A survey conducted in April and May 2023 revealed that around ** percent of the companies that do business in the European Union (EU) and the United Kingdom (UK) found it challenging to adapt to new or changing requirements of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) or Data Protection Act 2018 (DPA). A further ** percent of the survey respondents said it was challenging to increase the budget because of the changes in the data privacy laws.

As of February 2025, the largest fine issued for violation of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the United Kingdom (UK) was more than 22 million euros, received by British Airways in October 2020. Another fine received by Marriott International Inc. in the same month was the second-highest in the UK and amounted to over 20 million euros.

A survey conducted in April and May 2023 among companies that do business in the European Union and the United Kingdom (UK) found that over half of the respondents, 53 percent, felt very prepared for the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). A further 35 percent of the companies believed they were moderately prepared, while 10 percent said they were slightly ready to comply with the EU and UK privacy legislations.

Deze dataset is een centrale catalogus van Data Protection Impact Assessments (DPIA's) van smart city-projecten die persoonlijke informatie verzamelen in openbare ruimtes. Door dit voor het eerst op één plaats te publiceren, zal het publieke transparantie mogelijk maken en goede praktijken onder exploitanten ondersteunen.

Een DPIA helpt bij het identificeren en minimaliseren van de risico's van een project dat persoonsgegevens gebruikt.

DPIA registratieformulier: "https://www.london.gov.uk/dpia-register-form" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(158, 0, 98);">https://www.london.gov.uk/dpia-register-form

Informatiecommissaris DPIA: https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/guide-to-data-protection/guide-to-the-general-data-protection-regulation-gdpr/accountability-and-governance/data-protection-impact-assessments/

Deze dataset is een centrale catalogus van Data Protection Impact Assessments (DPIA's) van smart city-projecten die persoonlijke informatie verzamelen in openbare ruimtes. Door dit voor het eerst op één plaats te publiceren, zal het publieke transparantie mogelijk maken en goede praktijken onder exploitanten ondersteunen.

Een DPIA helpt bij het identificeren en minimaliseren van de risico's van een project dat persoonsgegevens gebruikt.

DPIA registratieformulier: "https://www.london.gov.uk/dpia-register-form" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(158, 0, 98);">https://www.london.gov.uk/dpia-register-form

Informatiecommissaris DPIA: "https://data.london.gov.uk/dpia/_wp_link_placeholder" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(158, 0, 98);">https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/guide-to-data-protection/guide-to-the-general-data-protection-regulation-gdpr/accountability-and-governance/data-protection-impact-assessments/

Between 2018 and 2022, there has been a significant increase in the level of awareness around the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) among European users. In 2018, when the GDPR was first applied, the United Kingdom had the highest level of awareness, with 32 percent of respondents agreeing or strongly agreeing with the statement: "I am aware of the new General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) that will be introduced in May 2018". In 2022, the share of UK respondents agreeing with the statement increased to 73 percent. France had the lowest level of awareness in 2018, 20 percent, whereas in 2022 it reached 47 percent but remained the lowest among other European markets.

Whilst this some of the requested information is held by the NHSBSA, we have exempted some of the figures under section 40(2) subsections 2 and 3(a) of the FOIA because it is personal data of applicants to the VDPS. This is because it would breach the first data protection principle as: a - it is not fair to disclose individual’s personal details to the world and is likely to cause damage or distress. b - these details are not of sufficient interest to the public to warrant an intrusion into the privacy of the individual. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/36/section/40 Information Commissioner Office (ICO) Guidance is that information is personal data if it ‘relates to’ an ‘identifiable individual’ regulated by the UK General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR) or the Data Protection Act 2018. The information relates to personal data of the VDPS claimants and is special category data in the form of health information. As a result, the claimants could be identified, when combined with other information that may be in the public domain or reasonably available. Online communities exist for those adversely affected by vaccines they have received. This further increases the likelihood that those may be identified by disclosure of this information. Section 40(2) is an absolute, prejudice-based exemption and therefore is exempt if disclosure would contravene any of the data protection principles. To comply with the lawfulness, fairness, and transparency data protection principle, we either need the consent of the data subject(s) or there must be a legitimate interest in disclosure. In addition, the disclosure must be necessary to meet the legitimate interest and finally, the disclosure must not cause unwarranted harm. The NHSBSA has considered this and does not have the consent of the data subjects to release this information and believes that it would not be possible to obtain consent that meets the threshold in Article 7 of the UK GDPR. The NHSBSA acknowledges that you have a legitimate interest in disclosure of the information to provide the full picture of data held by the NHSBSA; however, we have concluded that disclosure of the requested information would cause unwarranted harm and therefore, section 40(2) is engaged. This is because there is a reasonable expectation that patient data processed by the NHSBSA remains confidential, especially special category data. There are no reasonable alternative measures that could meet the legitimate aim. As the information is highly confidential and sensitive, it outweighs the legitimate interest in the information. Section 41 FOIA This information is also exempt under section 41 of the FOIA (information provided in confidence). This is because the requested information was provided to the NHSBSA in confidence by a third party - another individual, company, public authority or any other type of legal entity. In this instance, details have been provided by the claimants. For Section 41 to be engaged, the following criteria must be fulfilled:

Since the enforcement of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in May 2018, fines have been issued for several types of violations. As of February 2025, the most significant share of penalties was due to companies' non-compliance with general data processing principles. This violation has led to over 2.4 billion euros worth of fines.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic brought global disruption to health, society and economy, including to the conduct of clinical research. In the European Union (EU), the legal and ethical framework for research is complex and divergent. Many challenges exist in relation to the interplay of the various applicable rules, particularly with respect to compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). This study aimed to gain insights into the experience of key clinical research stakeholders [investigators, ethics committees (ECs), and data protection officers (DPOs)/legal experts working with clinical research sponsors] across the EU and the UK on the main challenges related to data protection in clinical research before and during the pandemic.Materials and methodsThe study consisted of an online survey and follow-up semi-structured interviews. Data collection occurred between April and December 2021. Survey data was analyzed descriptively, and the interviews underwent a framework analysis.Results and conclusionIn total, 191 respondents filled in the survey, of whom fourteen participated in the follow-up interviews. Out of the targeted 28 countries (EU and UK), 25 were represented in the survey. The majority of stakeholders were based in Western Europe. This study empirically elucidated numerous key legal and ethical issues related to GDPR compliance in the context of (cross-border) clinical research. It showed that the lack of legal harmonization remains the biggest challenge in the field, and that it is present not only at the level of the interplay of key EU legislative acts and national implementation of the GDPR, but also when it comes to interpretation at local, regional and institutional levels. Moreover, the role of ECs in data protection was further explored and possible ways forward for its normative delineation were discussed. According to the participants, the pandemic did not bring additional legal challenges. Although practical challenges (for instance, mainly related to the provision of information to patients) were high due to the globally enacted crisis measures, the key problematic issues on (cross-border) health research, interpretations of the legal texts and compliance strategies remained largely the same.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic brought global disruption to health, society and economy, including to the conduct of clinical research. In the European Union (EU), the legal and ethical framework for research is complex and divergent. Many challenges exist in relation to the interplay of the various applicable rules, particularly with respect to compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). This study aimed to gain insights into the experience of key clinical research stakeholders [investigators, ethics committees (ECs), and data protection officers (DPOs)/legal experts working with clinical research sponsors] across the EU and the UK on the main challenges related to data protection in clinical research before and during the pandemic.Materials and methodsThe study consisted of an online survey and follow-up semi-structured interviews. Data collection occurred between April and December 2021. Survey data was analyzed descriptively, and the interviews underwent a framework analysis.Results and conclusionIn total, 191 respondents filled in the survey, of whom fourteen participated in the follow-up interviews. Out of the targeted 28 countries (EU and UK), 25 were represented in the survey. The majority of stakeholders were based in Western Europe. This study empirically elucidated numerous key legal and ethical issues related to GDPR compliance in the context of (cross-border) clinical research. It showed that the lack of legal harmonization remains the biggest challenge in the field, and that it is present not only at the level of the interplay of key EU legislative acts and national implementation of the GDPR, but also when it comes to interpretation at local, regional and institutional levels. Moreover, the role of ECs in data protection was further explored and possible ways forward for its normative delineation were discussed. According to the participants, the pandemic did not bring additional legal challenges. Although practical challenges (for instance, mainly related to the provision of information to patients) were high due to the globally enacted crisis measures, the key problematic issues on (cross-border) health research, interpretations of the legal texts and compliance strategies remained largely the same.

Key Features:

Extensive Global Coverage: Our database spans across multiple countries and industries, offering a diverse and extensive collection of decision makers. Reach out to key professionals worldwide and expand your business horizons.

Comprehensive Contact Details: Gain access to essential contact information, including names, job titles, email addresses, phone numbers, and company affiliations. Connect with the right individuals and nurture valuable business relationships.

GDPR Compliance: We prioritize data privacy and strictly adhere to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) guidelines. Rest assured that our B2B Contact Database is GDPR compliant, ensuring the protection of personal and sensitive information.

A study conducted among *** websites in the UK showed that roughly ** percent of the websites was compliant with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The consent management platforms (CMP) displayed were in most cases not meeting the requirements of the EU law.

In September 2024, the Irish Data Protection Commission fined Meta Ireland 91 million euros after passwords of social media users were stored in 'plaintext' on Meta's internal systems rather than with cryptographic protection or encryption. In May 2023, the EU fined Meta 1.2 billion euros for violating laws on digital privacy and putting the data of EU citizens at risk through Facebook's EU-U.S. data transfers. European privacy legislation is seen as being far stricter than American privacy law, and the sending of EU citizens’ data to the United States resulted in the record breaking penalty being issued to the tech giant. In January 2023, after it was discovered that Meta Platforms had improperly required that users of Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp accept personalized adverts to use the platforms, the company was issued a 390 million euro fine by the European Commission. EU regulators claim that the social media giant broke the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) by including the demand in its terms of service. In addition, Meta was fined 405 million euros by the Irish Data Protection Commission (DPC) in September 2022 for violating Instagram's children's privacy settings. In November 2022, the DPC fined Meta a further 265 million euros for failing to protect their users from data scraping. GDPR violations in 2022 Social media sites and companies are not the only types of online services upon which users' data can potentially be compromised. In 2022, the online service with the biggest fine for violating GDPR was e-commerce and digital powerhouse Amazon, which was issued a 746 million euro fine. Furthermore, in December 2021, Google was penalized 90 million euros for GDPR violations. What are the most common GDPR violations? Since GDPR went into effect in May 2018, fines have been imposed for a variety of reasons. As of June 2022, companies' non-compliance with general data processing principles accounted for the largest share of fines, resulting in over 845 million euros worth of penalties. Insufficient legal basis for data processing was the second most common violation, amounting to 447 million euros in fines.

Data De-identification and Pseudonymity Software Market Outlook

The global data de-identification and pseudonymity software market is projected to grow significantly, reaching approximately USD 4.2 billion by 2032, driven primarily by increasing data privacy concerns and stringent regulatory requirements worldwide.

The primary growth factor in the data de-identification and pseudonymity software market is the surge in data breaches and cyber-attacks. With the exponential increase in data generation, organizations are more vulnerable to data breaches and unauthorized access. These security concerns have prompted businesses and governments to invest heavily in robust data protection solutions. Data de-identification and pseudonymity software provide a secure way to anonymize sensitive information, making it less susceptible to malicious activities. As data protection laws become more rigorous, the demand for such technologies will continue to rise, further propelling market growth.

Another significant factor contributing to market growth is the growing awareness and emphasis on data privacy among consumers. In recent years, consumers have become increasingly aware of how their data is being used and the potential risks associated with data misuse. This heightened awareness has put pressure on organizations to adopt comprehensive data protection measures. Data de-identification and pseudonymity software offer a means to protect personal information while still allowing organizations to utilize data for analytics and decision-making. This dual benefit is a key driver for the adoption of these technologies across various sectors.

Moreover, regulatory compliance is a crucial driver for the market. Regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Europe, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in the United States, and various other data protection laws worldwide mandate stringent measures for data protection. Non-compliance can result in hefty fines and legal repercussions. Therefore, organizations are increasingly adopting data de-identification and pseudonymity software to ensure compliance with these regulations. The need for regulatory compliance is expected to sustain market growth in the foreseeable future.

Regionally, North America currently dominates the global data de-identification and pseudonymity software market, accounting for the largest market share. This is attributed to the presence of major technology players, stringent data protection regulations, and high adoption rates of advanced technologies in the region. Europe follows closely, with significant market contributions from countries such as Germany, France, and the UK, driven by robust regulatory frameworks like GDPR. The Asia Pacific region is also expected to witness substantial growth, fueled by rapid digitalization, increasing cybersecurity threats, and growing awareness about data privacy in countries like China, India, and Japan.

Data Masking Tools play a pivotal role in enhancing the security framework of organizations by providing an additional layer of protection for sensitive information. These tools are designed to obscure specific data within a dataset, ensuring that unauthorized users cannot access or decipher the original information. As businesses increasingly rely on data-driven insights, the need for robust data masking solutions becomes more critical. By employing data masking tools, organizations can safely share data across departments or with third-party vendors without compromising privacy. This capability is especially beneficial in industries such as healthcare and finance, where data privacy is paramount. The integration of data masking tools with existing data protection strategies can significantly reduce the risk of data breaches and ensure compliance with regulatory standards.

Component Analysis

The data de-identification and pseudonymity software market can be segmented by component into software and services. The software segment is anticipated to hold the lion's share due to the increasing adoption of data protection solutions across various industries. Software solutions provide automated tools for anonymizing and pseudonymizing data, ensuring compliance with regulatory standards. These solutions are essential for organizations aiming to mitigate the risks associated with data breaches and unauthorized access. As cyber threats continue to evolve, the demand for advanced software solutions is exp

Snapshot img

Big Data Security Market Size 2025-2029

The big data security market size is forecast to increase by USD 23.9 billion, at a CAGR of 15.7% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is driven by stringent regulations mandating data protection and an increasing focus on automation in big data security. With the growing volume and complexity of data, organizations are investing significantly in advanced security solutions to mitigate risks and ensure compliance. However, implementing these solutions comes with high financial requirements, posing a challenge for smaller businesses and budget-constrained organizations. Regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), have intensified the need for robust data security measures. These regulations demand that organizations protect sensitive data from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure.
As a result, companies are investing in big data security solutions that offer advanced encryption, access control, and threat detection capabilities. Another trend in the market is the automation of big data security processes. With the increasing volume and velocity of data, manual security processes are no longer sufficient. Automation helps organizations to respond quickly to threats and maintain continuous security monitoring. However, the high cost of implementing and maintaining these automated solutions can be a significant challenge for many organizations. Intruders, ransomware attacks, unauthorized users, and other threats pose a constant risk to valuable information, intellectual property (IP), and transactional data.

What will be the Size of the Big Data Security Market during the forecast period?

Explore in-depth regional segment analysis with market size data - historical 2019-2023 and forecasts 2025-2029 - in the full report.
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The market continues to evolve, driven by the increasing volume and complexity of data being generated and collected across various sectors. Data governance is a critical aspect of this market, ensuring the secure handling and protection of valuable information. Blue teaming, a collaborative approach to cybersecurity, plays a crucial role in identifying and mitigating threats in real-time. Risk assessment and incident response are ongoing processes that help organizations prepare for and respond to data breaches. Security monitoring, powered by advanced technologies like AI in cybersecurity, plays a vital role in detecting and responding to threats. Data masking and anonymization are essential techniques for protecting sensitive data while maintaining its usability.

Network security, cloud security, and database security are key areas of focus, with ongoing threats requiring continuous vigilance. Threat intelligence and vulnerability management help organizations stay informed about potential risks and prioritize their response efforts. Disaster recovery and business continuity planning are also essential components of a robust security strategy. Cybersecurity insurance, security auditing, access control, penetration testing, and vulnerability scanning are additional services that help organizations fortify their defenses. Zero trust security and application security are emerging areas of focus, reflecting the evolving threat landscape. The market dynamics in this space are continuously unfolding, with new challenges and solutions emerging regularly.

How is this Big Data Security Industry segmented?

The big data security industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Deployment

  On-premises
  Cloud-based


End-user

  Large enterprises
  SMEs


Solution

  Software
  Services


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Italy
    Spain
    UK


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Deployment Insights

The On-premises segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. The market: Evolution and Trends in Enterprise Computing Big Data Security encompasses a range of technologies and practices designed to protect an organization's valuable data. Traditional on-premises servers form the backbone of many enterprise data infrastructures, with businesses owning and managing their hardware and software. These infrastructures include servers and storage units, located at secure sites, requiring specialized IT support for maintenance. Data security in this context is a top priority. Companies must establish user access policies, install firewalls and antivirus software, and apply security patches promptly. Network security is crucial, with vulnerability management and threat

Αυτό το σύνολο δεδομένων είναι ένας κεντρικός κατάλογος εκτιμήσεων επιπτώσεων για την προστασία δεδομένων (DPIA) έργων έξυπνων πόλεων που συλλέγουν προσωπικές πληροφορίες σε δημόσιους χώρους. Με τη δημοσίευσή του σε ένα μέρος για πρώτη φορά, θα καταστήσει δυνατή τη διαφάνεια του κοινού και θα στηρίξει τις ορθές πρακτικές μεταξύ των φορέων εκμετάλλευσης.

Η ΕΑΠΔ συμβάλλει στον εντοπισμό και την ελαχιστοποίηση των κινδύνων ενός έργου που χρησιμοποιεί προσωπικά δεδομένα.

Περαιτέρω πληροφορίες:

Έντυπο εγγραφής ΕΑΠΔ: https://www.london.gov.uk/dpia-register-form

Επίτροπος Ενημέρωσης DPIA: https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/guide-to-data-protection/guide-to-the-general-data-protection-regulation-gdpr/accountability-and-governance/data-protection-impact-assessments/

If you want to give feedback on this dataset, or wish to request it in another form (e.g csv), please fill out this survey here. We are a not-for-profit research organisation keen to see how others use our open models and tools, so all feedback is appreciated! It's a short form that takes 5 minutes to complete.

Important Note: Before downloading this dataset, please read the License and Software Attribution section at the bottom.

This dataset aligns with the work published in Centre for Net Zero's report "Hitting the Target". In this work, we simulate a range of interventions to model the situations in which we believe the UK will meet its 600,000 heat pump installation per year target by 2028. For full modelling assumptions and findings, read our report on our website.

The code for running our simulation is open source here.

This dataset contains over 9 million households that have been address matched between Energy Performance Certificates (EPC) data and Price Paid Data (PPD). The code for our address matching is here. Since these datasets are Open Government License (OGL), this dataset is too. We basically model specific columns from various datasets, as set out in our methodology section in our report, to simplify and clean up this dataset for academic use. License information is also available in the appendix of our report above.

The EPC data loaders can be found here (the data is here) and the rest of the schemas and data download locations can be found here.

Note that this dataset is not regularly maintained or updated. It is correct as of January 2022. The data was curated and tested using dbt via this Github repository and would be simple to rerun on the latest data.

The schema / data dictionary for this data can be found here.

Our recommended way of loading this data is in Python. After downloading all "parts" of the dataset to a folder. You can run:

```

import pandas as pd

data = pd.read_parquet("path/to/data/folder/")

```

Licenses and software attribution:

For EPC, PPD and UK House Price Index data:

For the EPC data, we are permitted to republish this providing we mention that all researchers who download this dataset follow these copyright restrictions. We do not explicitly release any Royal Mail address data, instead we use these fields to generate a pseudonymised "address_cluster_id" which reflects a unique combination of the address lines and postcodes, as well as other metadata. When viewing ICO and GDPR guidelines, this still counts as personal data, but we have gone to measures to pseudonymise as much as possible to fulfil our obligations as a data processor. You must read this carefully before downloading the data, and ensure that you are using it for the research purposes as determined by this copyright notice.

Contains HM Land Registry data © Crown copyright and database right 2021. This data is licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.

Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right 2022.

Contains Office for National Statistics data licensed under the Open Government Licence v.3.0.

The OGL v3.0 license states that we are free to:

• copy, publish, distribute and transmit the Information;
• adapt the Information;
• exploit the Information commercially and non-commercially for example, by combining it with other Information, or by including it in your own product or application.

However we must (where we do any of the above):

• acknowledge the source of the Information in your product or application by including or linking to any attribution statement specified by the Information Provider(s) and, where possible, provide a link to this licence;

You can see more information here.

For XOServe Off Gas Postcodes:

This dataset has been released openly for all uses here.

For the address matching:

GNU Parallel: O. Tange (2018): GNU Parallel 2018, March 2018, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1146014

One fifth of e-commerce and multichannel retailers in the UK and France saw the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) as the greatest concern in the future of personalization. Personalization in e-commerce retail was also a technology that retailers were worried they would not understand or keep up with. The changing trends in personalization were also another concern among 18 percent of UK and French retailers.

The size of the Cyber Security Insurance in UK Market was valued at USD XX Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD XXX Million by 2032, with an expected CAGR of 8.00% during the forecast period. Cyber security insurance in the UK market refers to specialized insurance products designed to protect businesses from the financial repercussions of cyberattacks and data breaches. As digital transformation accelerates and cyber threats become increasingly sophisticated, organizations are recognizing the importance of safeguarding their assets and data. Cyber security insurance provides coverage for a range of risks, including data loss, business interruption, cyber extortion, and liability for third-party claims arising from data breaches. The UK cyber insurance market has witnessed significant growth, driven by rising awareness of cyber risks among businesses and the increasing regulatory requirements for data protection, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Insurers offer tailored policies that typically include coverage for incident response costs, legal expenses, regulatory fines, and public relations efforts to mitigate reputational damage after a cyber incident. Moreover, many insurers provide risk management services, helping organizations identify vulnerabilities and implement best practices to enhance their cyber resilience. Recent developments include: September 2023: Cowbell is committed to addressing cyber risk challenges on a global scale, and our expansion into the UK is a testament to this. Cowbell Prime One is tailored towards SME and mid-market customers and allows brokers to customize cyber policies for different risk exposures, such as email scams, ransomware, and social engineering., March 2023: Cyber insurance provider Coalition is set to enter the excess cyber insurance market in the United Kingdom to help protect businesses with enhanced coverage. The firm has confirmed that it will extend its reach to provide full-follow form coverage and protection of up to GBP 10 million (USD 12126000) above a primary layer of insurance from another insurer for both cyber and technology professional indemnity (PI) lines.. Key drivers for this market are: Data Privacy Regulations, Business Interruption. Potential restraints include: Complexity and Lack of Understanding, Cost of Coverage. Notable trends are: Impact of Cyber Insurance Policy Coverage.