This report describes a programme to retrieve and properly archive uncatalogued Research Vessel (RV) data held at CEFAS Lowestoft, formerly the Directorate of Fisheries Research. The earliest records discovered date back to surveys undertaken in 1904. For the period up to 1970, when reliable computer databases began, records of 2,367 surveys by 12 sea-going research vessels and eight estaurine/inshore vessels were located. A description of the type of data that were held in each of the 2,475 scientists Log Books from these surveys is included in a fully searchable Catalogue. A continuous record of research vessel activity is available, except for the periods during World Wars I and II. All data are now catalogued and stored in secure modern archiving facilities, and the CEFAS Library is the custodian of this data.

The Longitudinal Small Business Survey (LSBS) is a large-scale telephone survey of small business owners and managers commissioned by the Department for Business and Trade (DBT). This survey is the latest in a series of annual and biennial Small Business Surveys (SBS) dating back to 2003.

In 2015, the survey methodology changed to include a longitudinal tracking element. A large sample size was recruited in Year One (2015) to establish a panel of businesses to be re-surveyed in subsequent years. This will allow a detailed analysis of how combinations of factors affect business performance.

The LSBS is intended to:

• Improve the understanding of what drives and constrains business performance and growth by addressing evidence gaps relating to the lags between many business activities and associated performance outcomes;
• Provide improved data on current business performance and the factors that affect this. The larger survey size will provide more reliable findings for key sub-groups of the business population and in relation to activities such as seeking finance, which are only relevant to part of the sample.

The data available covers all respondents over the course of the six years so far. Further information and research reports are available on the GOV.UK "https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/small-business-survey-reports"> Small Business Survey Reports webpage.

Controlled (Secure) Access Version
A Controlled (Secure) Access version of the LSBS is available from the UK Data Archive, subject to stringent secure access conditions. Extra variables include postcode district, 2-, 3-, and 4-digit SIC codes; and Inter-Departmental Business Register (IDBR) reference numbers for linking to other business surveys. Small Business Survey data files for 2010 and 2012 containing 4-digit SIC codes and IDBR reference numbers are available under SN 6856. Users are strongly advised to check whether the safeguarded version is sufficient for their needs before considering an application for the Controlled (Secure) Access version.

Latest edition information
For the ninth edition (December 2024), the data and documentation have been updated to include Year 9 of the survey, completed during 2023-2024.

This dataset provides a list of the tests undertaken by APHA testing laboratories on avian samples in 2009 paid for by endemic surveillance and research contracts. 'Endemic' diseases are those which are already present in the UK, e.g. TB. The dataset includes the following fields: Year; Species class; Species; Test code; Test description; Number of tests (the volume of tests performed in the 12 month period). Attribution statement:

Background
The Labour Force Survey (LFS) is a unique source of information using international definitions of employment and unemployment and economic inactivity, together with a wide range of related topics such as occupation, training, hours of work and personal characteristics of household members aged 16 years and over. It is used to inform social, economic and employment policy. The LFS was first conducted biennially from 1973-1983. Between 1984 and 1991 the survey was carried out annually and consisted of a quarterly survey conducted throughout the year and a 'boost' survey in the spring quarter (data were then collected seasonally). From 1992 quarterly data were made available, with a quarterly sample size approximately equivalent to that of the previous annual data. The survey then became known as the Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS). From December 1994, data gathering for Northern Ireland moved to a full quarterly cycle to match the rest of the country, so the QLFS then covered the whole of the UK (though some additional annual Northern Ireland LFS datasets are also held at the UK Data Archive). Further information on the background to the QLFS may be found in the documentation.

Longitudinal data
The LFS retains each sample household for five consecutive quarters, with a fifth of the sample replaced each quarter. The main survey was designed to produce cross-sectional data, but the data on each individual have now been linked together to provide longitudinal information. The longitudinal data comprise two types of linked datasets, created using the weighting method to adjust for non-response bias. The two-quarter datasets link data from two consecutive waves, while the five-quarter datasets link across a whole year (for example January 2010 to March 2011 inclusive) and contain data from all five waves. A full series of longitudinal data has been produced, going back to winter 1992. Linking together records to create a longitudinal dimension can, for example, provide information on gross flows over time between different labour force categories (employed, unemployed and economically inactive). This will provide detail about people who have moved between the categories. Also, longitudinal information is useful in monitoring the effects of government policies and can be used to follow the subsequent activities and circumstances of people affected by specific policy initiatives, and to compare them with other groups in the population. There are however methodological problems which could distort the data resulting from this longitudinal linking. The ONS continues to research these issues and advises that the presentation of results should be carefully considered, and warnings should be included with outputs where necessary.

LFS Documentation
The documentation available from the Archive to accompany LFS datasets largely consists of the latest version of each user guide volume alongside the appropriate questionnaire for the year concerned. However, volumes are updated periodically by ONS, so users are advised to check the latest documents on the ONS Labour Force Survey - User Guidance pages before commencing analysis. This is especially important for users of older QLFS studies, where information and guidance in the user guide documents may have changed over time.

Occupation data for 2021 and 2022 data files

The ONS has identified an issue with the collection of some occupational data in 2021 and 2022 data files in a number of their surveys. While they estimate any impacts will be small overall, this will affect the accuracy of the breakdowns of some detailed (four-digit Standard Occupational Classification (SOC)) occupations, and data derived from them. Further information can be found in the ONS article published on 11 July 2023: Revision of miscoded occupational data in the ONS Labour Force Survey, UK: January 2021 to September 2022.

2022 Weighting

The population totals used for the latest LFS estimates use projected growth rates from Real Time Information (RTI) data for UK, EU and non-EU populations based on 2021 patterns. The total population used for the LFS therefore does not take into account any changes in migration, birth rates, death rates, and so on since June 2021, and hence levels estimates may be under- or over-estimating the true values and should be used with caution. Estimates of rates will, however, be robust.

Latest edition information

For the second edition (September 2023), a new version of the data file with revised SOC variables was deposited. Further information on the SOC revisions can be found in the ONS article published on 11 July 2023: Revision of miscoded occupational data in the ONS Labour Force Survey, UK: January 2021 to September 2022.

The Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) asks a sole adult in a random sample of households about their, or their household's, experience of crime victimisation in the previous 12 months. These are recorded in the victim form data file (VF). A wide range of questions are then asked, covering demographics and crime-related subjects such as attitudes to the police and the criminal justice system (CJS). These variables are contained within the non-victim form (NVF) data file. In 2009, the survey was extended to children aged 10-15 years old; one resident of that age range was also selected from the household and asked about their experience of crime and other related topics. The first set of children's data covered January-December 2009 and is held separately under SN 6601. From 2009-2010, the children's data cover the same period as the adult data and are included with the main study.

The Telephone-operated Crime Survey for England and Wales (TCSEW) became operational on 20 May 2020. It was a replacement for the face-to-face CSEW, which was suspended on 17 March 2020 because of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. It was set up with the intention of measuring the level of crime during the pandemic. As the pandemic continued throughout the 2020/21 survey year, questions have been raised as to whether the year ending March 2021 TCSEW is comparable with estimates produced in earlier years by the face-to-face CSEW. The ONS Comparability between the Telephone-operated Crime Survey for England and Wales and the face-to-face Crime Survey for England and Wales report explores those factors that may have a bearing on the comparability of estimates between the TCSEW and the former CSEW. These include survey design, sample design, questionnaire changes and modal changes.

More general information about the CSEW may be found on the ONS Crime Survey for England and Wales web page and for the previous BCS, from the GOV.UK BCS Methodology web page.

History - the British Crime Survey

The CSEW was formerly known as the British Crime Survey (BCS), and has been in existence since 1981. The 1982 and 1988 BCS waves were also conducted in Scotland (data held separately under SNs 4368 and 4599). Since 1993, separate Scottish Crime and Justice Surveys have been conducted. Up to 2001, the BCS was conducted biennially. From April 2001, the Office for National Statistics took over the survey and it became the CSEW. Interviewing was then carried out continually and reported on in financial year cycles. The crime reference period was altered to accommodate this.

Secure Access CSEW data
In addition to the main survey, a series of questions covering drinking behaviour, drug use, self-offending, gangs and personal security, and intimate personal violence (IPV) (including stalking and sexual victimisation) are asked of adults via a laptop-based self-completion module (questions may vary over the years). Children aged 10-15 years also complete a separate self-completion questionnaire. The questionnaires are included in the main documentation, but the data are only available under Secure Access conditions (see SN 7280), not with the main study. In addition, from 2011 onwards, lower-level geographic variables are also available under Secure Access conditions (see SN 7311).

New methodology for capping the number of incidents from 2017-18
The CSEW datasets available from 2017-18 onwards are based on a new methodology of capping the number of incidents at the 98th percentile. Incidence variables names have remained consistent with previously supplied data but due to the fact they are based on the new 98th percentile cap, and old datasets are not, comparability has been lost with years prior to 2012-2013. More information can be found in the 2017-18 User Guide (see SN 8464) and the article ‘Improving victimisation estimates derived from the Crime Survey for England and Wales’.

Business process outsourcing (BPO) companies provide services to clients in all sectors of the economy, with the financial services and public sectors being particularly important markets. Expanding IT adoption and government expenditure have incentivised businesses to invest more heavily in IT systems and upgrades, supporting demand for BPO services. Industry revenue is expected to contract at a compound annual rate of 3% over the five years through 2024-25 to £73.4 billion, including estimated growth of 3.7% in 2024-25. Advances in cloud computing, mobile technology and big data have created new opportunities for BPO service providers to add value to their services. Even so, tumbling business confidence and the freezing of hiring and expansion initiatives following the COVID-19 outbreak took a steep toll on demand for BPO services. In 2021-22, business hiring and expansionary activities picked up as the economy gradually recovered from the pandemic, fuelling demand for BPO services. However, challenging economic conditions have clouded revenue growth in 2022-23 and 2023-24. Soaring inflation and high interest rates subdued business confidence and weakened business activity, constraining spending on outsourcing. Despite lingering economic fears, subsiding inflation and falling interest rates provide a boost to business confidence and encourage greater business expenditure, driving revenue growth in 2024-24. Inflationary pressures and intense competition have weighed on the industry’s average profit margin, which is estimated at 13.2% in 2024-25. Industry revenue is forecast to swell at a compound annual rate of 4.5% over the five years through 2029-30 to £91.7 billion. A positive economic outlook, thanks to normalising inflation and interest rate levels, and the growing adoption of new IT and telecommunications technology will drive revenue growth. Strong appetite from businesses to outsource non-core activities and to cut costs will also fuel demand for BPO service providers. Although public-sector spending on outsourcing has been significant for BPO firms, government plans to cut expenditure on private consultants going forward would hinder growth in demand from this market. Intense competition from in-house services and overseas BPO firms will restrict revenue and profit growth.

In 2024, global government expenditure for space programs hit a record of approximately 135 billion U.S. dollars. The United States Government spent around 79.7 billion U.S. dollars on its space programs in than year, making it the country with the highest space expenditure in the world. The U.S. was followed by China, with government expenditure on space programs of over 19 billion U.S. dollars. The Space Agencies Responsible for civilian space programs, as well space research and exploration, the space agencies have gained in importance over the past decades. Today, there are six government space agencies (NASA, CNSA, ROSCOSMOS, ESA, ISRO, and JAXA) with full launch and extraterrestrial landing capabilities. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is undoubtedly the most renowned of them all. Since its establishment in 1958, NASA has worked with international partners to enable human expansion across the solar system and beyond, bringing new knowledge and opportunities back to our home planet. It is therefore not surprising that most of their budget goes to toward science and exploration. NASA’s requested FY 2024 budget for all sectors is 27.2 billion U.S. dollars.

The government has continuously backed the advancement of technical and vocational education through additional funding, the formation of new qualifications called T-Levels and the apprenticeship levy. Despite continuous government funding being pumped into the industry, revenue has still been squeezed in recent years due to unstable demand for apprenticeship starts, according to data from the DfE. Over the five years through 2024-25, industry revenue is estimated to fall at a compound annual rate of 0.8% to reach £936 million. The launch of the Apprenticeship Levy in April 2017 was expected to fund three million apprenticeships by 2020, but apprenticeship starts have been declining since 2017-18. Low unemployment because of the vast availability of jobs reduced the need for people to re- or up-skill to find work. The COVID-19 outbreak resulted in plunging apprenticeship starts in 2020-21 because of businesses’ tightened corporate training budgets and falling disposable income reduced the number that could afford pricier courses. Many apprentices were unable to complete programmes, which prevented companies from receiving government funding. As a result, revenue contracted over 2020-21, but has recovered in the three years through 2024-25. The rollout of T-Levels since 2020 has been driven by the UK’s desire to improve individuals’ technical skills and to reduce the number of individuals going to university and not securing jobs that require a degree. They have faced some criticism due to several subject pathways being pushed back or removed like beauty and hairdressing, high drop-out rates and poor quality standards of placements. Still, the government backed a 10% increase to the funding rates for T Levels for 2024-25. However, the new Labour government in July 2024 launched a review into the retraction of funding from other qualifications like BTecs that had been due to take place, deciding that 157 courses will continue until at least July 2026 or 2027. Revenue is forecast to grow by 2% in 2024-25 as demand for digital skills in the workplace and therefore technology-related apprenticeships rises. The prioritisation of vocational education has led to enhanced support for vocational and technical apprenticeships. The bumpy roll out of T Level courses will create some uncertainty for the sector, while the impact of reforming the apprenticeship levy won't be clear for a while. Moreover, the number of people aged between 16 and 25 is forecast to rise, which will support industry demand, as this age group represents the industry’s main demographic. Industry revenue is forecast to grow at a compound annual rate of 1.8% over the five years through 2029-30 to reach £1 billion.

This dataset provides a list of the tests undertaken by APHA testing laboratories on miscellaneous species samples in 2011 paid for by food and environment safety surveillance and research contracts. The dataset includes the following fields: Year; Species class; Species; Test code; test description; Number of tests (the volume of tests performed in the 12 month period). Attribution statement:

UK toolmakers’ revenue is forecast to slump at a compound annual rate of 4.2% over the five years through 2024-25 to £1.3 billion. Declining revenue can be attributed to weak industrial activity, particularly in the manufacturing, oil and gas industries in recent years. The vast majority of household tools are manufactured in low-cost regions and countries like China. These imported tools pose fierce competition to domestic producers and have become increasingly popular, weighing on revenue. Revenue plunged in 2020-21 as pandemic restrictions meant construction and industrial markets reduced output, cutting the need for tools. Construction activity has since bounced back, benefitting from government-backed policies and frameworks, especially in the infrastructure and residential construction markets. However, industrial output remained constrained due to high borrowing costs and rampant inflation over the two years through 2023-24. In July 2024, the manufacturing sector saw its fourth consecutive month of expansion in activity since July 2022. However, on the price front, manufacturers are seeing upward pressure on both input costs and output charges as the Red Sea Crisis continues. Due to weak industrial activity, revenue is expected to inch downward by 3.6% in 2024-25. Revenue is estimated to slip at a compound annual rate of 3% over the five years through 2029-30 to £1.1 billion. Industrial output, particularly in the manufacturing sector, is set to climb in line with recovering economic conditions and easing inflationary pressures. However, manufacturing companies are likely to continue reducing output and shifting production to low-cost regions, reducing toolmakers' customer base in the UK. Import competition will also intensify, continuing to funnel sales away from domestic producers and driving revenue down.

The Floor and Wall Covering industry’s revenue is forecast to climb at a compound annual rate of 1% over the five years through 2024-25 to reach £4.1 billion. Floor and wall covering contractors compete for work in the residential, commercial, public and industrial markets and revenue tends to run procyclical to the wider economy. Challenging economic conditions have reduced contractors' income prospects in recent years, constraining revenue growth. The industry has endured several challenges due to both domestic and global disruptions, including Brexit, COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine conflict, which have caused revenue fluctuations. These events have significantly disrupted supply chains, inflating raw material prices and operational costs for contractors, cutting into their profitability. At the same time, some of the escalated costs have been passed onto customers, resulting in limited income opportunities for contractors due to consumers tightening their budgets thanks to the cost-of-living crisis. Persistent inflationary pressures have diminished the post-pandemic recovery in construction activity, weighing on new contract opportunities and constraining growth. The Bank of England’s (BoE) interest rate hike to 5.25% in August 2023 to suppress inflation hampered investment in both the residential and commercial construction market, hitting demand for floor and wall coverings in new buildings. Alongside this, the surge in borrowing costs has prompted homeowners to scale back their spending or turn to DIY home renovation projects. Inflation is easing in 2024-25, which has prompted the BoE to begin cutting the interest rate – it fell to 4.5% in February 2025. However, economic uncertainty persists following the 2024 Autumn Budget’s business tax increases, which has undermined consumer and business confidence, hindering investments and limiting demand for floor and wall covering services. Nonetheless, supportive government policies, like the Affordable Homes Programme, primarily aimed at the residential market, are driving demand, supporting an expected revenue hike of 4.3% in 2024-25 Over the five years through 2029-30, revenue is anticipated to grow at a compound annual rate of 3.4% to £4.8 billion. Strong residential construction activity will continue to drive growth, benefitting from supportive government policies to bolster the UK's housing stock. Non-residential construction activity will benefit from recovering economic conditions, which will support investments in commercial property spaces, like offices, boosting demand. Recovering consumer confidence and incomes should drive a resurgence in demand from homeowners. However, the industry will continue to face persistent labour shortages, which, coupled with anticipated wage hikes, will contribute to escalating operating costs.

The Waste Management Services industry plays a vital role in ensuring that residential and commercial development sites meet regulatory standards regarding contamination. Waste companies provide a range of services, including the remediation and decontamination of soil, groundwater and surface water, the cleaning of pollution such as oil spills and the safe treatment of toxic materials. Interest in site preparation, the level of public concern over environmental issues, weather conditions and the level of government expenditure all play a vital role in driving waste management companies' performance. Revenue is forecast to climb at a compound annual rate of 12.1% to £2.4 billion over the five years through 2024-25, including projected revenue growth of 15.4% in 2024-25.

Rising public concern over environmental issues is elevating the need for clean-up services. Consumers are holding the government and businesses more accountable for contaminated sites, which has supported revenue growth. Construction activity has bounced back, aided by more funding for work on regenerating derelict land, boosting the need for remediation services. High oil prices due to global supply shocks caused by the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine is elevating exploration activity and spill incidents that need clean up. As part of the Brownfield Land Release Fund 2 providing investment for local councils work on abandoned land and build thousands of homes. The use of previously derelict land is a critical part of the government’s efforts to build more homes, pushing up the need for land remediation and preparedness services.

Waste management services revenue is anticipated to expand at a compound annual rate of 19.4% over the five years through 2029-30 to £1.8 billion. An expected hike in residential construction activity is expected to support growth as work on brownfield sites continues. Alongside this, in January 2023, English councils were given £180 million under the Brownfield Land Release Fund to release more brownfield land for housing. The funding will help build 2,200 homes by 2026, boosting land remediation and site preparation services. The government restored house building targets and promised to build 1.5 million new homes by 2029, driving demand for waste services.

There were over 1.67 million unemployed people in the United Kingdom in the three months to May 2025, compared with just over 1.64 million in the previous month. In the provided time, there was a peak of 2.7 million people unemployed in November 2011 and a noticeable uptick in unemployment in 2020. The bump in unemployment caused by the COVID-19 pandemic peaked at almost 1.8 million in December 2020 then falling to a low of 1.2 million in August 2022, before climbing up again to the most recent levels. Government plans to boost UK workforce Although the Labour Party inherited a relatively healthy unemployment rate of around four percent from the previous government, the UK's labor market is less robust than it first appears. The current level of economic inactivity, is seen as the more concerning figure, especially the rising share of people on long-term sick leave. Just before the COVID-19 pandemic, at the end of 2019, there were around 2.08 million people economically inactive due to long-term sickness, with this figure increasing by around 740,000 by early 2024. Government plans to address the root cause of these issues and improve incentives to work were unveiled at the end of 2024, but may have come at an inopportune time. Labor market signals for 2025 Encouraging people back into work is one thing; making sure there are enough jobs is another. Recent data suggests that the UK is continuing to cool off from an overheated labor market in 2022, which at one point saw 1.3 million job vacancies in the UK. Although the current level of job vacancies is at more usual levels, any further falls could spell trouble for the economy. In December 2024, the number of people on UK payrolls fell by 47,000, while the number of redundancies has started to climb. Some UK businesses have also signalled that they have, or plan to, lay off staff due to increased taxes set to come into force in the next financial year.

Contractors required to provide ancillary civil engineering solutions have been impacted by trends in the wider construction sector in recent years. Following a period of robust growth, decaying housebuilding activity has had a knock-on effect on demand for enabling works. Along with the impact of economic uncertainty on commercial construction markets, this has offset the impact of government infrastructure investment to spur a contraction in revenue. Over the five years through 2024-25, contractors' revenue is forecast to tumble at a compound annual rate of 2.2% to £40.1 billion. Following a slump in revenue and profitability during the pandemic, work rebounded to drive strong revenue growth in 2021-22. This was aided by renewed infrastructure stimulus to get spades back in the ground and the release of pent-up demand following intermittent lockdowns. Ongoing supply chain disruption and soaring input costs throughout the construction sector have maintained cash flow difficulties. The wider economic slowdown and subdued housing market conditions has hit new orders, as downstream clients have displayed a degree of risk aversion. Revenue is forecast to decline by 4.1% in 2024-25. Revenue is forecast to climb at a compound annual rate of 0.9% to reach £42 billion over the five years through 2029-30. Housebuilding activity is forecast to remain subdued in the short term, as high borrowing costs and unfavourable economic conditions encourage investors to steer clear of the housing market. However, planning reform introduced by the government in pursuit of lofty housebuilding targets is intended to lead to new housing developments in the medium-term, boosting demand for enabling works. Private and public sector infrastructure investment is set to be increasingly geared towards the UK’s net zero agenda in the coming years, with the expansion of offshore wind farms set to drive demand for marine and coastal construction.

Land Registry Price Paid Data (PPD) have been published as open data since 2013. These data have been transformative for house price variation research in the UK as they are a comprehensive record of residential transactions at address level and cover the whole of England and Wales over a period dating back to 1995. Despite the utility of these data, a lack of attribute information relating to the properties, such as total floor area information, is identified as one of the major shortcomings of the PPD data. This means that the impacts of stock mix on broader price patterns cannot be fully accounted for. This research outlines one approach which addresses this deficiency by combining transaction information from the official open Land Registry Price Paid Data (PPD) with property size information form the official open Domestic Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs). A four-stage data linkage is created to generate a new linked dataset, representing 79% of the full market sales in the Land Registry PPD. This new linked dataset details 5,732,838 transactions in England and Wales between 2011 and 2019, along with each property's total floor area and the number of habitable rooms. Codes for other commonly used spatial units from Output Area to Local Authority are also included in the dataset. This offers greater flexibility for the exploration of house price variation in England and Wales at different spatial scales. The data collection includes the scripts used for linkage, as well as the resulting dataset.Current residential house price variation research in the UK is limited by lack of an open and comprehensive house price database that contains both transaction price alongside dwelling attributes such as size. This research outlines one approach which addresses this deficiency in England and Wales through combining transaction information from the official open Land Registry Price Paid Data (PPD) and property size information form the official open Domestic Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs). A four-stage data linkage is created to generate a new linked data, representing 79% of the full market sales in Land Registry PPD. This new linked dataset offers greater flexibility for the exploration of house price (house price per square metre) variation in England and Wales at different spatial scales over postcode unit between 2011 and 2019. The Land Registry Price Paid Data (PPD) dataset is open, available online (https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/price-paid-data-downloads). The Land Registry PPD records 24,852,949 transactions in England and Wales between 1/1/1995 and 31/10/2019. Domestic Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) dataset is open and available on-line from the Ministry for Housing, Communities and Local Government - MHCLG. Domestic EPC record a property’s energy performance and its building stock information, such as its total floor area and its number of habitable rooms. The current Domestic EPCs dataset is the third released version and contains certificates issued between 1/10/2008 and 31/8/2019, which records 18,575,357 energy performance data records with 84 fields. These two datasets both contain property information at address level but their address structures are different, thus a matching method containing a four-stage (251 matching rules) process was designed to achieve linkage between them.

The market is projected to be valued at $1.5 trillion in 2024, driven by factors such as increasing consumer awareness and the rising prevalence of industry-specific trends. The market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 6.8%, reaching approximately $2.8 trillion by 2034.

The agricultural census is based on an annual postal survey of farms. In England and Wales, the sample size for the June survey changes each year depending on UK and EU requirements. In years such as 2010 and 2013 when the EU requires very detailed information on the structure of the UK agricultural industry the sample size is increased, up to 100% of commercial holdings, in other years it can be as low as 30% of commercial holdings. The results for non-surveyed farms are interpolated from the most recent data for those farms using the trends on comparable farms. The data series extends back as far as 1866, although the detail is reduced for the historic datasets. The data can be provided at holding level, although this is typically only for government / policy research and on the condition that the data, or data derived from it, is not presented in such a way that details are disclosive for a single or small number of holdings. Summarised data can be provided for specific areas, but constraints on disclosive data and use of the data would still apply. Geographical breakdowns for England are readily available in the years that correspond to the EU Farm Structure Survey (most recently 2013 and 2016). Data for local authorities are summarised by land use and livestock (e.g. cattle), whilst data at county level is summarised by crop type and a slightly more detailed livestock type (e.g. dairy breeding herd, breeding pigs). Disclosive data items are not included.

Chronorhetorics Corpus

A large-scale corpus of political speeches for analyzing temporal figures and political enforcement patterns in times of change.

Overview

This corpus was created to study Chronorhetorics - the relationship between temporal language patterns and political enforcement in political discourse. The dataset enables computational linguistic analysis of how political actors use temporal references to advance their political projects and legitimize power.

Our work explores the concept of Chronopolitics, specifically focusing on "politicized time" - time employed as a weapon of politics and a means of legitimizing political programs.

⚠️Work in Progress: This corpus is currently under active development. While we are making it available for research purposes, please be aware that additional content may be added over time, data structure changes may occur as we refine our approach, and field modifications might happen based on research needs and technical considerations. We recognize that some current technical design decisions may not be optimal and are subject to revision. Researchers using this corpus should expect potential updates and changes. We recommend checking back regularly for updates and versioning information.

Corpus Description

License

Citation

@dataset{nieser2025chronorhetorics,
 title={Chronorhetorics Corpus: Political Speeches for Temporal-Political Analysis},
 author={Nieser, Florian and Gaede, Jonathan and Schatz, David and Pietrusky, Stefan},
 year={2025},
 institution={Heidelberg Center for Digital Humanities, Heidelberg University},
 doi={10.5281/zenodo.15548394},
 url={https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15548394}
}

References

Blaette, Andreas (2017): GermaParl. Corpus of Plenary Protocols of the German Bundestag. TEI files, available at: https://github.com/PolMine/GermaParlTEI.

Divita, David. "Radical-right populism in spain and the strategy of chronopolitics." History and Theory, 62/4:3–23, 2023.

Domarus, Max. Hitler: Speeches and Proclamations 1932-1945. Volumes 1 & 2. Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers.

Esposito, Fernando and Tobias Becker. "The time of politics, the politics of time, and politiced time: An introduction to chronopolitics." Language in Society, 52:757–781, 2023.

Contact

For questions about the corpus or research, reach out to the HCDH team at Heidelberg University.

Acknowledgments

This research was conducted at the Heidelberg Center for Digital Humanities (HCDH), Heidelberg University. We thank the institutions that make their political speeches publicly available, enabling this research.

Special acknowledgments:

• The GermaParl project (Blätte & Blessing, 2018) for providing comprehensive German parliamentary data
• The German Bundestag's open data portal for transparency and open government data access
• Tadadit.xyz / Giorgio Comai for providing the foundational Kremlin speeches dataset
• Munich Security Conference for making historical speeches available
• TheyWorkForYou.com for providing the comprehensive Hansard XML dataset that enabled UK parliamentary data integration
• Various government archives and institutions for maintaining accessible speech collections

📋 For complete documentation and technical details, visit our GitHub repository

Residential building contractors are contingent on the propensity of property developers to invest in new ventures; movements in property prices; government schemes intended to boost the housing supply; and underlying sentiment in the housing market. Industry contractors have endured turbulent operating conditions over the past five years, leading to volatile shifts in revenue and profitability. Revenue is forecast to grow at a compound annual rate of 1% over the five years through 2024-25, reaching £97.4 billion. The pandemic caused a significant drop in output in 2020-21, as restrictions placed on on-site activity and fewer enquiries for new housing units reduced revenue opportunities. Aided by government support for the housing market and the release of pent-up demand, 2021-22 was characterised by a strong rebound in activity, though materials and labour shortages maintained constraints on output. Mounting supply chain disruption and heightened economic uncertainty maintained pressure on output in the following year, though revenue growth was maintained by growth in average selling prices. Interest rate hikes and inflationary pressures led to a more subdued housing market in 2022-23, holding back the number of housing starts and completions during the year. This was followed by a slump in new residential building construction in the following year, as high borrowing costs and uncertain market conditions caused developers to scale back investment plans. Revenue is set to grow by 1.5% in 2024-25, aided by a slight improvement in new orders for residential building construction and an uptick in average selling prices. Revenue is slated to climb at a compound annual rate of 1.5% to reach £105.1 billion over the five years through 2029-30. Housebuilding activity is set to grow in the medium-term, aided by the release of pent-up demand. Nonetheless, significant uncertainty remains, with mortgage rates likely to settle well-above pre-pandemic levels and supply chains remaining fragile. The new government’s pledge to deliver 1.5 million houses during the first five years of parliament will boost demand for industry contractors, though the full impact of this on growth prospects is dependent on the nature and extent of accompanying funding plans.