With the onset of the Global Financial Crisis in the late Summer of 2007, the United Kingdom was one of the first countries to experience financial panic after the United States. In September 2007, the bank Northern Rock became the UK's first bank to collapse in 150 years due to a bank run, as depositors reacted to the announcement that the bank would be seeking emergency liquidity support from the Bank of England by lining up outside their bank branches to withdraw money. The failure of Northern Rock was a bad omen for the UK economy and financial sector, as banks stopped lending to each other and to customers in what became known as the 'credit crunch'. Government bailouts, private bailouts By October 2008, many UK banks were facing a situation where if they did not receive external assistance, then they would have to default on their debts and likely have to declare bankruptcy. The UK's Labour government, led by Prime Minister Gordon Brown, announced that it would provide emergency funds to stabilize the banking system, leading to the part or full nationalization of some of Britain's largest financial firms. Specifically, Royal Bank of Scotland, Lloyds TSB, and HBOS received over 35 billion pounds in a government cash injection, while Barclays opted to seek investment from private investors in order to avoid nationalization, much of which came from the state of Qatar. The bailouts caused UK government debt ratios to almost double over the period of the crisis, while public trust in the financial system sank.

This project will explore the impact of the economic recession on cities and households through a systematic comparison of the experiences of two English cities, Bristol and Liverpool.The research will use both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Interviews will be held in both cities with stakeholders from across the public, private and voluntary and community sectors. A social survey of 1000 households will also be conducted in the two cities covering 10 specific household types. A series of in-depth qualitative interviews will then be held with households drawn from the survey and chosen to illustrate the spectrum of experience.In the context of globalisation and the rescaling of cities and states, the research aims to develop our understanding of the relationship between economic crisis, global connectivity and the transnational processes shaping cities and the everyday lives of residents. It will explore the 'capillary-like' impact of the crisis and austerity measures on local economic development, and local labour and housing markets, as well as highlight the intersecting realities of everyday life for households across the life course.The research will document the responses and coping strategies developed across different household types and evaluate the impact and effectiveness of 'anti-recession' strategies and policies.

The classification of finiancial crisis interventions

Source agency: Office for National Statistics

Designation: Supporting material

Language: English

Alternative title: Financial Crisis and Statitical Classification

With the collapse of the U.S. housing market and the subsequent financial crisis on Wall Street in 2007 and 2008, economies across the globe began to enter into deep recessions. What had started out as a crisis centered on the United States quickly became global in nature, as it became apparent that not only had the economies of other advanced countries (grouped together as the G7) become intimately tied to the U.S. financial system, but that many of them had experienced housing and asset price bubbles similar to that in the U.S.. The United Kingdom had experienced a huge inflation of housing prices since the 1990s, while Eurozone members (such as Germany, France and Italy) had financial sectors which had become involved in reckless lending to economies on the periphery of the EU, such as Greece, Ireland and Portugal. Other countries, such as Japan, were hit heavily due their export-led growth models which suffered from the decline in international trade. Unemployment during the Great Recession As business and consumer confidence crashed, credit markets froze, and international trade contracted, the unemployment rate in the most advanced economies shot up. While four to five percent is generally considered to be a healthy unemployment rate, nearing full employment in the economy (when any remaining unemployment is not related to a lack of consumer demand), many of these countries experienced rates at least double that, with unemployment in the United States peaking at almost 10 percent in 2010. In large countries, unemployment rates of this level meant millions or tens of millions of people being out of work, which led to political pressures to stimulate economies and create jobs. By 2012, many of these countries were seeing declining unemployment rates, however, in France and Italy rates of joblessness continued to increase as the Euro crisis took hold. These countries suffered from having a monetary policy which was too tight for their economies (due to the ECB controlling interest rates) and fiscal policy which was constrained by EU debt rules. Left with the option of deregulating their labor markets and pursuing austerity policies, their unemployment rates remained over 10 percent well into the 2010s. Differences in labor markets The differences in unemployment rates at the peak of the crisis (2009-2010) reflect not only the differences in how economies were affected by the downturn, but also the differing labor market institutions and programs in the various countries. Countries with more 'liberalized' labor markets, such as the United States and United Kingdom experienced sharp jumps in their unemployment rate due to the ease at which employers can lay off workers in these countries. When the crisis subsided in these countries, however, their unemployment rates quickly began to drop below those of the other countries, due to their more dynamic labor markets which make it easier to hire workers when the economy is doing well. On the other hand, countries with more 'coordinated' labor market institutions, such as Germany and Japan, experiences lower rates of unemployment during the crisis, as programs such as short-time work, job sharing, and wage restraint agreements were used to keep workers in their jobs. While these countries are less likely to experience spikes in unemployment during crises, the highly regulated nature of their labor markets mean that they are slower to add jobs during periods of economic prosperity.

In 2017, London accounted for approximately 50 percent of the United Kingdom's (UK) financial services total gross value added (GVA) of 129.1 billion British pounds. The UK's finance and insurance industry has seen an overall growth in GVA since the financial crash in 2009, yet the UK economy's dependence on the sector has declined in recent years with its overall share of total economic output falling.

The United Kingdom's economy grew by 1.1 percent in 2024, after a growth rate of 0.4 percent in 2023, 4.8 percent in 2022, 8.6 percent in 2021, and a record 10.3 percent fall in 2020. During the provided time period, the biggest annual fall in gross domestic product before 2020 occurred in 2009, when the UK economy contracted by 4.6 percent at the height of the global financial crisis of the late 2000s. Before 2021, the year with the highest annual GDP growth rate was 1973, when the UK economy grew by 6.5 percent. UK economy growing but GDP per capita falling In 2022, the UK's GDP per capita amounted to approximately 37,371 pounds, with this falling to 37,028 pounds in 2023, and 36,977 pounds in 2024. While the UK economy as a whole grew during this time, the UK's population grew at a faster rate, resulting in the negative growth in GDP per capita. This suggests the UK economy's struggles with productivity are not only stagnating, but getting worse. The relatively poor economic performance of the UK in recent years has not gone unnoticed by the electorate, with the economy consistently seen as the most important issue for voters since 2022. Recent shocks to UK economy In the second quarter of 2020, the UK economy shrank by a record 20.3 percent at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although there was a relatively swift economic recovery initially, the economy has struggled to grow much beyond its pre-pandemic size, and was only around 3.1 percent larger in December 2024, when compared with December 2019. Although the labor market has generally been quite resilient during this time, a long twenty-month period between 2021 and 2023 saw prices rise faster than wages, and inflation surge to a high of 11.1 percent in October 2022.

Pre and post crisis (UK based companies) from 1st to 3rd digits Benford’s Law on net annual income of companies in UK.

The gross domestic product of the United Kingdom was around 2.56 trillion British pounds, an increase when compared to the previous year, when UK GDP amounted to about 2.54 trillion pounds. The significant drop in GDP visible in 2020 was due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with the smaller declines in 2008 and 2009 because of the global financial crisis of the late 2000s. Low growth problem in the UK Despite growing by 0.9 percent in 2024, and 0.4 percent in 2023 the UK economy is not that much larger than it was before the COVID-19 pandemic. Since recovering from a huge fall in GDP in the second quarter of 2020, the UK economy has alternated between periods of contraction and low growth, with the UK even in a recession at the end of 2023. While economic growth picked up somewhat in 2024, GDP per capita is lower than it was in 2022, following two years of negative growth. UK's global share of GDP falling As of 2024, the UK had the sixth-largest economy in the world, behind the United States, China, Japan, Germany, and India. Among European nations, this meant that the UK currently has the second-largest economy in Europe, although the economy of France, Europe's third-largest economy, is of a similar size. The UK's global economic ranking will likely fall in the coming years, however, with the UK's share of global GDP expected to fall from 2.16 percent in 2025 to 2.02 percent by 2029.  

This statistic shows the United Kingdom (UK) financial and insurance industries gross value added (GVA) as a share of the UK's total economic output. It can be seen that in the years running up to the global financial crisis the United Kingdoms finance and insurance industry became a major factor of its economic gross value added output. in 2009 (one year post financial crisis) the UK's finance and insurance industry accounted for nine percent of its GVA. Since then there has been a steady decrease amounting to 6.9 percent as of 2018. In 2017, London accounted for almost half of financial sectors GVA.

From 1st to 3rd digits Benford’s Law on net annual income (UK sample).

Data underlying the report of a study that assesses and quantifes the impacts of the financial crisis and subsequent global economic recession on the growth and performance of UK SME employers. Analyses existing data from two previous survey sources on SME employers in the pre-recession and recessionary periods. Covers how the problems in the banking sector have affected the supply of finance to the SME sector, and whether this has depressed business performance and investment. Looks at the impact of the recession has been more serious for particular types of entrepreneurs and businesses.

PurposeThe current research analyzes cosmetic earnings management practices in emerging and developed markets before and after the global financial crisis.Design/Methodology/ApproachUsing digital analysis, by applying Benford’s Law the study analyzes the earnings adjustments that exceed a key reference point to determine whether earnings management anomaly exists or not? Based on a sample of 87165 firm-year observations of UK, US, Brazil, Russia, India, China and Pakistan listed corporations.FindingsFindings show that the managers of emerging markets have more incentive to manipulate earnings than their counterparts from developed markets. Further, the implementation of strict governance and legislative measures after the global financial crisis have significantly reduced the opportunistic behaviour of managers to manipulate earnings. However, the impact is lesser in emerging markets as compared to UK and US.Research implicationsThe empirical findings of this research are useful for policy making and regulatory authorities, investors and other stakeholders as our findings shed light on the restriction of cosmetic earnings management practices.Originality/ValueFirst study that tried to capture the cosmetic earnings management practices in both emerging and developed countries and in both pre and post financial crisis scenario.

Over the five years through 2024-25, UK banks' revenue is expected to climb at a compound annual rate of 1.7% to £128.6 billion, including an anticipated hike of 2% in 2024-25. After the financial crisis in 2007-08, low interest rates limited banks' interest in loans, hitting income. At the same time, a stricter regulatory environment, including increased capital requirements introduced under the Basel III banking reforms and ring-fencing regulations, constricted lending activity. To protect their profitability, banks such as Lloyds have shut the doors of many branches and made substantial job cuts. Following the COVID-19 outbreak, the Bank of England adopted aggressive tightening of monetary policy, hiking interest rates to rein in spiralling inflation. The higher base rate environment lifted borrowing costs, driving interest income for banks, who reported skyrocketing profits in 2023-24. Although profit grew markedly, pressure to pass on higher rates to savers and fierce competition weighed on net interest income at the tail end of the year, the difference between interest paid and interest received. UK banks are set to continue performing well in 2024-25 as the higher interest rate environment maintains healthy interest income, aiding revenue growth. However, net interest income is set to dip marginally due to higher deposit costs and narrow margins on mortgage loans. With further rate cuts priced into markets, savings rates will drop in 2024-25, stemming the drop in net interest income. Over the five years through 2029-30, industry revenue is forecast to swell at a compound annual rate of 3.3% to reach £151.1 billion. Regulatory restrictions, tougher stress tests and stringent lending criteria will also hamper revenue growth. Competition is set to remain fierce – both internally from lenders that deliver their services exclusively via digital channels and externally from alternative finance providers, like peer-to-peer lending platforms. The possibility of legislation like the Edinburgh reforms will drive investment and lending activity in the coming years, if introduced. However, concerns surrounding the repercussions of less stringent capital requirements and the already fragile nature of the UK financial system pose doubt as to whether any significant changes will be made.

The statistic shows the GDP of the United Kingdom between 1987 and 2024, with projections up until 2030, in US dollars.Private-sector-led economic recoveryGDP is counted among the primary indicators that are used to gauge the state of health of a national economy. GDP is the total value of all completed goods and services that have been produced within a country in a given period of time, usually a year. GDP figures allow us to gain a broader understanding of a country’s economy in a clear way. Real GDP, in a similar way, is also a rather useful indicator; this is a measurement that takes prices changes (inflation and deflation) into account, thereby acting as a key indicator for economic growth.The gross domestic product of the United Kingdom is beginning to show signs of recovery since seeing a sharp decline in the wake of the financial crisis. The decreasing unemployment rate in the United Kingdom is also indicating that the worst could be over for the country. However, some concerns have arisen about what forms of employment are being represented, how stable the jobs are, and whether or not they are simply being cited by officials in government as validation for reforms that are criticized by opponents as being ‘ideologically motivated’. Whatever the political motivation, the coalition government’s efforts to let the private sector lead the economic recovery through increasing employment in the UK in the private sector appear, for now at least, to be working.

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Automotive Crash Impact Simulator Market Size 2024-2028

The automotive crash impact simulator (ACIS) market size is forecast to increase by USD 741.5 million at a CAGR of 11.63% between 2023 and 2028.

The market is driven by the increasing need for crash and safety testing to ensure vehicle compliance with regulations and consumer safety requirements. A key trend In the market is the utilization of parallelism in virtual crash testing, which allows for more efficient and accurate simulation of crashes. However, the decline in automotive production due to the global semiconductor chip shortage poses a significant challenge to market growth. Road safety concerns, particularly in urban areas, are driving the need for ACIS In the development of shared mobility solutions. These factors, among others, are analyzed in detail In the market trends and analysis report. The report provides insights into the market size, growth potential, and key drivers and challenges shaping the future of the ACIS market.

What will be the Size of the Automotive Crash Impact Simulator (ACIS) Market During the Forecast Period?

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The market is experiencing significant growth due to the increasing prioritization of safety In the automotive industry. Eco-friendly technology incorporation, including the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning, is driving innovation in ACIS solutions. These advanced technologies enable more accurate and efficient simulations, reducing the need for physical crash tests and lowering environmental impact. Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and suppliers are investing heavily in ACIS to develop and improve safety features, such as adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning, and tire-pressure monitoring systems. Consumer purchasing power and demand for advanced safety technologies continue to fuel market expansion.
Moreover, the motorcycle industry is also adopting ACIS for the development of active safety systems, addressing the unique challenges of two-wheeled vehicles. Supply chain disruptions and increasing competition from emerging markets may pose challenges to the ACIS market. However, the integration of blockchain technology and other advanced safety features, such as human error mitigation and rear-end collision prevention, are expected to mitigate these challenges and further boost market growth. The incorporation of health and wellness features in vehicles, including electric motorcycles, is also contributing to the growth of the ACIS market, as OEMs strive to create safer and more comfortable driving experiences for consumers.

How is this Automotive Crash Impact Simulator (ACIS) Industry segmented and which is the largest segment?

The automotive crash impact simulator (ACIS) industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

Product Type

  Internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle
  Electric vehicle (EV)
  Autonomous vehicles


Deployment

  On-premises
  SaaS-based


Geography

  Europe

    Germany
    UK


  North America

    US


  APAC

    China
    Japan


  South America



  Middle East and Africa

By Product Type Insights

The internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The International Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicle market continues to evolve due to technological advancements driven by emission regulations, fuel efficiency standards, and safety requirements. ICE vehicles account for the largest share of the automotive industry, with 61.6 million passenger cars manufactured worldwide in 2022, according to the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA). Asia Pacific is the leading region for passenger car sales and production. Technological innovations include improvements in vehicle operations, such as speedometer, tachometer, fuel gauge, climate control, engine temperature gauge, indicator lights, and convenience features. ICE vehicles in electric vehicles (EVs) are also gaining popularity due to their contribution to cabin comfort and reduced carbon dioxide emissions. The market is expected to grow as consumers prioritize vehicle efficiency, safety, and eco-friendliness.

Get a glance at the Automotive Crash Impact Simulator (ACIS) Industry report of share of various segments Request Free Sample

The internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle segment was valued at USD 270.70 million in 2018 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period.

Regional Analysis

Europe is estimated to contribute 33% to the growth of the global market during the forecast period.

Technavio's analysts have elaborately explained the regional trends and drivers that s

The market share of the largest UK banks in SME lending declined significantly between 2007 and 2024. In 2007, prior to the global financial crisis, the top four UK banks held approximately ** percent of the market. By 2024 - following mergers and rebranding - the combined market share of the big five banks had fallen to below ** percent.

The project ‘Truth, Accountability or Impunity? Transitional Justice and the Economic Crisis’ completed a repository of policies of accountability in response to the post-2008 Great Recession in six European countries (Ireland, Iceland, Greece, Cyprus, Portugal & Spain). The repository included recorded prosecutions of bank executives, office holders and politicians on charges related to white collar crimes and/or corruption in the lead up to the economic crisis. It also includes fact finding commissions (i.e. independent commissions of inquiry and/or parliamentary commissions of inquiry) designed to document patterns of policy and institutional failures that led to the economic meltdown, in the period between 2010-2018. The rationale for developing the repository was, first, to map the range of policies deployed and, second, to investigate potential variations in the national policies. In parallel with the development of the repository, the project included the conduct of approximately 133 confidential semi-structured interviews in Ireland, Iceland, Greece, Cyprus, Portugal, Spain, Washington D.C. (IMF) and Brussels (EU). These included interviews with prosecutors, judges, elected officials (e.g. former Prime Ministers, Ministers, MPs), unelected officials (e.g. policymakers at central banks, relevant ministries, EU bodies, senior IMF executives etc), NGO members, journalists, academics, defense lawyers and other informed stakeholders to understand the rationale and their attitudes towards policies of accountability. There is little emphasis in the extant literature on the role and impact of different mechanisms of accountability in post-crisis settings, so these interviews were expected to shed useful analytical light. Finally, with regards to the case selection six European countries with similar background conditions and exposure to the crisis but different policy responses, each representing a different approach to accountability.

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Automotive Crash Test Dummies Market Size 2025-2029

The automotive crash test dummies market size is forecast to increase by USD 17.2 million at a CAGR of 2.9% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth due to the increasing emphasis on vehicle safety and stringent regulatory requirements. The market is driven by the rising demand for advanced crash test dummies that accurately simulate human responses during accidents. One of the key trends influencing market growth is the increasing use of moving dummies for pedestrian protection systems. These dummies help simulate the impact on pedestrians during collisions, enabling manufacturers to design vehicles that minimize harm to both occupants and pedestrians. Another trend shaping the market is the increasing popularity of crash test simulators. These simulators allow manufacturers to conduct numerous tests in a controlled environment, reducing the need for physical testing and saving time and resources.
However, the market also faces challenges such as the high cost of developing advanced crash test dummies and the need for continuous research and development to keep up with evolving safety standards. Companies seeking to capitalize on market opportunities and navigate challenges effectively should focus on collaborating with regulatory bodies and investing in research and development to create innovative and cost-effective solutions.

What will be the Size of the Automotive Crash Test Dummies Market during the forecast period?

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The market encompasses safety research and engineering, focusing on enhancing occupant protection and vehicle safety. Key areas of development include small overlap tests, digital twin technology, and lightweight materials. Passive safety is a primary concern, with advancements in composite materials, hybrid III dummies, and injury severity score analysis. Vehicle dynamics and artificial intelligence are also integral, utilizing sensor technology for predictive modeling and machine learning in virtual testing. Additionally, the market explores advanced materials and future mobility concepts, such as accident reconstruction, full-body dummies, and pedestrian dummies.
The integration of active safety and forensic analysis further strengthens the market's significance in the automotive industry. Data analysis plays a crucial role in understanding the impact velocity and vehicle behavior during crashes, ensuring optimal safety standards.

How is this Automotive Crash Test Dummies Industry segmented?

The automotive crash test dummies industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Product

  Male crash test dummy
  Female crash test dummy
  Child crash test dummy


Application

  Passenger vehicle
  Commercial vehicle


Type

  Frontal Impact Testing
  Side Impact Testing
  Rear Impact Testing
  Pedestrian Impact Testing


End-user Industry

  Automotive Manufacturers
  Government & Regulatory Agencies and Research
  Testing Centers


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Italy
    Spain
    UK


  Middle East and Africa

    UAE


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan
    South Korea


  South America

    Brazil


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Product Insights

The male crash test dummy segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

In the realm of automotive safety, metal additive manufacturing plays a pivotal role in the production of essential components for crash testing. Crash test dummies, a critical element in assessing vehicle safety, have evolved with the help of this technology. Manufacturers like Humanetics utilize metal additive manufacturing to create various male crash test dummies, catering to different body structures, reflecting the increasing global average male weight. These dummies undergo numerous tests, including frontal impact, side-impact, rear-impact, rollover, and pedestrian impact tests. Each dummy serves multiple purposes, necessitating frequent replacement. Government regulations mandate stringent safety standards, driving the demand for advanced safety features.

Research and development in this area is ongoing, with entities such as testing laboratories and computer-aided engineering firms employing finite element analysis and safety testing to optimize designs. Injury criteria, such as the femur injury criterion and chest injury criterion, are essential benchmarks in evaluating the effectiveness of safety features. Autonomous vehicles and advanced driver-assistance systems are transforming the automotive landscape. Metal additive manufacturing contributes to the production of impact sensors and oth

This study investigates the connection between network centrality and firm growth on a sample of 3224 financial services firms located in the UK in the aftermath of the global financial crisis. The findings, based on a spatial econometric model of long-term firm growth, indicate that firms that span structural holes, engage in co-management appointments and have network connections to related companies in other financial centres grow faster. In contrast, such connections generate substantial negative indirect effects on proximate firms, leading to a divergence of growth rates between globally connected and locally embedded firms.

We advise that users familiarise themselves with the reporting requirements of the regulators on whose data we have drawn for this work. Some variables are easily understood (headline income and expenditure figures, or dates of registration and dissolution); others less so (e.g. familiarity with definitions of the components of income which charities are required to report would be desirable for work on the exposure of charities to specific income sources).

We carried out work on various aspects of the financial vulnerability of charities and charitable companies, as follows:

1. patterns of registration and dissolution, as measured by the dates on which these events are recorded by the regulators.

2. the extent to which organisations held reserves prior to the onset of Covid-19. We used measures of "unrestricted reserves" which are usually provided only for larger organisations and expressed these as a proportion of the organisation's annual expenditures;

3. financial vulnerability, expressed in various ways - substantial (over 25%) fluctuations in incomes, or fluctuations in the excess of expenditure over income;

4. exposure of organisations to particular income streams.

We define these in "VariableDescriptions_covid19_project.doc", attached to this deposit.

Note that for time series analyses, the Charity Commission website data on the incomes and expenditures of charities only contains data for relatively recent time periods; a longer time series providing charity financials from the late 1990s to 2012 is available in the Third Sector Research Centre data collection at https://reshare.ukdataservice.ac.uk/850933/ and we recommend this is linked to the current data from the Charity Commission. Financial histories are not available for as long a time period for Scottish charities since the regulator was not established until 2006.

Other data of relevance to work on this project would be a publicly-available classification of charities at https://charityclassification.org.uk/ Charitable organisations largely fall into a small number of sections of the Standard Industrial Classification and as a result scholars have developed more granular schemas. the data at the above website are publicly-available and can be linked via charity ID numbers.

Project papers describing the work in more detail are available at https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/tsrc/research/assessing-financial-vulnerability-and-risk-in-the-uks-charities-during-and-beyond-the-covid-19-crisis.aspx

There are significant public concerns about the impact of the economic consequences of COVID-19 for UK voluntary organisations. The lockdown has caused the cessation of income generation activities involving face-to-face contacts; it will be followed by longer-term impacts depending on the scale and duration of the post-crisis recession. The impact will be highly differentiated, between organisations of different missions and size, and between communities. Central and national government, funders, voluntary organisation infrastructure bodies, and organisations themselves require analysis of these impacts if they are to make informed decisions.

The immediate needs are for understandings of:

1. exactly what sorts of funding streams are at risk, and how the reduction or cessation of that funding has differentiated impacts

2. the extent to which the economic impacts of COVID-19 will differ in magnitude and character from previous shocks to voluntary sector income (there is a baseline degree of fluctuation in organisations incomes and expenditures, but we anticipate the crisis will affect far more organisations);

3. ongoing differential impacts depending on the progress of moving out from lockdown.

Our work will contribute to an improved evidence base, providing actionable information on the exposure to risk of charities, drawing on a growing volume of administrative and transactional data. This will provide more granular, policy-relevant data on the impacts of economic change on charitable organisations. In turn this will provide a firmer evidential basis for interventions such as targeted financial support for strategically-significant charities.