This statistic shows the projected top ten largest national economies in 2050. By 2050, China is forecasted to have a gross domestic product of over ** trillion U.S. dollars.

In 2024, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the United Kingdom grew by *** percent and is expected to grow by *** percent in 2025 and by *** percent in 2026. Between 2027 and 2030, the economy is forecast to grow by ****percent every year. The sudden emergence of COVID-19 in 2020 and subsequent closure of large parts of the economy were the cause of the huge *** percent contraction in 2020, with the economy recovering somewhat in 2021, when the economy grew by *** percent. Long-term growth downgraded Although the UK economy will grow faster than expected in 2025, long-term economic growth is predicted to be slower. Increased geopolitical uncertainty as well as lower than expected productivity growth were some of the main reasons cited for this downgrade. In addition, the UK's inflation rate for 2025 was also revised, with an annual rate of *** percent predicated, up from *** percent in the last forecast. Unemployment has also been higher than initially thought, with the annual unemployment rate likely to be *** percent instead of *** percent. Long-term growth problems In the last two quarters of 2023, the UK economy shrank by *** percent in Q3 and by *** percent in Q4, plunging the UK into recession for the first time since the COVID-19 pandemic. Even before that last recession, however, the UK economy has been struggling with weak growth. Although growth since the pandemic has been noticeably sluggish, there has been a clear long-term trend of declining growth rates. The economy has consistently been seen as one of the most important issues to people in Britain, ahead of health, immigration and the environment. Achieving strong levels of economic growth is one of the main aims of the current government elected, although after one and a half years in power it has so far proven elusive.

In Summer 2019, the UK government announced it would strive towards becoming carbon neutral by 2050. A hydrogen and carbon capture and storage-led decarbonization would require capital investments of *** billion British pounds until the mid century and see hydrogen demand climb to *** terawatt hours per year. This would result in the capture of *** million tonnes of carbon dioxide every year.

In 2023, London had a gross domestic product of over 569 billion British pounds, by far the most of any region of the United Kingdom. The region of South East England which surrounds London had the second-highest GDP in this year, at over 360 billion pounds. North West England, which includes the major cities of Manchester and Liverpool, had the third-largest GDP among UK regions, at almost 250 billion pounds. Levelling Up the UK London’s economic dominance of the UK can clearly be seen when compared to the other regions of the country. In terms of GDP per capita, the gap between London and the rest of the country is striking, standing at over 63,600 pounds per person in the UK capital, compared with just over 37,100 pounds in the rest of the country. To address the economic imbalance, successive UK governments have tried to implement "levelling-up policies", which aim to boost investment and productivity in neglected areas of the country. The success of these programs going forward may depend on their scale, as it will likely take high levels of investment to reverse economic neglect regions have faced in the recent past. Overall UK GDP The gross domestic product for the whole of the United Kingdom amounted to 2.56 trillion British pounds in 2024. During this year, GDP grew by 0.9 percent, following a growth rate of 0.4 percent in 2023. Due to the overall population of the UK growing faster than the economy, however, GDP per capita in the UK fell in both 2023 and 2024. Nevertheless, the UK remains one of the world’s biggest economies, with just five countries (the United States, China, Japan, Germany, and India) having larger economies. It is it likely that several other countries will overtake the UK economy in the coming years, with Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, and Mexico all expected to have larger economies than Britain by 2050.

GLA Economics produces long-term employment projections for London by sector and by borough. The methodology in the accompanying report explains the approach adopted.

Links to the 2022 employment projections (latest, interim update)

• Borough projections
• Sector projections
• London labour market projections report

Links to previous employment projections

Provided below are links to the previous versions of GLA Economics’ employment projections, with breakdowns of the numbers (historic and projected) available by sector and by local authority.

2017

• Borough projections, 1971-2050
• Sector projections, 1971-2050
• London projections of scenarios
• London labour market projections report

2016

• Borough Projections, 1971-2041
• Sector Projections, 1971-2041
• London labour market projections report

2015

• Borough [trend-based only], 1981-2036
• Sector, 1984-2036
• Working paper 67

2013

• Borough, 1984-2036
• Sector, 1984-2036
• London labour market projections report

2011

• Borough [trend-based only, data excludes self-employed], 1981-2036
• Sector, 1984-2036
• Working paper 51

2009

• <a href="https://data.london.gov.uk/download/1edc3fa8-ce43-488a-9d6b-8dba432a53ea/fdc905ac-bf95-4956-b77a-6c197b1be1fd/employment-projections-borough-2009.csv" target="_blank"

Data for Figure SPM.10 from the Summary for Policymakers (SPM) of the Working Group I (WGI) Contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report (AR6).

Figure SPM.10 shows global warming as a function of cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide.

How to cite this dataset

When citing this dataset, please include both the data citation below (under 'Citable as') and the following citation for the report component from which the figure originates:

IPCC, 2021: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3−32, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001.

Figure subpanels

The figure has two panels that are closely linked. Data files for the top panel are labelled with 'Top_panel' while data files for the bottom panel are labelled with 'Bottom_panel'.

List of data provided

This dataset contains:

Top panel:

• Cumulative global total anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions (1850-2019)
• Global surface temperature increase relative to 1850-1900 (1850-2019)
• Estimated human-caused warming relative to 1850-1900 (1850-2019)
• Projected global total anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions for the five scenarios of the AR6 WGI core set of scenarios (2015-2050)
• Assessed global surface temperature increase relative to 1850-1900 for the five scenarios of the AR6 WGI core set of scenarios (2015-2050)

Bottom panel:

• Cumulative global total anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions (1850-2019)
• Projected global total anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions for the five scenarios of the AR6 WGI core set of scenarios (2015-2050)

The illustrative SSP (Shared Socio-economic Pathway) scenarios (referred to here as core scenarios) are described in Box SPM.1 of the Summary for Policymakers and Section 1.6.1.1 of Chapter 1.

Data provided in relation to figure

Top panel: • Top_panel_HISTORY.csv: historical CO2 emissions, global surface temperature increase since 1850-1900 for the 1850-2019 period, estimated human-caused warming since 1850-1900 over the 1850-2019 period. [row 1 for black line, grey line and grey range, row 2 for black line, row 3 to 5 range and central grey range] • Top_panel_SSP1-19.csv: projected CO2 emissions, assessed projections of global surface temperature increase relative to the 1850-1900 period for the period 2015-2050 [row 1 and 2 for central lines, row 1, 3, and 4 for ranges] • Top_panel_SSP1-26.csv: projected CO2 emissions, assessed projections of global surface temperature increase relative to the 1850-1900 period for the period 2015-2050 [row 1 and 2 for central lines, row 1, 3, and 4 for ranges] • Top_panel_SSP2-45.csv: projected CO2 emissions, assessed projections of global surface temperature increase relative to the 1850-1900 period for the period 2015-2050 [row 1 and 2 for central lines, row 1, 3, and 4 for ranges] • Top_panel_SSP3-70.csv: projected CO2 emissions, assessed projections of global surface temperature increase relative to the 1850-1900 period for the period 2015-2050 [row 1 and 2 for central lines, row 1, 3, and 4 for ranges] • Top_panel_SSP5-85.csv: projected CO2 emissions, assessed projections of global surface temperature increase relative to the 1850-1900 period for the period 2015-2050 [row 1 and 2 for central lines, row 1, 3, and 4 for ranges]

Bottom panel: • Bottom_panel_GtCO2_historical.csv: historical CO2 emissions [grey bars] • Bottom_panel_GtCO2_projections.csv; projected CO2 emissions for the five scenarios in the core set of IPCC AR6 WG1 scenarios [coloured bars]

Sources of additional information

The following weblinks are provided in the Related Documents section of this catalogue record:

• Link to the report webpage, which includes the report component containing the figure (Summary for Policymakers) the Technical Summary (Section TS.3.3). and the Supplementary Material for Chapter 5, which co... For full abstract see: https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/cfe938e70f8f4e98b0622296743f7913.

Blue hydrogen production capacity is forecast to amount to **** gigawatts in the North of England by 2050. As the UK government aims to become a carbon neutral economy by the mid century, climate experts in the country have pushed for future energy investments to focus on hydrogen and carbon capture and storage. Hydrogen is of particular interest as it may be used as a source of energy and an industrial feedstock for a variety of products such as transport fuels. Hydrogen deriving of natural gas is called blue hydrogen.

This statistic shows the total GDP of the countries who formed the G7 and the E7 in 2015, alongside a project for the year 2050. The G7 includes; the United States, Japan, Germany, The United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Canada. The E7 includes; China, India, Brazil, Russia, Indonesia, Mexico, and Turkey. The projected GDP total of the E7 countries for 2050 was ***** trillion U.S. dollars.

The United Kingdom has set various, legally binding, interim emission reduction targets along the way to reaching net zero by 2050. As part of the country's carbon budget, the UK government set a climate change target into law to reduce emissions by ** percent by 2037 compared to 1990 levels. In 2022, UK GHG emissions were ** percent below 1990 levels, meaning the country over-achieved on the third carbon budget.

Global energy consumption is on an upward trajectory, with projections indicating a substantial increase from ***** quadrillion British thermal units in 2022 to ***** quadrillion British thermal units by 2050. This growth reflects the world's increasing energy needs, driven by population growth, economic development, and technological advancements. Shifting energy landscape While fossil fuels currently dominate the energy mix, accounting for nearly ** percent of global primary energy demand in 2022, a significant shift is expected in the coming decades. Renewable energy sources are projected to play an increasingly important role, with electricity generation from renewables expected to almost triple between 2022 and 2050. This transition is crucial for addressing climate change concerns and reducing carbon emissions. Regional disparities and future outlook Energy consumption patterns vary significantly across regions and economic development levels. In 2022, emerging economies, including China, consumed almost *** exajoules of energy, compared to about *** exajoules in developed countries. China is expected to maintain its position as the world's largest energy consumer by 2050. As global energy demand continues to rise, the challenge lies in balancing economic growth with sustainable energy practices and reducing reliance on fossil fuels.

The statistic depicts the median age of the population in the United Kingdom from 1950 to 2100*. The median age of a population is an index that divides the population into two equal groups: half of the population is older than the median age and the other half younger. In 2020, the median age of United Kingdom's population was 39.2 years. Population of the United Kingdom The United Kingdom (UK) includes Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) and Northern Ireland, and is a state located off the coast of continental Europe. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, which means the Queen acts as representative head of state, while laws and constitutional issues are discussed and passed by a parliament. The total UK population figures have been steadily increasing, albeit only slightly, over the last decade; in 2011, the population growth rate was lower than in the previous year for the first time in eight years. Like many other countries, the UK and its economy were severely affected by the economic crisis in 2009. Since then, the unemployment rate has doubled and is only recovering slowly. UK inhabitants tend to move to the cities to find work and better living conditions; urbanization in the United Kingdom has been on the rise. At the same time, population density in the United Kingdom has been increasing due to several factors, for example, the rising number of inhabitants and their life expectancy at birth, an increasing fertility rate, and a very low number of emigrants. In fact, the United Kingdom is now among the 20 countries with the highest life expectancy at birth worldwide. As can be seen above, the median age of UK residents has also been increasing significantly since the seventies; another indicator for a well-working economy and society.

In 2020, about 82.66 percent of the total population in the United States lived in cities and urban areas. As the United States was one of the earliest nations to industrialize, it has had a comparatively high rate of urbanization over the past two centuries. The urban population became larger than the rural population during the 1910s, and by the middle of the century it is expected that almost 90 percent of the population will live in an urban setting. Regional development of urbanization in the U.S. The United States began to urbanize on a larger scale in the 1830s, as technological advancements reduced the labor demand in agriculture, and as European migration began to rise. One major difference between early urbanization in the U.S. and other industrializing economies, such as the UK or Germany, was population distribution. Throughout the 1800s, the Northeastern U.S. became the most industrious and urban region of the country, as this was the main point of arrival for migrants. Disparities in industrialization and urbanization was a key contributor to the Union's victory in the Civil War, not only due to population sizes, but also through production capabilities and transport infrastructure. The Northeast's population reached an urban majority in the 1870s, whereas this did not occur in the South until the 1950s. As more people moved westward in the late 1800s, not only did their population growth increase, but the share of the urban population also rose, with an urban majority established in both the West and Midwest regions in the 1910s. The West would eventually become the most urbanized region in the 1960s, and over 90 percent of the West's population is urbanized today. Urbanization today New York City is the most populous city in the United States, with a population of 8.3 million, while California has the largest urban population of any state. California also has the highest urbanization rate, although the District of Columbia is considered 100 percent urban. Only four U.S. states still have a rural majority, these are Maine, Mississippi, Montana, and West Virginia.