrø, T., Nguyen-The, C., Nicolau, A. I., Nunes, C., Rosenberg, T. G., Teigen, H. M., Teixeira, P., Truninger, M., 2020. European Food Safety: Mapping Critical Food Practices and Cultural Differences in France, Norway, Portugal, Romania and the UK, in: Skuland, S.E. (Ed.). SIFO report, Oslo. ODA Open Digital Archive: European food safety: Mapping critical food practices and cultural differences in France, Norway, Portugal, Romania and the UK (oslomet.no)

Questions about the RM-map can be raised to the SafeConsume project coordinator: Solveig.langsrud@nofima.no

Variable list:

Classification

    <p> </p>
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>
    <p>Causes/sources </p>
    </td>
    <td>
    <p>Free text </p>
    </td>
    <td>
    <p> </p>
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>
    <p>Consumer ID </p>
    </td>
    <td>
    <p>Free text </p>
    </td>
    <td>
    <p> </p>
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>
    <p>Pathogen </p>
    </td>
    <td>
    <p>Predefined, multiple choice </p>
    </td>
    <td>
    <ul>
      <li>
      <p>Salmonella: S. Enterica </p>
      </li>
      <li>
      <p>Campylobacter: C. jejuni </p>
      </li>
      <li>
      <p>Listeria: Listeria monocytogenes </p>
      </li>
      <li>
      <p>Norovirus </p>
      </li>
      <li>
      <p>Toxoplasma: Toxoplasma gondii </p>
      </li>
    </ul>
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>
    <p>Expert opinion: Effect on pathogen </p>
    </td>
    <td>
    <p>Predefined </p>
    </td>
    <td>
    <ul>
      <li>
      <p>High reduction: This behaviour will have a high reduction on the level of pathogens on food/surfaces/hands </p>
      </li>
      <li>
      <p>Median reduction: This behaviour will reduce the level of pathogens on food/surfaces/hands </p>
      </li>
      <li>
      <p>No effect: This behaviour will most likely not have a significant effect on the level of viable pathogens (< 1 log10 reduction/increase or less than 10 cells/particles transfer) For food choice: Random choice is rated as no effect </p>
      </li>
      <li>
      <p>Median increase: This behaviour will lead to a higher number of pathogens </p>
      </li>
      <li>
      <p>High increase: This behaviour will significantly increase the number of pathogens on food/surfaces/hands </p>
      </li>
    </ul>
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>
    <p>Effect on pathogen comment </p>
    </td>
    <td>
    <p>Free text </p>
    </td>
    <td>
    <p> </p>
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>
    <p>Consumer group </p>
    </td>
    <td>
    <p>Predefined </p>

    <p> </p>
    </td>
    <td>
    <ul>
      <li>
      <p>Elderly; >70 years, men and women </p>
      </li>
      <li>
      <p>Pregnant women; immunocompromized </p>
      </li>
      <li>
      <p>Young family: Couples (married or cohabitant) where the women is pregnant or living with their own child(ren) (including stepchildren and adopted children) aged less than 12 months </p>
      </li>
      <li>
      <p>Young, single man: Men age 20-29, Living alone or

As of January 13, 2023, Bulgaria had the highest rate of COVID-19 deaths among its population in Europe at 548.6 deaths per 100,000 population. Hungary had recorded 496.4 deaths from COVID-19 per 100,000. Furthermore, Russia had the highest number of confirmed COVID-19 deaths in Europe, at over 394 thousand.

Number of cases in Europe During the same period, across the whole of Europe, there have been over 270 million confirmed cases of COVID-19. France has been Europe's worst affected country with around 38.3 million cases, this translates to an incidence rate of approximately 58,945 cases per 100,000 population. Germany and Italy had approximately 37.6 million and 25.3 million cases respectively.

Current situation In March 2023, the rate of cases in Austria over the last seven days was 224 per 100,000 which was the highest in Europe. Luxembourg and Slovenia both followed with seven day rates of infections at 122 and 108 respectively.

This dataset provides values for INFLATION RATE reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Contained within the 4th Edition (1974) of the Atlas of Canada is a set of two maps. The first map shows exploration routes of British, French and Spanish explorers of eastern and central North America between 1524 and 1912. The second map shows exploration routes of British, Danish and French explorers of Hudson Bay and the western interior between 1610 and 1904.

This dataset provides values for INTEREST RATE reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

This dataset provides values for GOVERNMENT DEBT TO GDP reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

In 2023, the Faroe Islands was the European country estimated to have the highest fertility rate. The small Atlantic island state had a fertility rate of 2.71 children per woman. Other small countries such as Monaco and Gibraltar also came towards the top of the list for 2023, while the large country with the highest fertility rate was France, with 1.79 children per woman. On the other hand, Andorra, San Marino, and Malta had the lowest fertility rates in Europe, with Ukraine, Spain, and Italy being the largest countries with low fertility rates in that year, averaging around 1.3 children per woman.

This statistic shows the estimated number of Muslims living in different European countries as of 2016. Approximately 5.72 million Muslims were estimated to live in France, the most of any country listed. Germany and the United Kingdom also have large muslim populations with 4.95 million and 4.13 million respectively.

Visa and Mastercard had varying market shares across 14 different European countries in 2022, sometimes significantly lower than domestic payment cards. Visa was the largest card issuer in Ireland and the United Kingdom, with market shares of over 80 percent in both countries. Mastercard, on the other hand, held market shares of 88 percent and 70 percent in the Netherlands and Sweden, respectively. Unlike the United States, Visa and Mastercard are often associated with debit cards in Europe. Indeed, debit card use is more prevalent than the use of credit cards in Europe, as revealed by estimates on credit cards and debit cards per capita in 37 European countries. Visa is Europe’s biggest payment brand... Across all considered European payment figures, Visa outperforms MasterCard. For instance, credit cards and prepaid cards issued across the European continent were used for nearly 97 billion transactions in 2019. Nearly 60 percent of all these transactions were done with Visa general purpose cards, while MasterCard made up for 39 percent of the market. In 2018, Visa also had a higher purchase volume in Europe than MasterCard, Amex and Diners combined. Visa made up for 1.8 trillion of the three trillion U.S. dollars that credit cards, debit cards, and prepaid cards generated that year in Europe. ... but in name only, as Europe’s payment landscape is complicated. When looking at European countries individually, however, the market shares of Visa and MasterCard varied dramatically. In Germany, for example, the domestic card brand Girocard had a market share of 75 percent, whereas Visa and MasterCard each made up around 13 and 11 percent of the market. Italy, on the other hand, was more divided. Bancomat cards made up 45 percent of transactions, whereas MasterCard and Visa each held a market share of approximately 20 and 34 percent. Market shares for either Visa or MasterCard are not readily available in France as the term “bank card” or carte bancaire (derived from the domestic payment brand CB) is not associated with a particular brand in French language, as can be seen in a domestic survey on the most preferred payment methods in France.

As of the third quarter of 2023, Starbucks had 2,794 stores in Europe. The European country with the most Starbucks stores was the United Kingdom with 911 Starbucks stores. This was followed by Turkey with 676 stores and France with 238 Starbucks stores. Comparatively, there were only 31 Starbucks stores in Italy.

As of December 2024, the inflation rate in the European Union was 2.7 percent, with prices rising fastest in Romania, which had an inflation rate of 5.5 percent. By contrast, both Ireland and Italy saw low inflation rates during the same period, with Ireland having the lowest inflation rate in the EU during this month. The rate of inflation in the EU in the October 2022 was higher than at any other time, with the peak prior to 2021 recorded in July 2008 when prices were growing by 4.4 percent year-on-year. Before the recent rises in inflation, price rises in the EU had been kept at relatively low levels, with the inflation rate remaining below three percent between January 2012 and August 2021. Rapid recovery and energy costs driving inflation The reopening of the European economy in 2021 following the sudden shock of COVID-19 in 2020 is behind many of the factors that have caused prices to rise so quickly in 2022. Global supply chains have not yet recovered from production issues, travel restrictions, and workforce problems brought about by the pandemic. Rising energy costs have only served to exacerbate supply problems, particularly with regard to the transport sector, which had the highest inflation rate of any sector in the EU in December 2021. High inflation rates mirrored in the U.S. The high inflation rates seen in Europe have been reflected in other parts of the world. In the United States, for example, the consumer price index reached a 40-year-high of seven percent in December 2021, influenced by many of the same factors driving European inflation. Nevertheless, it is hoped that once these supply chain issues ease, inflation levels will start to fall throughout the course of 2022.

The price of cigarettes is substantially different across Europe. As of 2022, the most expensive EU country in which to purchase cigarettes was Ireland, with a pack of 20 cigarettes retailing at 13.43 euros, followed by France at 10.19 euros. Cigarette prices in Europe are driven by the respective taxes imposed within each of the member states and consist of a specific duty per 1,000 cigarettes and an ad valorem rate on the recommended retail.

Tobacco taxes

Variations in cigarette prices are often a result of the different tobacco taxes across European countries. For instance, in Finland where the price for a pack of cigarettes is relatively high, the tobacco tax makes up more than 70 percent of the price. When comparing cigarette prices to the share of individuals who currently smoke cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos, or a pipe in European countries, a general trend is observable. Many of those countries with relatively high cigarette prices have comparably lower shares of smokers. Nonetheless, many other factors can influence smoking behavior, besides prices. For example, many people in a variety of European countries have stated that they smoked more cigarettes due to the coronavirus outbreak.

Cigarette consumption in Germany

In Germany, the most popular type of cigarettes in Germany are branded cigarettes, followed by fine-cut tobacco. The average price of cigarettes in Germany has continuously increased during the last half of a century. A particularly large increase was noticed between 2000 and 2005. The development of the average price of cigarettes and the tobacco tax in Germany are closely correlated. Pushing up the price of cigarettes has led to a decrease in the average consumption of (taxed) cigarettes in Germany. In 2000, an average of 382 million cigarettes were consumed per day. By contrast, an average of 197 million cigarettes were smoked per day in 2021.