From 2003 to 2025, the central banks of the United States, United Kingdom, and European Union exhibited remarkably similar interest rate patterns, reflecting shared global economic conditions. In the early 2000s, rates were initially low to stimulate growth, then increased as economies showed signs of overheating prior to 2008. The financial crisis that year prompted sharp rate cuts to near-zero levels, which persisted for an extended period to support economic recovery. The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 led to further rate reductions to historic lows, aiming to mitigate economic fallout. However, surging inflation in 2022 triggered a dramatic policy shift, with the Federal Reserve, Bank of England, and European Central Bank significantly raising rates to curb price pressures. As inflation stabilized in late 2023 and early 2024, the ECB and Bank of England initiated rate cuts by mid-2024. Moreover, the Federal Reserve also implemented its first cut in three years, with forecasts suggesting a gradual decrease in all major interest rates between 2025 and 2026. Divergent approaches within the European Union While the ECB sets a benchmark rate for the Eurozone, individual EU countries have adopted diverse strategies to address their unique economic circumstances. For instance, Hungary set the highest rate in the EU at 13 percent in September 2023, gradually reducing it to 6.5 percent by October 2024. In contrast, Sweden implemented more aggressive cuts, lowering its rate to 2.15 percent by October 2025, the lowest among EU members. These variations highlight the complex economic landscape that European central banks must navigate, balancing inflation control with economic growth support. Global context and future outlook The interest rate changes in major economies have had far-reaching effects on global financial markets. Government bond yields, for example, reflect these policy shifts and investor sentiment. As of October 2025, the United States had the highest 10-year government bond yield among developed economies at 4.09 percent, while Switzerland had the lowest at 0.27 percent. These rates serve as important benchmarks for borrowing costs and economic expectations worldwide.

Graph and download economic data for U.S. / U.K. Foreign Exchange Rate in the United Kingdom (USUKFXUKA) from 1791 to 2016 about academic data, United Kingdom, exchange rate, and rate.

Content

More details about each file are in the individual file descriptions.

Context

This is a dataset from the Federal Reserve hosted by the Federal Reserve Economic Database (FRED). FRED has a data platform found here and they update their information according to the frequency that the data updates. Explore the Federal Reserve using Kaggle and all of the data sources available through the Federal Reserve organization page!

• Update Frequency: This dataset is updated daily.

Acknowledgements

This dataset is maintained using FRED's API and Kaggle's API.

Cover photo by Nick Fewings on Unsplash
Unsplash Images are distributed under a unique Unsplash License.

Graph and download economic data for Bank Deposit Rate in the United Kingdom (BDRUKM) from Jan 1870 to Jan 2017 about academic data, United Kingdom, deposits, banks, depository institutions, and rate.

The benchmark interest rate in the United Kingdom was last recorded at 4 percent. This dataset provides - United Kingdom Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Federal Reserve Bank Of New York C O Moneycorp Hong Kong Limited Uk Branch Export Import Data. Follow the Eximpedia platform for HS code, importer-exporter records, and customs shipment details.

Graph and download economic data for Total Central Bank Assets for United Kingdom (DISCONTINUED) (UKASSETS) from May 2006 to Sep 2014 about United Kingdom, assets, banks, and depository institutions.

Graph and download economic data for Bank of England Policy Rate in the United Kingdom (BOERUKQ) from Q1 1695 to Q4 2016 about academic data, United Kingdom, and rate.

Key information about United Kingdom Foreign Exchange Reserves: Months of Import

• United Kingdom Foreign Exchange Reserves equaled 1.7 Months of Import in Dec 2024, compared with the ratio of 1.5 in the previous month
• UK Foreign Exchange Reserves: Months of Import data is updated monthly, available from Jul 1999 to Dec 2024
• The data reached an all-time high of 3.9 in May 2020 and a record low of 0.7 in Jul 2008

CEIC calculates Foreign Exchange Reserves as Months of Import from monthly Foreign Exchange Reserves and monthly Imports. Foreign Exchange Reserves is calculated as the sum of Foreign Currency Reserves and Other Reserve Assets, which include other financial instruments denominated in foreign currency. The Bank of England provides Foreign Exchange Reserves in USD. UK Trade Info provides Imports in local currency. Federal Reserve Board average market exchange rate is used for currency conversions. Foreign Exchange Reserves excludes Bank of England Foreign Exchange Reserves, as they are not considered part of UK Official Reserve Assets. However, Bank of England foreign currency assets may be used in case of foreign exchange intervention for monetary policy objectives.


Further information about United Kingdom Foreign Exchange Reserves: Months of Import

• In the latest reports, UK Foreign Exchange Reserves was measured at 112.5 USD bn in Jan 2025
• Its Money Supply M2 increased 2.2 % YoY in Dec 2024
• UK Domestic Credit reached 4,866.2 USD bn in Dec 2024, representing an drop of 1.3 % YoY
• The country's Non Performing Loans Ratio stood at 1.0 % in Dec 2022, compared with the ratio of 1.0 % in the previous year
• Household Debt of UK reached 3,076.4 USD bn in Sep 2024, accounting for 81.6 % of the country's Nominal GDP

Graph and download economic data for Total Reserves excluding Gold for United Kingdom (TRESEGGBM052N) from Dec 1950 to Jul 2025 about gold, reserves, and United Kingdom.

Graph and download economic data for Liquid Assets to Deposits and Short Term Funding for United Kingdom (DDSI06GBA156NWDB) from 2000 to 2021 about liquidity, United Kingdom, deposits, and assets.

Graph and download economic data for Private Credit by Deposit Money Banks to GDP for United Kingdom (DDDI01GBA156NWDB) from 1960 to 2021 about credits, United Kingdom, banks, private, depository institutions, and GDP.

Graph and download economic data for Bank of England Policy Rate in the United Kingdom (BOERUKM) from Nov 1694 to Jan 2017 about academic data, United Kingdom, and rate.

Graph and download economic data for Bank Capital to Total Assets for United Kingdom (DDSI03GBA156NWDB) from 1998 to 2020 about capital, United Kingdom, assets, banks, and depository institutions.

Graph and download economic data for Real Investment Expenditures in the United Kingdom (RIVEXUKA) from 1830 to 2016 about academic data, United Kingdom, investment, expenditures, and real.

Graph and download economic data for Immediate Rates: Less than 24 Hours: London Clearing Banks Rate for the United Kingdom (DISCONTINUED) (IRSTLC01GBQ156N) from Q3 1971 to Q2 2015 about United Kingdom, interest rate, banks, depository institutions, interest, and rate.

Graph and download economic data for Gross Domestic Product for United Kingdom (UKNGDP) from Q1 1955 to Q2 2025 about United Kingdom and GDP.

Graph and download economic data for Use of Financial Services, Assets: Outstanding Loans to Households at Commercial Banks for United Kingdom (GBRFCSODCHXDC) from 2004 to 2024 about United Kingdom, financial, loans, households, assets, banks, services, and depository institutions.

Graph and download economic data for Monetary Base M0 in the United Kingdom from 1833 to 2016 about M0, monetary base, academic data, monetary aggregates, and United Kingdom.

Graph and download economic data for Average Weekly Hours Worked in the United Kingdom (AWHWUKA) from 1260 to 2016 about academic data, United Kingdom, average, and hours.