In 2011, 87.2 percent of the total population of the United Kingdom were white British. A positive net migration in recent years combined with the resultant international relationships following the wide-reaching former British Empire has contributed to an increasingly diverse population.

Varied ethnic backgrounds

Black British citizens, with African and/or African-Caribbean ancestry, are the largest ethnic minority population, at three percent of the total population. Indian Britons are one of the largest overseas communities of the Indian diaspora and make up 2.3 percent of the total UK population. Pakistani British citizens, who make up almost two percent of the UK population, have one of the highest levels of home ownership in Britain.

Racism in the United Kingdom

Though it has decreased in comparison to the previous century, the UK has seen an increase in racial prejudice during the first decade and a half of this century. Racism and discrimination continues to be part of daily life for Britain’s ethnic minorities, especially in terms of work, housing, and health issues. Moreover, the number of hate crimes motivated by race reported since 2012 has increased, and in 2017/18, there were 3,368 recorded offenses of racially or religiously aggravated assault with injury, almost a thousand more than in 2013/14.

The census is undertaken by the Office for National Statistics every 10 years and gives us a picture of all the people and households in England and Wales. The most recent census took place in March of 2021.The census asks every household questions about the people who live there and the type of home they live in. In doing so, it helps to build a detailed snapshot of society. Information from the census helps the government and local authorities to plan and fund local services, such as education, doctors' surgeries and roads.Key census statistics for Leicester are published on the open data platform to make information accessible to local services, voluntary and community groups, and residents. There is also a dashboard available that shows data relating to the wards of Leicester. Further information about the census and full datasets can be found on the ONS website - https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/aboutcensus/censusproductsEthnicityThis dataset provides Census 2021 estimates that classify usual residents in England and Wales by ethnic group. The estimates are as at Census Day, 21 March 2021.Definition: The ethnic group that the person completing the census feels they belong to. This could be based on their culture, family background, identity or physical appearance.Respondents could choose one out of 19 tick-box response categories, including write-in response options.This dataset includes data relating to the electoral wards of Leicester City.

The ethnic group that the person completing the census feels they belong to. This could be based on their culture, family background, identity or physical appearance.CoverageThis dataset is focused on the data for Birmingham at Ward level. Also available at LSOA, MSOA and Constituency levels.About the 2021 CensusThe Census takes place every 10 years and gives us a picture of all the people and households in England and Wales.Protecting personal dataThe ONS sometimes need to make changes to data if it is possible to identify individuals. This is known as statistical disclosure control. In Census 2021, they:

Swapped records (targeted record swapping), for example, if a household was likely to be identified in datasets because it has unusual characteristics, they swapped the record with a similar one from a nearby small area. Very unusual households could be swapped with one in a nearby local authority. Added small changes to some counts (cell key perturbation), for example, we might change a count of four to a three or a five. This might make small differences between tables depending on how the data are broken down when they applied perturbation.For more geographies, aggregations or topics see the link in the Reference below. Or, to create a custom dataset with multiple variables use the ONS Create a custom dataset tool.Population valueThe value column represents All usual residents.The percentage shown is the value as a percentage of All usual residents within the given geography.

This Zenodo entry details the methodology for extracting and reconciling ethnicity data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), incorporating both General Practitioner (GP) and Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) sources. The approach aims to resolve discrepancies between these sources and provide a standardized single ethnicity value per patient, categorized into 6 and 12 levels according to NHS coding guidelines. Materials and Methods: Ethnicity data from the CPRD are recorded in multiple formats. This study harmonizes these data to achieve consistent ethnicity classification across patient records, following a hierarchal reconciliation protocol prioritizing hospital data over GP records. Ethnicity Levels: Ethnicity data are processed to conform to two levels of granularity: Six high-level categories: White, Black, Asian, Mixed, Other, Unknown Twelve detailed categories: Bangladeshi, Black African, Black Caribbean, Black Other, Chinese, Indian, Mixed, Other Asian, Other, Pakistani, Unknown, White Source Data Mapping: CPRD Medcodes: Directly mapped to 490 SNOMED codes SNOMED to NHS Codes: SNOMED codes are linked to 26 NHS ethnicity codes NHS to HES Codes: These NHS codes further map into 12 HES hospital ethnicities, which then consolidate into the 6 broad categories mentioned above Algorithm (AIM-CISC): Hospital Data Priority: Ethnicity records from hospital sources override those from GP records unless the hospital data is classified as "Unknown", null, or empty. Conflict Resolution Within GP Data: The frequency of recorded ethnicities determines the selection. The most frequently recorded ethnicity prevails. If frequencies are tied, the most recent record is used. In cases where records are equally recent, the first alphabetically listed ethnicity is selected. Unique Patient Identifiers: Each patient is represented once in hospital data, ensuring a single source of truth for hospital-based ethnicities. This simplifies reconciliation with GP data when discrepancies arise. Source Documentation and References: Reference for Code Lists: Digital ethnicity data in population-wide electronic health records in England: a description of completeness, coverage, and granularity of diversity (Pineda-Moncusí et al., 2022): https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.11.11.22282217 GitHub Repository for Code Lists: https://github.com/BHFDSC/CCU037_01/blob/main/england/phenotypes/snomed_meaning_and_map_to_primary_code.csv NHS Ethnicity Codes Documentation: https://www.datadictionary.nhs.uk/attributes/ethnic_category_code_2001.html open_in_new Notes on mapping: Instances were noted where multiple Medcodes map back to a single SNOMED code, highlighting the importance of careful data cross-referencing. For example, two different Medcodes represent the New Zealand European ethnicity, which both map back to the identical SNOMED code.

Ethnic group map illustrates the extent and distribution of the different ethnic groups within Kenya. Major towns are indicated on the map but no further topographic detail is included.

Data, code and materials from a discrete experiment to test the validity of an Bayesian areal wombling algorithm for predicting social boundaries. The experiment was conducted as a part of project ‘Life at the Frontier: Researching the Impact of Social Frontiers on the Social Mobility and Integration of Migrants’ (2020-2023; NordForsk/ESRC, project no 95193), and experiment data was collected in Rotherham (UK).About the experimentEach border on a map is assigned a boundary value based on how dissimilar the adjacent neighbourhoods are (higher = more dissimilar = more likely to be a social boundary).The experiment was carried out as follows:- We created three maps of the same area with different boundaries using the Bayesian areal wombling approach.- Map A contained the boundaries with the highest boundary values, whilst map C had the lowest boundary values. Map B contained boundaries that were in between.- During an interview, participants were then shown pairs of maps and asked which map in each pair best corresponds to local community boundaries.- The sequence and order of the maps shown were randomised.- Assuming that residents and experts can recognise (but not necessarily recall) social boundaries, we conjecture that participants would choose the map containing borders with higher boundary values.Hypothesis: We hypothesise that participants will agree with the predictions of the areal wombling algorithm and choose boundaries with higher boundary values.Null hypothesis: Participants are not more or less likely to choose boundaries with higher boundary values.Aside from testing a hypothesis, another motivation behind the study is to explore the feasibility of the method for future replications and follow-up research.More informationThis study was approved by the University of Sheffield ethics committee (application number 042378).Please read the README file for a more detailed description of the content of this repository.

This file contains the National Statistics Postcode Lookup (NSPL) for the United Kingdom as at August 2022 in Comma Separated Variable (CSV) and ASCII text (TXT) formats. To download the zip file click the Download button. The NSPL relates both current and terminated postcodes to a range of current statutory geographies via ‘best-fit’ allocation from the 2021 Census Output Areas (national parks and Workplace Zones are exempt from ‘best-fit’ and use ‘exact-fit’ allocations) for England and Wales. Scotland and Northern Ireland has the 2011 Census Output AreasIt supports the production of area based statistics from postcoded data. The NSPL is produced by ONS Geography, who provide geographic support to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and geographic services used by other organisations. The NSPL is issued quarterly. (File size - 184 MB).

The population of the world, allocated to 1 arcsecond blocks. This refines CIESIN’s Gridded Population of the World project, using machine learning models on high-resolution worldwide Digital Globe satellite imagery.

There were 20,944 incidences of racist hate crime reported by the London Metropolitan Police in the 2023/24 reporting year, by far the most of any police force area in England and Wales. In the same time period, there were 7,466 racist incidents reported in the West Midlands.

The Elland ward dataset includes the ward map; demographic profile; Public Health England local health report; Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) factsheet; Public health data; a ward hex map; and primary and secondary school census data.

Elland ward is in south-east Calderdale, and includes Elland town and smaller settlements such as Blackley, Upper Edge and Lower Edge. The topography slopes steeply from the southern boundary to the River Calder, then rises to Elland Park Wood. Elland has direct access to the M62 motorway, and the main road between Halifax and Huddersfield (A629 Calderdale Way). Lowfields business park is north-east of Elland, close to the A629.

For schools data at ward level, see Schools data by ward.

The HTML links signpost to other datasets, please select the Visit button https://files.datapress.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/20170922114200/view-button.jpg" alt=""> to go to the relevant dataset

The Illingworth and Mixenden ward dataset includes the ward map; demographic profile; Public Health England local health report; Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) factsheet; Public health data; a ward hex map; and primary and secondary school census data.

Illingworth and Mixenden ward is on the edge of Halifax, three miles from the town centre, much of which is on high ground.The northern part of the ward is moorland and scattered farms, but also includes Bradshaw village, a wind farm and Ogden reservoir, an important recreational area. The southern part of the ward is mainly residential, including the settlements of Illingworth, Mixenden and Holmfield. Holmfield also includes an industrial area. Three of Calderdale's secondary schools are in this ward. The main access route is the A629 road from Halifax to Keighley.

For schools data at ward level, see Schools data by ward.

The HTML links signpost to other datasets, please select the Visit button https://files.datapress.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/20170922114200/view-button.jpg" alt=""> to go to the relevant dataset

In 2023, the population of the United Kingdom reached 68.3 million, compared with 67.6 million in 2022. The UK population has more than doubled since 1871 when just under 31.5 million lived in the UK and has grown by around 8.2 million since the start of the twenty-first century. For most of the twentieth century, the UK population steadily increased, with two noticeable drops in population occurring during World War One (1914-1918) and in World War Two (1939-1945). Demographic trends in postwar Britain After World War Two, Britain and many other countries in the Western world experienced a 'baby boom,' with a postwar peak of 1.02 million live births in 1947. Although the number of births fell between 1948 and 1955, they increased again between the mid-1950s and mid-1960s, with more than one million people born in 1964. Since 1964, however, the UK birth rate has fallen from 18.8 births per 1,000 people to a low of just 10.2 in 2020. As a result, the UK population has gotten significantly older, with the country's median age increasing from 37.9 years in 2001 to 40.7 years in 2022. What are the most populated areas of the UK? The vast majority of people in the UK live in England, which had a population of 57.7 million people in 2023. By comparison, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland had populations of 5.44 million, 3.13 million, and 1.9 million, respectively. Within England, South East England had the largest population, at over 9.38 million, followed by the UK's vast capital city of London, at 8.8 million. London is far larger than any other UK city in terms of urban agglomeration, with just four other cities; Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds, and Glasgow, boasting populations that exceed one million people.

The Todmorden ward dataset includes the ward map; demographic profile; Public Health England local health report; Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) factsheet; Public health data; a ward hex map; and primary and secondary school census data.

Todmorden ward is at the west end of Calderdale, and covers an extensive upland area cut by narrow river valleys. Todmorden town centre is located at the junction of three valley routes with developments extending north-west along Burnley Road to Lydgate, Cornholme and Portsmouth, and south along the Rochdale Road to Shade and Walsden. There are also scattered communities in the countryside. Industry is mainly in the valleys. The railway runs through Todmorden, and both the railway and bus stations are close to the town centre.

For schools data at ward level, see Schools data by ward.

The HTML links signpost to other datasets, please select the Visit button https://files.datapress.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/20170922114200/view-button.jpg" alt=""> to go to the relevant dataset

The population of the United Kingdom in 2023 was estimated to be approximately 68.3 million in 2023, with almost 9.48 million people living in South East England. London had the next highest population, at over 8.9 million people, followed by the North West England at 7.6 million. With the UK's population generally concentrated in England, most English regions have larger populations than the constituent countries of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, which had populations of 5.5 million, 3.16 million, and 1.92 million respectively. English counties and cities The United Kingdom is a patchwork of various regional units, within England the largest of these are the regions shown here, which show how London, along with the rest of South East England had around 18 million people living there in this year. The next significant regional units in England are the 47 metropolitan and ceremonial counties. After London, the metropolitan counties of the West Midlands, Greater Manchester, and West Yorkshire were the biggest of these counties, due to covering the large urban areas of Birmingham, Manchester, and Leeds respectively. Regional divisions in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland The smaller countries that comprise the United Kingdom each have different local subdivisions. Within Scotland these are called council areas whereas in Wales the main regional units are called unitary authorities. Scotland's largest Council Area by population is that of Glasgow City at over 622,000, while in Wales, it was the Cardiff Unitary Authority at around 372,000. Northern Ireland, on the other hand, has eleven local government districts, the largest of which is Belfast with a population of around 348,000.

In the past four centuries, the population of the United States has grown from a recorded 350 people around the Jamestown colony of Virginia in 1610, to an estimated 331 million people in 2020. The pre-colonization populations of the indigenous peoples of the Americas have proven difficult for historians to estimate, as their numbers decreased rapidly following the introduction of European diseases (namely smallpox, plague and influenza). Native Americans were also omitted from most censuses conducted before the twentieth century, therefore the actual population of what we now know as the United States would have been much higher than the official census data from before 1800, but it is unclear by how much. Population growth in the colonies throughout the eighteenth century has primarily been attributed to migration from the British Isles and the Transatlantic slave trade; however it is also difficult to assert the ethnic-makeup of the population in these years as accurate migration records were not kept until after the 1820s, at which point the importation of slaves had also been illegalized. Nineteenth century In the year 1800, it is estimated that the population across the present-day United States was around six million people, with the population in the 16 admitted states numbering at 5.3 million. Migration to the United States began to happen on a large scale in the mid-nineteenth century, with the first major waves coming from Ireland, Britain and Germany. In some aspects, this wave of mass migration balanced out the demographic impacts of the American Civil War, which was the deadliest war in U.S. history with approximately 620 thousand fatalities between 1861 and 1865. The civil war also resulted in the emancipation of around four million slaves across the south; many of whose ancestors would take part in the Great Northern Migration in the early 1900s, which saw around six million black Americans migrate away from the south in one of the largest demographic shifts in U.S. history. By the end of the nineteenth century, improvements in transport technology and increasing economic opportunities saw migration to the United States increase further, particularly from southern and Eastern Europe, and in the first decade of the 1900s the number of migrants to the U.S. exceeded one million people in some years. Twentieth and twenty-first century The U.S. population has grown steadily throughout the past 120 years, reaching one hundred million in the 1910s, two hundred million in the 1960s, and three hundred million in 2007. In the past century, the U.S. established itself as a global superpower, with the world's largest economy (by nominal GDP) and most powerful military. Involvement in foreign wars has resulted in over 620,000 further U.S. fatalities since the Civil War, and migration fell drastically during the World Wars and Great Depression; however the population continuously grew in these years as the total fertility rate remained above two births per woman, and life expectancy increased (except during the Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918).

Since the Second World War, Latin America has replaced Europe as the most common point of origin for migrants, with Hispanic populations growing rapidly across the south and border states. Because of this, the proportion of non-Hispanic whites, which has been the most dominant ethnicity in the U.S. since records began, has dropped more rapidly in recent decades. Ethnic minorities also have a much higher birth rate than non-Hispanic whites, further contributing to this decline, and the share of non-Hispanic whites is expected to fall below fifty percent of the U.S. population by the mid-2000s. In 2020, the United States has the third-largest population in the world (after China and India), and the population is expected to reach four hundred million in the 2050s.