Registered leading causes of death by age, sex and country, UK, 2001 to 2018

In 2018 there were over 40 thousand deaths caused by ischaemic heart diseases in the United Kingdom, making it the leading cause of death in that year. Since 2001 there has been a noticeable increase in the number of people dying from dementia or alzheimers, which caused 26.5 thousand deaths in 2018, an increase of almost ten thousand when compared with 2012.

Mortality from leading causes of death by ethnic group, England and Wales, 2012 to 2019.

Annual age-standardised and age-specific mortality rates by leading causes of death for England and Wales, 2001 to 2018 (Experimental Statistics)

The Office for Health Improvement and Disparities (OHID) has updated the mortality profile.

The profile brings together a selection of mortality indicators, including from other OHID data tools such as the https://fingertips.phe.org.uk/profile/public-health-outcomes-framework/data">Public Health Outcomes Framework, making it easier to assess outcomes across a range of causes of death.

For the January 2022 update, 2 new indicators have been added to the profile:

• mortality rate for deaths involving COVID-19, all ages
• mortality rate for deaths involving COVID-19, under 75s

COVID-19 was the leading cause of death in England in 2020, but the pandemic had a much greater impact on mortality in some areas than others. These indicators have been included alongside other indicators for leading causes of death in the mortality profile to provide a more complete picture of mortality for local areas in 2020.

If you would like to send us feedback on the tool please contact profilefeedback@phe.gov.uk.

A dataset providing GP recorded chronic obstructive pulmonary disease rates.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a serious long-term lung disease in which the flow of air into the lungs is gradually reduced by inflammation of the air passages and damage to the lung tissue. Chronic Bronchitis and emphysema are common types of COPD.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the fifth biggest killer disease in the UK, killing approximately 25,000 people a year in England.

Further information

For more information on public health, please visit: http://www.leeds.gov.uk/phrc/Pages/default.aspx

A dataset providing GP recorded coronary heart disease. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death both in the UK and worldwide. It's responsible for more than 73,000 deaths in the UK each year. About 1 in 6 men and 1 in 10 women die from CHD. In the UK, there are an estimated 2.3 million people living with CHD and around 2 million people affected by angina (the most common symptom of coronary heart disease). CHD generally affects more men than women, although from the age of 50 the chances of developing the condition are similar for both sexes. As well as angina (chest pain), the main symptoms of CHD are heart attacks and heart failure. However, not everyone has the same symptoms and some people may not have any before CHD is diagnosed. CHD is sometimes called ischaemic heart disease.

The Segment Tool has been updated by Public Health England (PHE).

The tool provides information on life expectancy and the causes of death that are driving inequalities in life expectancy at local area level. Targeting the causes of death which contribute most to the life expectancy gap should have the biggest impact on reducing inequalities.

This update of the tool provides data for a more recent time period and incorporates some small changes to the data sources used. The changes are:

• update of data to 2012 to 2014
• update to use the new Index of Multiple Deprivation 2015 to define the most and least deprived areas
• adjustment of counts of deaths to take account of changes in ICD-10 coding made in 2014

This presentation of the tool is the same as the previous version but, because of these changes, results are not directly comparable.

As well as the tool, a summary report is available for each local authority which contains the charts and tables. Summary reports for the English regions and for England as a whole are also available.

http://fingertips.phe.org.uk/profile/segment">View the Segment tool

Infectious disease is the single biggest cause of death worldwide. New infectious agents require investigation to understand its characteristics and how infection with this pathogen results in a disease process. We need to understand risk factors for severe illness and how to best treat disease caused by this pathogen. In order to develop a mechanistic understanding of disease processes, such that risk factors for severe illness can be identified and treatments can be developed, it is necessary to understand pathogen characteristics associated with virulence, the replication dynamics and in-host evolution of the pathogen, the dynamics of the host response, the pharmacology of antimicrobial or host-directed therapies, the transmission dynamics, and factors underlying individual susceptibility. This study is designed for the rapid, coordinated clinical investigation of patients with confirmed infection with a pathogen of public interest. The study has been designed to maximize the likelihood that as much data as possible is collected and shared rapidly in a format that can be easily aggregated, tabulated and analysed across many different settings globally. The study is designed to have some level of flexibility in order to ensure the broadest acceptance.

The Segment Tool provides information on the causes of death and age groups that are driving inequalities in life expectancy at local area level. Targeting the causes of death and age groups which contribute most to the life expectancy gap should have the biggest impact on reducing inequalities.

The tool provides data tables and charts showing the breakdown of the life expectancy gap in 2020 to 2021 for 2 comparisons:

• England: the gap between each local area or region as a whole and England as a whole
• within area: the gap between the most deprived quintile of each area and the least deprived quintile of the area

The tool contains data for England, English regions and upper tier local authorities.

The project, based at the University of Greenwich, UK and Stellenbosch University, South Africa, aimed to examine epidemiologic transitions by identifying and quantifying the drivers of change in CVD risk in the middle-income country of South Africa compared to the high-income nation of England. The project produced a harmonised dataset of national surveys measuring CVD risk factors in South Africa and England for others to use in future work. The harmonised dataset includes microdata from nationally-representative surveys in South Africa derived from the Demographic and Health Surveys, National Income Dynamics Study, South Africa National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health, covering 11 cross-sections and approximately 156,000 individuals aged 15+ years, representing South Africa’s adult population from 1998 to 2017.

Data for England come from 17 Health Surveys for England (HSE) over the same time period, covering over 168,000 individuals aged 16+ years, representing England’s adult population.

This study uses existing data to identify drivers of recent health transitions in South Africa compared to England. The global burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) on health is increasing. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in particular are the leading causes of death globally and often share characteristics with many major NCDs. Namely, they tend to increase with age and are influenced by behavioural factors such as diet, exercise and smoking. Risk factors for CVD are routinely measured in population surveys and thus provide an opportunity to study health transitions. Understanding the drivers of health transitions in countries that have not followed expected paths (eg, South Africa) compared to those that exemplified models of 'epidemiologic transition' (eg, England) can generate knowledge on where resources may best be directed to reduce the burden of disease. In the middle-income country of South Africa, CVD is the second leading cause of death after HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis (TB). Moreover, many of the known risk factors for NCDs like CVD are highly prevalent. Rates of hypertension are high, with recent estimates suggesting that over 40% of adults have high blood pressure. Around 60% of women and 30% of men over 15 are overweight in South Africa. In addition, excessive alcohol consumption, a risk factor for many chronic diseases, is high, with over 30% of men aged 15 and older having engaged in heavy episodic drinking within a 30-day period. Nevertheless, infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS remain the leading cause of death, though many with HIV/AIDS and TB also have NCDs. In high-income countries like England, by contrast, NCDs such as CVD have been the leading causes of death since the mid-1900s. However, CVD and risk factors such as hypertension have been declining in recent decades due to increased prevention and treatment. The major drivers of change in disease burden have been attributed to factors including ageing, improved living standards, urbanisation, lifestyle change, and reduced infectious disease. Together, these changes are often referred to as the epidemiologic transition. However, recent research has questioned whether epidemiologic transition theory accurately describes the experience of many low- and middle-income countries or, in fact, of high-income nations such as England. Furthermore, few studies have empirically tested the relative contributions of demographic, behavioural, health and economic factors to trends in disease burden and risk, particularly on the African continent. In addition, many social and environmental factors are overlooked in this research. To address these gaps, our study will use population measurements of CVD risk derived from surveys in South Africa over nearly 20 years in order to examine whether and to what extent demographic, behavioural, environmental, medical, social and other factors contribute to recent health trends and transitions. We will compare these trends to those occurring in England over the same time period. Thus, this analysis seeks to illuminate the drivers of health transitions in a country which is assumed to still be 'transitioning' to a chronic disease profile but which continues to have a high infectious disease burden (South Africa) as compared to a country which is assumed to have already transitioned following epidemiological transition theory (England). The analysis will employ modelling techniques on pooled cross-sectional data to examine how various factors explain the variation in CVD risk over time in representative population samples from South Africa and England. The results of this analysis may help to identify some of the main contributors to recent changes in CVD risk in South Africa and England. Such information can be used to pinpoint potential areas for intervention, such as social policy and services, thereby helping to set priorities for governmental and nongovernmental action to control the CVD epidemic and improve health.

BackgroundMultimorbidity in people with cardiovascular disease (CVD) is common, but large-scale contemporary reports of patterns and trends in patients with incident CVD are limited. We investigated the burden of comorbidities in patients with incident CVD, how it changed between 2000 and 2014, and how it varied by age, sex, and socioeconomic status (SES).Methods and findingsWe used the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink with linkage to Hospital Episode Statistics, a population-based dataset from 674 UK general practices covering approximately 7% of the current UK population. We estimated crude and age/sex-standardised (to the 2013 European Standard Population) prevalence and 95% confidence intervals for 56 major comorbidities in individuals with incident non-fatal CVD. We further assessed temporal trends and patterns by age, sex, and SES groups, between 2000 and 2014. Among a total of 4,198,039 people aged 16 to 113 years, 229,205 incident cases of non-fatal CVD, defined as first diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease, stroke, or transient ischaemic attack, were identified. Although the age/sex-standardised incidence of CVD decreased by 34% between 2000 to 2014, the proportion of CVD patients with higher numbers of comorbidities increased. The prevalence of having 5 or more comorbidities increased 4-fold, rising from 6.3% (95% CI 5.6%–17.0%) in 2000 to 24.3% (22.1%–34.8%) in 2014 in age/sex-standardised models. The most common comorbidities in age/sex-standardised models were hypertension (28.9% [95% CI 27.7%–31.4%]), depression (23.0% [21.3%–26.0%]), arthritis (20.9% [19.5%–23.5%]), asthma (17.7% [15.8%–20.8%]), and anxiety (15.0% [13.7%–17.6%]). Cardiometabolic conditions and arthritis were highly prevalent among patients aged over 40 years, and mental illnesses were highly prevalent in patients aged 30–59 years. The age-standardised prevalence of having 5 or more comorbidities was 19.1% (95% CI 17.2%–22.7%) in women and 12.5% (12.0%–13.9%) in men, and women had twice the age-standardised prevalence of depression (31.1% [28.3%–35.5%] versus 15.0% [14.3%–16.5%]) and anxiety (19.6% [17.6%–23.3%] versus 10.4% [9.8%–11.8%]). The prevalence of depression was 46% higher in the most deprived fifth of SES compared with the least deprived fifth (age/sex-standardised prevalence of 38.4% [31.2%–62.0%] versus 26.3% [23.1%–34.5%], respectively). This is a descriptive study of routine electronic health records in the UK, which might underestimate the true prevalence of diseases.ConclusionsThe burden of multimorbidity and comorbidity in patients with incident non-fatal CVD increased between 2000 and 2014. On average, older patients, women, and socioeconomically deprived groups had higher numbers of comorbidities, but the type of comorbidities varied by age and sex. Cardiometabolic conditions contributed substantially to the burden, but 4 out of the 10 top comorbidities were non-cardiometabolic. The current single-disease paradigm in CVD management needs to broaden and incorporate the large and increasing burden of comorbidities.

Provisional data on death registrations and death occurrences in England and Wales, broken down by sex and age. Includes deaths due to coronavirus (COVID-19) and leading causes of death.

For the week ending August 29, 2025, weekly deaths in England and Wales were 985 below the number expected, compared with 855 below what was expected in the previous week. In late 2022 and through early 2023, excess deaths were elevated for a number of weeks, with the excess deaths figure for the week ending January 13, 2023, the highest since February 2021. In the middle of April 2020, at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, there were almost 12,000 excess deaths a week recorded in England and Wales. It was not until two months later, in the week ending June 19, 2020, that the number of deaths began to be lower than the five-year average for the corresponding week. Most deaths since 1918 in 2020 In 2020, there were 689,629 deaths in the United Kingdom, making that year the deadliest since 1918, at the height of the Spanish influenza pandemic. As seen in the excess death figures, April 2020 was by far the worst month in terms of deaths during the pandemic. The weekly number of deaths for weeks 16 and 17 of that year were 22,351, and 21,997 respectively. Although the number of deaths fell to more usual levels for the rest of that year, a winter wave of the disease led to a high number of deaths in January 2021, with 18,676 deaths recorded in the fourth week of that year. For the whole of 2021, there were 667,479 deaths in the UK, 22,150 fewer than in 2020. Life expectancy in the UK goes into reverse In 2022, life expectancy at birth for women in the UK was 82.6 years, while for men it was 78.6 years. This was the lowest life expectancy in the country for ten years, and came after life expectancy improvements stalled throughout the 2010s, and then declined from 2020 onwards. There is also quite a significant regional difference in life expectancy in the UK. In the London borough of Kensington and Chelsea, for example, the life expectancy for men was 81.5 years, and 86.5 years for women. By contrast, in Blackpool, in North West England, male life expectancy was just 73.1 years, while for women, life expectancy was lowest in Glasgow, at 78 years.

Annual data on deaths registered by age, sex and selected underlying cause of death. Tables also provide both mortality rates and numbers of deaths over time.

In 2020, approximately ** men and ** women per 100,000 population died as a result of pneumonia in England and Wales. In every year in the provided time interval the mortality rate was higher among men, although both genders have experienced a general decline in deaths from pneumonia. Regionally, the North West had the highest mortality rate for both genders.

Pneumonia risk groups

The age groups most at risk from pneumonia is undoubtedly the older age groups. In 2021, in England and Wales, pneumonia was the cause of death for approximately *** thousand over ** year olds, of which *** thousand were women. Furthermore, around *** thousand individuals aged between 80 and 89 years lost their lives due to pneumonia in 2021.

Prevalence of other lung diseases

In England and Wales in 2019, the mortality rate from bronchitis for men was around ** per 100,000 population, while the rate for women was approximately **. The mortality rate for bronchitis was higher than pneumonia, this is caused in part by the large decline in the mortality rate of pneumonia since the year 2000.

In 2023/24, there were approximately 33.7 million working days lost in Great Britain due to work-related injury or illness, compared with the previous year, which had 37 million working days lost. The amount of working days lost in 2019/20 was the highest in this provided time period, with 2010/11 having the fewest in this time period, at 25,950. In terms of overall sickness absence in the UK labor market, there were approximately 185.6 million working days lost in 2022, compared with 149.8 million in the previous year. Over 2.8 million on long-term sick leave in late 2023 In the fourth quarter of 2023, the number of people economically inactive in the UK due to being on long-term sick leave reached over 2.84 million, declining only slightly to 2.77 million a year later. It is thought that Long COVID is one of the main factors behind this increase, with an estimated 1.8 million people suffering from the condition in April 2022. There has also been a rise in the number of people taking sick leave due to mental health conditions, with approximately 313,000 on long-term sick leave in 2022 due to this reason, and a further 282,000 for depression, bad nerves, or anxiety. Where most workplace injuries happen The water supply and waste management industry had the highest rate of workplace injuries reported in Great Britain in 2023/24 at 804 injuries per 100,000 workers. During the 2022/23 reporting year, the industry with the highest number of fatal accidents in the workplace was construction, which had 51. When adjusted for the size of the workforce, however, construction was second to Agriculture, which had 7.51 fatal accidents per 100,00 workers. Overall, however, the number of people getting injured at work has fallen significantly in recent years. In 2000/01 for example, there were more than a million accidents, with this falling to just 604,000 in 2023/24.

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Cardiovascular Medical Devices Market Size 2025-2029

The cardiovascular medical devices market size is forecast to increase by USD 21.71 billion at a CAGR of 7.6% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is driven by the escalating incidence of cardiovascular diseases and the expansion of insurance providers' coverage for related treatments. Market players are responding with innovative business strategies, including product development and strategic collaborations, to capitalize on these opportunities. However, the high cost of cardiovascular procedures poses a significant challenge for both patients and providers, potentially limiting market growth. Artificial intelligence and wireless technologies, such as Al-based electrocardiograms, implantable loop recorders, and event monitors, are also gaining popularity for their ability to improve diagnostic accuracy and patient care.
Effective cost management and continuous innovation will be essential for market success. As the population ages and cardiovascular diseases become increasingly prevalent, companies must navigate this financial obstacle while maintaining quality and affordability to meet patient needs and remain competitive. Companies in this market are focusing on innovative technologies like Al and machine learning based electrocardiogram (ECG) technology to improve the accuracy and efficiency of cardiovascular diagnosis.

What will be the Size of the Cardiovascular Medical Devices Market during the forecast period?

Explore in-depth regional segment analysis with market size data - historical 2019-2023 and forecasts 2025-2029 - in the full report.
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The Cardiovascular Devices Market encompasses diagnostic monitoring devices, surgical devices, and cardiology devices used to prevent and manage heart disorders, including cardiomyopathy, heart failure, stroke, and heart-related mortality. According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, making this market crucial for addressing healthcare resources and improving patient outcomes. Emerging nations are increasingly investing in advanced cardiovascular devices, such as AI-based ECG technology and minimally invasive procedures, to reduce fatal conditions like heart failure and stroke. The market is witnessing significant trends, including the integration of artificial intelligence in diagnostics and the development of more sophisticated surgical devices, such as coronary artery stents.

Cardiovascular Diseases, including heart disorders and heart-related mortality, are major health concerns, and the demand for diagnostic monitoring devices, such as Holter monitors, is on the rise. The market's growth is driven by the need for early detection and effective management of cardiovascular conditions, as well as advancements in technology, such as minimally invasive procedures and AI-based electrocardiogram technology. The Cardiovascular Devices Market is expected to continue growing, as healthcare systems in both developed and emerging nations seek to improve patient care and reduce the burden of cardiovascular diseases. With advancements in technology and a growing focus on preventative care, the market is poised for continued growth and innovation.

How is this Cardiovascular Medical Devices Industry segmented?

The cardiovascular medical devices industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Product

  Diagnostic systems
  Surgical devices


Disease Type

  Coronary artery disease
  Arrhythmia
  Heart failure
  Structural heart disease
  Others


End-user

  Hospitals
  ASCs
  Specialty clinics
  Home healthcare settings
  Rehabilitation centers


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada
    Mexico


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Italy
    UK


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Product Insights

The Diagnostic systems segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. The market encompasses a vast array of technologies and devices designed to diagnose, monitor, and treat heart disorders and diseases. This market includes innovative solutions such as AI-based electrocardiogram (ECG) technology, implantable loop recorders, cardiac CT scans, and minimally invasive procedures for detecting clogged arteries and assessing heart function. Valves, pacemakers, stents, Holter monitors, and electrosurgical procedures are among the essential cardiovascular devices used for treating various heart conditions. The World Health Organization reports that cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of heart-related mortality worldwide. Fatal conditions like atrial fibrillation, stroke, and heart attacks n

Top 20 categorised causes of death in 2,100 individuals with proteomic data that have died within 10 years of blood sample collection.

Number of deaths registered by year, sex, area of usual residence and Office for National Statistics (ONS) shortlist of cause of death code