The monthly average yield on ****, ***, and twenty-year nominal zero coupon British Government securities in the United Kingdom (UK) have all seen a continued decrease from December 2019 to July 2020. January 2021 saw a slight increase, progressing to October 2022 when yields reached a new high. At the end of December 2024, the monthly average yield of 20-year British Government Securities stood at **** percent.

The yield on United Kingdom 10Y Bond Yield rose to 4.51% on December 2, 2025, marking a 0.02 percentage points increase from the previous session. Over the past month, the yield has edged up by 0.07 points and is 0.26 points higher than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. UK 10 Year Gilt Bond Yield - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

In 2024, the average yearly yield of UK 10-year government bonds was **** percent. The UK 10-year gilt has shown a significant downward trend from 1990 to 2024. Starting at nearly ** percent in 1990, yields steadily declined, with slight fluctuations, reaching a low of **** percent in 2020. After 2020, yields began to rise again, reflecting recent increases in interest rates and inflation expectations. This long-term decline indicates decreasing inflation and interest rates in Australia over the past decades, with recent economic conditions prompting a reversal in bond yields.

The total market size of gilts in the United Kingdom (UK) amounted to approximately *** trillion British pounds as of December 2024. The majority of gilts in the UK are made up of ****************************.

The yield on United Kingdom 30-Year Treasury Gilt Auction Bond Yield held steady at 5.25% on December 2, 2025. Over the past month, the yield has edged up by 0.05 points and is 0.49 points higher than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. United Kingdom 30-Year Treasury Gilt Auction - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

The monthly average yield on three, six, and 12 month British government bonds in the United Kingdom (UK) all increased towards the end of 2021 and the beginning of 2022. By February 2025, the yield on three-month government bonds reached **** percent, compared to *** percent in January 2022. This still represents a decrease compared to the peaks of ********* percent registered throughout the second half of 2023 and the first half of 2024.

The yield on Germany 10Y Bond Yield eased to 2.70% on November 21, 2025, marking a 0.02 percentage points decrease from the previous session. Over the past month, the yield has edged up by 0.14 points and is 0.44 points higher than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. Germany 10-Year Bond Yield - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on November of 2025.

Key information about United Kingdom Policy Rate

• United Kingdom cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Base Rate) was set at 4.00 % pa in Nov 2025, compared with 4.00 % pa in the previous Oct 2025.
• UK Policy Rate averaged 5.50 % pa and is updated monthly, available from Jun 1972 to Nov 2025.
• The data reached an all-time high of 17.00 % pa in Jun 1980 and a record low of 0.10 % pa in Nov 2021.

• In the latest reports, UK Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: ICE LIBOR: 3 Months was reported at 0.09 % pa in Apr 2021.
• Its Long Term Interest Rate (Long Term Interest Rate: Month End: United Kingdom: Government Bond Yield: 10 Years) was reported at 4.48 % pa in Oct 2025.
• UK Exchange Rate against USD averaged 0.75 (USD/GBP) in Oct 2025.
• Its Real Effective Exchange Rate was 89.08 in Oct 2025.

As of July 22, 2025, the yield for a ten-year U.S. government bond was 4.38 percent, while the yield for a two-year bond was 3.88 percent. This represents an inverted yield curve, whereby bonds of longer maturities provide a lower yield, reflecting investors' expectations for a decline in long-term interest rates. Hence, making long-term debt holders open to more risk under the uncertainty around the condition of financial markets in the future. That markets are uncertain can be seen by considering both the short-term fluctuations, and the long-term downward trend, of the yields of U.S. government bonds from 2006 to 2021, before the treasury yield curve increased again significantly in the following years. What are government bonds? Government bonds, otherwise called ‘sovereign’ or ‘treasury’ bonds, are financial instruments used by governments to raise money for government spending. Investors give the government a certain amount of money (the ‘face value’), to be repaid at a specified time in the future (the ‘maturity date’). In addition, the government makes regular periodic interest payments (called ‘coupon payments’). Once initially issued, government bonds are tradable on financial markets, meaning their value can fluctuate over time (even though the underlying face value and coupon payments remain the same). Investors are attracted to government bonds as, provided the country in question has a stable economy and political system, they are a very safe investment. Accordingly, in periods of economic turmoil, investors may be willing to accept a negative overall return in order to have a safe haven for their money. For example, once the market value is compared to the total received from remaining interest payments and the face value, investors have been willing to accept a negative return on two-year German government bonds between 2014 and 2021. Conversely, if the underlying economy and political structures are weak, investors demand a higher return to compensate for the higher risk they take on. Consequently, the return on bonds in emerging markets like Brazil are consistently higher than that of the United States (and other developed economies). Inverted yield curves When investors are worried about the financial future, it can lead to what is called an ‘inverted yield curve’. An inverted yield curve is where investors pay more for short term bonds than long term, indicating they do not have confidence in long-term financial conditions. Historically, the yield curve has historically inverted before each of the last five U.S. recessions. The last U.S. yield curve inversion occurred at several brief points in 2019 – a trend which continued until the Federal Reserve cut interest rates several times over that year. However, the ultimate trigger for the next recession was the unpredicted, exogenous shock of the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, showing how such informal indicators may be grounded just as much in coincidence as causation.

This scatter chart displays inflation (annual %) against central government debt (% of GDP) in the United Kingdom. The data is filtered where the date is 2021. The data is about countries per year.

This bar chart displays central government debt (% of GDP) by country full name using the aggregation average, weighted by gdp in the United Kingdom. The data is filtered where the date is 2021. The data is about countries per year.

Government debt in the United Kingdom reached over 2.8 trillion British pounds in 2024/25, compared with 2.69 trillion pounds in the previous financial year. Although debt has been increasing throughout this period, there is a noticeable jump between 2019/20, and 2020/21, when debt increased from 1.82 trillion pounds, to 2.15 trillion. The UK's government debt was the equivalent of 93.5 percent of GDP in 2024/25, and is expected to increase slightly in coming years, and not start falling until the end of this decade. Public finances in a tight spot With government debt approaching 100 percent of GDP, the UK finds itself in a tricky fiscal situation. If the UK can't reduce it's spending, or increase its revenue, the government will have to continue borrowing large amounts, increasing the debt further. Adding to the problem, is the fact that financing this debt has got steadily more expensive recently, with the government currently spending more on debt interest than it does on defence, transport, and public order and safety. Can the UK grow out its debt? After the Second World War, when the national debt reached over 250 percent of GDP, the UK managed to reduce its debt-to-GDP ratio, due to the economy growing faster than its debt over a long period of time. This is certainly the hope of the current Labour government, who are seeking to avoid significant tax and spending adjustments by strengthening the economy. Overdue investments in infrastructure and increased capital spending may eventually achieve this goal, but the government's declining popularity suggests they may not be in power by the time these policies might eventually bear fruit.

This scatter chart displays male population (people) against central government debt (% of GDP) in the United Kingdom. The data is filtered where the date is 2021. The data is about countries per year.

This scatter chart displays health expenditure (% of GDP) against central government debt (% of GDP) in the United Kingdom. The data is filtered where the date is 2021. The data is about countries per year.

This scatter chart displays central government debt (% of GDP) against military expenditure (% of GDP) in the United Kingdom. The data is filtered where the date is 2021. The data is about countries per year.

Public sector net debt amounted to 93.5 percent of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom during the 2024/25 financial year. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, UK government debt has reached levels not seen since the early 1960s, due to a significant increase in borrowing in 2020/21. After peaking at 251.7 percent shortly after the end of the Second World War, government debt in the UK gradually fell, before a sharp increase in the late 2000s at the time of the global financial crisis. Debt not expected to start falling until 2029/30 In 2024/25, the UK's government expenditure was approximately 1.28 trillion pounds, around 44 percent of GDP. This spending was financed by 1.14 trillion pounds of revenue raised, and almost 150 billion pounds of borrowing. Although the UK government can continue to borrow money to finance its spending, the amount spent on debt interest has increased significantly in recent years. Current forecasts suggest that while the debt is eventually expected to start declining, this is based on falling government deficits in the next five years. Government facing hard choices Hitting fiscal targets, such as reducing the national debt, will require a careful balancing of the books from the current government, and the possibility for either spending cuts or tax rises. Although Labour ruled out raising the main government tax sources, Income Tax, National Insurance, and VAT, at the 2024 election, they did raise National Insurance for employers (rather than employees) and also cut Winter Fuel allowances for large numbers of pensioners. Less than a year after implementing cuts to Winter Fuel, the government performed a U-Turn on the issue, and also held back on more significant cuts to welfare.