A survey conducted in April and May 2023 revealed that around ** percent of the companies that do business in the European Union (EU) and the United Kingdom (UK) found it challenging to adapt to new or changing requirements of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) or Data Protection Act 2018 (DPA). A further ** percent of the survey respondents said it was challenging to increase the budget because of the changes in the data privacy laws.

As of February 2025, the largest fine issued for violation of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the United Kingdom (UK) was more than 22 million euros, received by British Airways in October 2020. Another fine received by Marriott International Inc. in the same month was the second-highest in the UK and amounted to over 20 million euros.

This dataset is about books. It has 4 rows and is filtered where the book is Data protection : a practical guide to UK and EU law. It features 7 columns including author, publication date, language, and book publisher.

The main project aims were to examine the human rights implications of rapidly developing technologies. As noted above, in an increasingly digitised world, technological developments and the collection, storage and use of 'big data' pose unprecedented challenges for the protection of human rights. The aim of the project was to examine the intersection of such technological developments and the ideals of human rights protection. The work focused on both positive and negative aspects of this relationship. As noted above, the core research aims were organised on these issues that cut across the threats and opportunities:1) How is the use of ICT and big data shaping the content and scope of rights? (2) How does the use of ICT and big data shape operational practices across state and non-state activities? What new theoretical questions and implications for human rights are generated? (3) What methodologies are needed to identify and document the misuse of modern technologies and the failure to comply with rights-based obligations? (4) How can the use of ICT and big data best support evidence-based approaches to human rights protection and advocacy? (5) What possibilities and limitations exist for regulating the collection, storage and use of ICT and big data by states and non-state actors? The deposited data largely focuses on interviews with law enforcement and security agency representatives about uses of digital technology. We found that an enthusiastic embrace of technnology often existed yet this was not always accompanied by the development of codes of practice, regulatory frameworks and operational guidence on how they should be used. In addition to a potential regulatory vacuum, such disconnects also placed additional burdens on law enforcement themselves as they sought to apply existing rules and regulations. This is something we have described in publications as 'surveillance arbitration'. We also include interviews with civil society actors and lawyers that interrogate these issues and associated digital rights campaigning matters in more detail.

Whilst this some of the requested information is held by the NHSBSA, we have exempted some of the figures under section 40(2) subsections 2 and 3(a) of the FOIA because it is personal data of applicants to the VDPS. This is because it would breach the first data protection principle as: a - it is not fair to disclose individual’s personal details to the world and is likely to cause damage or distress. b - these details are not of sufficient interest to the public to warrant an intrusion into the privacy of the individual. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/36/section/40 Information Commissioner Office (ICO) Guidance is that information is personal data if it ‘relates to’ an ‘identifiable individual’ regulated by the UK General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR) or the Data Protection Act 2018. The information relates to personal data of the VDPS claimants and is special category data in the form of health information. As a result, the claimants could be identified, when combined with other information that may be in the public domain or reasonably available. Online communities exist for those adversely affected by vaccines they have received. This further increases the likelihood that those may be identified by disclosure of this information. Section 40(2) is an absolute, prejudice-based exemption and therefore is exempt if disclosure would contravene any of the data protection principles. To comply with the lawfulness, fairness, and transparency data protection principle, we either need the consent of the data subject(s) or there must be a legitimate interest in disclosure. In addition, the disclosure must be necessary to meet the legitimate interest and finally, the disclosure must not cause unwarranted harm. The NHSBSA has considered this and does not have the consent of the data subjects to release this information and believes that it would not be possible to obtain consent that meets the threshold in Article 7 of the UK GDPR. The NHSBSA acknowledges that you have a legitimate interest in disclosure of the information to provide the full picture of data held by the NHSBSA; however, we have concluded that disclosure of the requested information would cause unwarranted harm and therefore, section 40(2) is engaged. This is because there is a reasonable expectation that patient data processed by the NHSBSA remains confidential, especially special category data. There are no reasonable alternative measures that could meet the legitimate aim. As the information is highly confidential and sensitive, it outweighs the legitimate interest in the information. Section 41 FOIA This information is also exempt under section 41 of the FOIA (information provided in confidence). This is because the requested information was provided to the NHSBSA in confidence by a third party - another individual, company, public authority or any other type of legal entity. In this instance, details have been provided by the claimants. For Section 41 to be engaged, the following criteria must be fulfilled:

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Big Data Security Market Size 2025-2029

The big data security market size is forecast to increase by USD 23.9 billion, at a CAGR of 15.7% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is driven by stringent regulations mandating data protection and an increasing focus on automation in big data security. With the growing volume and complexity of data, organizations are investing significantly in advanced security solutions to mitigate risks and ensure compliance. However, implementing these solutions comes with high financial requirements, posing a challenge for smaller businesses and budget-constrained organizations. Regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), have intensified the need for robust data security measures. These regulations demand that organizations protect sensitive data from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure.
As a result, companies are investing in big data security solutions that offer advanced encryption, access control, and threat detection capabilities. Another trend in the market is the automation of big data security processes. With the increasing volume and velocity of data, manual security processes are no longer sufficient. Automation helps organizations to respond quickly to threats and maintain continuous security monitoring. However, the high cost of implementing and maintaining these automated solutions can be a significant challenge for many organizations. Intruders, ransomware attacks, unauthorized users, and other threats pose a constant risk to valuable information, intellectual property (IP), and transactional data.

What will be the Size of the Big Data Security Market during the forecast period?

Explore in-depth regional segment analysis with market size data - historical 2019-2023 and forecasts 2025-2029 - in the full report.
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The market continues to evolve, driven by the increasing volume and complexity of data being generated and collected across various sectors. Data governance is a critical aspect of this market, ensuring the secure handling and protection of valuable information. Blue teaming, a collaborative approach to cybersecurity, plays a crucial role in identifying and mitigating threats in real-time. Risk assessment and incident response are ongoing processes that help organizations prepare for and respond to data breaches. Security monitoring, powered by advanced technologies like AI in cybersecurity, plays a vital role in detecting and responding to threats. Data masking and anonymization are essential techniques for protecting sensitive data while maintaining its usability.

Network security, cloud security, and database security are key areas of focus, with ongoing threats requiring continuous vigilance. Threat intelligence and vulnerability management help organizations stay informed about potential risks and prioritize their response efforts. Disaster recovery and business continuity planning are also essential components of a robust security strategy. Cybersecurity insurance, security auditing, access control, penetration testing, and vulnerability scanning are additional services that help organizations fortify their defenses. Zero trust security and application security are emerging areas of focus, reflecting the evolving threat landscape. The market dynamics in this space are continuously unfolding, with new challenges and solutions emerging regularly.

How is this Big Data Security Industry segmented?

The big data security industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Deployment

  On-premises
  Cloud-based


End-user

  Large enterprises
  SMEs


Solution

  Software
  Services


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Italy
    Spain
    UK


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Deployment Insights

The On-premises segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. The market: Evolution and Trends in Enterprise Computing Big Data Security encompasses a range of technologies and practices designed to protect an organization's valuable data. Traditional on-premises servers form the backbone of many enterprise data infrastructures, with businesses owning and managing their hardware and software. These infrastructures include servers and storage units, located at secure sites, requiring specialized IT support for maintenance. Data security in this context is a top priority. Companies must establish user access policies, install firewalls and antivirus software, and apply security patches promptly. Network security is crucial, with vulnerability management and threat

This file set is the basis of a project in which Stephanie Pywell from The Open University Law School created and evaluated some online teaching materials – Fundamentals of Law (FoLs) – to fill a gap in the knowledge of graduate entrants to the Bachelor of Laws (LLB) programme. These students are granted exemption from the Level 1 law modules, from which they would normally acquire the basic knowledge of legal principles and methods that is essential to success in higher-level study. The materials consisted of 12 sessions of learning, each covering one key topic from a Level 1 law module.The dataset includes a Word document that consists of the text of a five-question, multiple-choice Moodle poll, together with the coding for each response option.The rest of the dataset consists of spreadsheets and outputs from SPSS and Excel showing the analyses that were conducted on the cleaned and anonymised data to ascertain students' use of, and views on, the teaching materials, and to explore any statistical association between students' studying of the materials and their academic success on Level 2 law modules, W202 and W203.Students were asked to complete the Moodle poll at the end of every session of study, of which there were 1,013. Only one answer from each of the 240 respondents was retained for Questions 3, 4 and 5, to avoid skewing the data. Some data are presented as percentages of the number of sessions studied; some are presented as percentages of the number of respondents, and some are presented as percentage of the number of respondents who meet specific criteria.Student identifiers, which have been removed to ensure anonymity, are as follows: Open University Computer User code (OUCU) and Personal Identifier (PI). These were used to collate the output from the Moodle poll with students' Level 2 module results.

The CBR Leximetric Datasets are the product of work carried out at the Centre for Business Research (CBR) in Cambridge, beginning in 2005 when the Centre received funding from the Economic and Social Research Council to carry out a research project on law, development and finance. Further funding from the ESRC, the European Union's FP5 and FP6 programmes, the Isaac Newton Trust, the Cambridge Political Economy Society and the International Labour Organization made it possible to expand the original datasets to their current state. As of December 2023, there are three principal datasets, coding, respectively, for labour laws in 117 countries between 1970 and 2022 (the CBR Labour Regulation Index), shareholder protection in 30 countries between 1990 and 2013 (the CBR Extended Shareholder Protection Index), and creditor protection in 30 countries between 1990 and 2013 (the CBR Extended Creditor Protection Index). The coding of legal data is carried out using a leximetric coding methodology developed in the CBR and more fully explained in the codebooks which accompany each of the datasets. Taken together, the datasets provide a unique time series which enables researchers and other research users to track changes in labour, company and insolvency law over long periods of time for many countries. A distinguishing feature of these datasets is that all legal sources for the data coding are fully described in the relevant codebooks, thereby assisting transparency, external validity and replicability of results. The 2023 update of the CBR-LRI provides a further decade or so of labour law codings following the previous publication of this dataset. Funding for the update was made possible by the ESRC via its Digital Futures at Work Research Centre (grant ES/S012532/1) and through the NORFACE consortium grant to the POPBACK project (Populist Backlash, Democratic Backsliding, and the Future of the Rule of Law in Europe). The work of further developing the datasets on shareholder and creditor rights, so that they match the labour regulation index in terms of years and countries covered, is ongoing.

Since the enforcement of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in May 2018, fines have been issued for several types of violations. As of February 2025, the most significant share of penalties was due to companies' non-compliance with general data processing principles. This violation has led to over 2.4 billion euros worth of fines.

I can confirm that we do hold information on the names and General Medical Council (GMC) numbers for independent medical assessors. Please note that this response does not relate to a specific claim or claimant. The request is being answered more generally given requests under FOIA are requester-blind, that is to say the identity of the requester is not taken into account when considering a request for information under FOIA. We consider the name and GMC number to be personal data under the Data Protection Act 2018. Disclosure of their names or GMC numbers would result in their identification when entered into the GMC public register. Please be aware that I have decided not to release the names and GMC numbers of the independent medical assessors as this information falls under the exemption in section 40 subsections 2 and 3(A)(a) of the FOIA. As the requested information would allow an independent medical assessor to be identified, I consider this information is exempt. This is because it would breach the first data protection principle as: A. it is not fair to disclose their personal details to the world and is likely to cause damage or distress. B. these details are not of sufficient interest to the public to warrant an intrusion into their privacy. The requested information is exempt if disclosure would contravene any of the data protection principles. For disclosure to comply with the lawfulness, fairness, and transparency principle, we either need the consent of the data subject(s) or there must be a legitimate interest in disclosure. In addition, the disclosure must be necessary to meet the legitimate interest and finally, the disclosure must not cause unwarranted harm. This means that the NHSBSA is therefore required to conduct a balancing exercise between the legitimate interest of the applicant in disclosure against the rights and freedoms of the independent medical assessor. While I acknowledge that you have a legitimate interest in disclosure of the information, the disclosure of the requested information would cause unwarranted harm. Disclosure under FOIA is to the world and therefore the NHSBSA has to consider the overall impact of the disclosure and its duty of care. The expectation of the independent medical assessors is that they will remain anonymous and will therefore not be subject to contact or pressure from claimants or campaigning groups. Given the certainty that the name and/or GMC number will identify them, there is a reasonable expectation that this information will not be disclosed under the FOIA. Disclosing this information would be unfair and as such this would breach the UK General Data Protection Regulation first data protection principle. Please see the following link to view the section 40 exemption in full: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/36/section/40 Qualifications and experience The NHSBSA does not hold information on the independent medical assessors' qualifications. This is because their medical qualifications and experience are the responsibility of the third-party medical assessment supplier. I hope, however, that the following information provides reassurance on this point: All claims are assessed by the independent medical assessment company with a consistent approach. Each case is considered on its own merits, by an experienced independent medical assessor. The contract with our supplier does not require them to tell us details of their qualifications or their experience.

Data Cleansing Software Market Outlook

The global data cleansing software market size was valued at approximately USD 1.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 4.2 billion by 2032, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12.5% during the forecast period. This substantial growth can be attributed to the increasing importance of maintaining clean and reliable data for business intelligence and analytics, which are driving the adoption of data cleansing solutions across various industries.

The proliferation of big data and the growing emphasis on data-driven decision-making are significant growth factors for the data cleansing software market. As organizations collect vast amounts of data from multiple sources, ensuring that this data is accurate, consistent, and complete becomes critical for deriving actionable insights. Data cleansing software helps organizations eliminate inaccuracies, inconsistencies, and redundancies, thereby enhancing the quality of their data and improving overall operational efficiency. Additionally, the rising adoption of advanced analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies further fuels the demand for data cleansing software, as clean data is essential for the accuracy and reliability of these technologies.

Another key driver of market growth is the increasing regulatory pressure for data compliance and governance. Governments and regulatory bodies across the globe are implementing stringent data protection regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Europe and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) in the United States. These regulations mandate organizations to ensure the accuracy and security of the personal data they handle. Data cleansing software assists organizations in complying with these regulations by identifying and rectifying inaccuracies in their data repositories, thus minimizing the risk of non-compliance and hefty penalties.

The growing trend of digital transformation across various industries also contributes to the expanding data cleansing software market. As businesses transition to digital platforms, they generate and accumulate enormous volumes of data. To derive meaningful insights and maintain a competitive edge, it is imperative for organizations to maintain high-quality data. Data cleansing software plays a pivotal role in this process by enabling organizations to streamline their data management practices and ensure the integrity of their data. Furthermore, the increasing adoption of cloud-based solutions provides additional impetus to the market, as cloud platforms facilitate seamless integration and scalability of data cleansing tools.

Regionally, North America holds a dominant position in the data cleansing software market, driven by the presence of numerous technology giants and the rapid adoption of advanced data management solutions. The region is expected to continue its dominance during the forecast period, supported by the strong emphasis on data quality and compliance. Europe is also a significant market, with countries like Germany, the UK, and France showing substantial demand for data cleansing solutions. The Asia Pacific region is poised for significant growth, fueled by the increasing digitalization of businesses and the rising awareness of data quality's importance. Emerging economies in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also expected to witness steady growth, driven by the growing adoption of data-driven technologies.

The role of Data Quality Tools cannot be overstated in the context of data cleansing software. These tools are integral in ensuring that the data being processed is not only clean but also of high quality, which is crucial for accurate analytics and decision-making. Data Quality Tools help in profiling, monitoring, and cleansing data, thereby ensuring that organizations can trust their data for strategic decisions. As organizations increasingly rely on data-driven insights, the demand for robust Data Quality Tools is expected to rise. These tools offer functionalities such as data validation, standardization, and enrichment, which are essential for maintaining the integrity of data across various platforms and applications. The integration of these tools with data cleansing software enhances the overall data management capabilities of organizations, enabling them to achieve greater operational efficiency and compliance with data regulations.

Component Analysis

The data cle

Received 17 February 2025: ‘may I have details of your independent doctor so I can check them out.’ Received 25 February 2025: ‘Please could you arrange for me to receive the Freedom of Information Act so that I can check the qualifications of your independent doctors.’ Our response I can confirm that the NHS Business Services Authority (NHSBSA) holds some of the information you have requested. Question 1 I can confirm that we do hold information on the names and General Medical Council numbers for independent medical assessors. Please note that this response does not relate to a specific claim or claimant. The request is being answered more generally given requests under FOIA are requester-blind, that is to say the identity of the requester is not taken into account when considering a request for information under FOIA. We consider the name and GMC number to be personal data under the Data Protection Act 2018. Disclosure of medical assessors’ names or GMC numbers would result in the identification of the medical assessors when entered into the GMC public register. Please be aware that I have decided not to release the names and GMC numbers of the medical assessors as this information falls under the exemption in section 40 subsections 2 and 3(A)(a) of the FOIA. As the requested information would allow a medical assessor to be identified, I consider this information is exempt. This is because it would breach the first data protection principle as: A. it is not fair to disclose medical assessors’ personal details to the world and is likely to cause damage or distress. B. these details are not of sufficient interest to the public to warrant an intrusion into the privacy of the medical assessor. The requested information is exempt if disclosure would contravene any of the data protection principles. For disclosure to comply with the lawfulness, fairness, and transparency principle, we either need the consent of the data subject(s) or there must be a legitimate interest in disclosure. In addition, the disclosure must be necessary to meet the legitimate interest and finally, the disclosure must not cause unwarranted harm. This means that the NHSBSA is therefore required to conduct a balancing exercise between the legitimate interest of the applicant in disclosure against the rights and freedoms of the medical assessor. While I acknowledge that you have a legitimate interest in disclosure of the information, the disclosure of the requested information would cause unwarranted harm. Disclosure under FOIA is to the world and therefore the NHSBSA has to consider the overall impact of the disclosure and its duty of care. The expectation of the medical assessors is that they will remain anonymous and will therefore not be subject to contact or pressure from claimants or campaigning groups. Given the certainty that the name and/or GMC number will identify the medical assessor there is a reasonable expectation that this information will not be disclosed under the FOIA. Disclosing this information would be unfair and as such this would breach the UK General Data Protection Regulation first data protection principle. Please see the following link to view the section 40 exemption in full: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/36/section/40 Question 2 I have established that the NHSBSA does not hold this information. This is because the medical qualifications and experience of the medical assessors are the responsibility of the third-party medical assessment supplier. I hope, however, that the following information provides reassurance on this point. All claims are assessed by the independent medical assessment supplier with a consistent approach. Each case is considered on its own merits, by an experienced independent medical assessor. The contract with our supplier does not require them to tell us details of the qualifications of the medical assessors or their experience. The contract requires that all assessments carried out are undertaken by suitably qualified and experienced registered medical practitioners. This includes being registered on the UK General Medical Council register, with a licence to practise and meet or exceed the following requirements: • they are a registered medical practitioner with at least five years’ post graduate experience; and • they have experience of the performance of medical and/ or disability assessment, addressing questions of causation and impact in the context of legislative or policy requirements to assist the decision maker