The average wholesale electricity price in September 2025 in the United Kingdom is forecast to amount to*******British pounds per megawatt-hour, a decrease from the previous month. A record high was reached in August 2022 when day-ahead baseload contracts averaged ***** British pounds per megawatt-hour. Electricity price stabilization in Europe Electricity prices increased in 2024 compared to the previous year, when prices stabilized after the energy supply shortage. Price spikes were driven by the growing wholesale prices of natural gas and coal worldwide, which are among the main sources of power in the region.

… and in the United Kingdom? The United Kingdom was one of the countries with the highest electricity prices worldwide during the energy crisis. Since then, prices have been stabilizing, almost to pre-energy crisis levels. The use of nuclear, wind, and bioenergy for electricity generation has been increasing recently. The fuel types are an alternative to fossil fuels and are part of the country's power generation plans going into the future.

In the third quarter of 2025, Bermuda had the highest household electricity prices worldwide, followed by Ireland, Italy, and Germany. At the time, Irish households were charged around 0.44 U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour, while in Italy, the price stood at 0.42 U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour. By comparison, in Russia, residents paid almost 10 times less. What is behind electricity prices? Electricity prices vary widely across the world and sometimes even within a country itself, depending on factors like infrastructure, geography, and politically determined taxes and levies. For example, in Denmark, Belgium, and Sweden, taxes constitute a significant portion of residential end-user electricity prices. Reliance on fossil fuel imports Meanwhile, thanks to their great crude oil and natural gas production output, countries like Iran, Qatar, and Russia enjoy some of the cheapest electricity prices in the world. Here, the average household pays less than 0.1 U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour. In contrast, countries heavily reliant on fossil fuel imports for electricity generation are more vulnerable to market price fluctuations.

UK Electricity decreased 23.24 GBP/MWh or 22.68% since the beginning of 2025, according to the latest spot benchmarks offered by sellers to buyers priced in megawatt hour (MWh). This dataset includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Electricity Price.

Electricity prices in Europe are expected to remain volatile through 2025, with Italy projected to have some of the highest rates among major European economies. This trend reflects the ongoing challenges in the energy sector, including the transition to renewable sources and the impact of geopolitical events on supply chains. Despite efforts to stabilize the market, prices still have not returned to pre-pandemic levels, such as in countries like Italy, where prices are forecast to reach ****** euros per megawatt hour in September 2025. Natural gas futures shaping electricity costs The electricity market's future trajectory is closely tied to natural gas prices, a key component in power generation. Dutch TTF gas futures, a benchmark for European natural gas prices, are projected to be ***** euros per megawatt hour in July 2025. The reduced output from the Groningen gas field and increased reliance on imports further complicate the pricing landscape, potentially contributing to higher electricity costs in countries like Italy. Regional disparities and global market influences While European electricity prices remain high, significant regional differences persist. For instance, natural gas prices in the United States are expected to be roughly one-third of those in Europe by March 2025, at **** U.S. dollars per million British thermal units. This stark contrast highlights the impact of domestic production capabilities on global natural gas prices. Europe's greater reliance on imports, particularly in the aftermath of geopolitical tensions and the shift away from Russian gas, continues to keep prices elevated compared to more self-sufficient markets. As a result, countries like Italy may face sustained pressure on electricity prices due to their position within the broader European energy market. As of August 2025, electricity prices in Italy have decreased to ****** euros per megawatt hour, reflecting ongoing volatility in the market.

Wholesale electricity prices in the United Kingdom hit a record-high in 2022, reaching **** British pence per kilowatt-hour that year. Projections indicate that prices are bound to decrease steadily in the next few years, falling under **** pence per kilowatt-hour by 2030.

Non-domestic consumers with consumption between *** megawatt-hours and ***** megawatt-hours tended to pay higher electricity prices than those users with consumption greater than ****** megawatt-hours. As of 2023, electricity prices for these consumers amounted to ***** pence per kilowatt-hour and ***** pence per kilowatt-hour, respectively. Generally, for both consumption rates, electricity prices presented a trend of growth with a peak in 2023.

Rising inflation in the United Kingdom throughout 2022 has put pressure on businesses faced with larger energy bills. As of August 2022, approximately three-quarters of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), that reported increased energy costs, advised that these higher energy costs would result in higher costs for their customers. Although 34 percent of these SMEs thought they could sustain higher energy costs for as long as needed, nine percent believed they could not afford them at all.

This dataset provides values for ELECTRICITY PRICE reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

The average gas price in Great Britain in July 2025 was 79.28 British pence per therm. This was five pence lower than the same month the year prior and follows a trend of increasing gas prices. Energy prices in the UK Energy prices in the UK have been exceptionally volatile throughout the 2020s. Multiple factors, such as a lack of gas storage availability and the large share of gas in heating, have exacerbated the supply issue in the UK that followed the Russia-Ukraine war. This has also led to many smaller suppliers announcing bankruptcy, while an upped price cap threatened the energy security of numerous households. The United Kingdom has some of the highest household electricity prices worldwide. How is gas used in the UK? According to a 2023 survey conducted by the UK Department for Energy Security and Net Zero, 58 percent of respondents used gas as a heating method during the winter months. On average, household expenditure on energy from gas in the UK stood at some 24.9 billion British pounds in 2023, double the amount spent just two years prior.

UK Gas fell to 72.60 GBp/thm on December 2, 2025, down 1.67% from the previous day. Over the past month, UK Gas's price has fallen 11.75%, and is down 40.33% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. UK Natural Gas - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

National Grid ESO is the electricity system operator for Great Britain. They have gathered information of the electricity demand in Great Britain from 2009. The is updated twice an hour, which means 48 entries per day. This makes this dataset ideal for time series forecasting.

File information

The dataset consists of three type of files: - Historic_demand_year_20xx.csv: electricity demand in that year - Historic_demand_year_2009_2024.csv: all the yearly datasets merged in one - Historic_demand_year_2009_2024_noNaN.csv: same as above, but NaN values have been removed and the date includes the hour as opposed to only the day

Columns

The columns in the dataset are: * SETTLEMET_DATA: date in format dd/mm/yyyy * SETTLEMENT_PERIOD: half hourly period for the historic outtunr occurred * ND (National Demand). National Demand is the sum of metered generation, but excludes generation required to meet station load, pump storage pumping and interconnector exports. National Demand is calculated as a sum of generation based on National Grid ESO operational generation metering. Measured in MW. * TSD (Transmission System Demand). Transmission System Demand is equal to the ND plus the additional generation required to meet station load, pump storage pumping and interconnector exports. Measured in MW. * ENGLAND_WALES_DEMAND. England and Wales Demand, as ND above but on an England and Wales basis. Measured in MW. * EMBEDDED_WIND_GENERATION. This is an estimate of the GB wind generation from wind farms which do not have Transmission System metering installed. These wind farms are embedded in the distribution network and invisible to National Grid ESO. Their effect is to suppress the electricity demand during periods of high wind. The true output of these generators is not known so an estimate is provided based on National Grid ESO’s best model. Measured in MW. * EMBEDDED_WIND_CAPACITY. This is National Grid ESO’s best view of the installed embedded wind capacity in GB. This is based on publicly available information compiled from a variety of sources and is not the definitive view. It is consistent with the generation estimate provided above. Measured in MW * EMBEDDED_SOLAR_GENERATION. This is an estimate of the GB solar generation from PV panels. These are embedded in the distribution network and invisible to National Grid ESO. Their effect is to suppress the electricity demand during periods of high radiation. The true output of these generators is not known so an estimate is provided based on National Grid ESO’s best model. Measured in MW. * EMBEDDED_SOLAR_CAPACITY. As embedded wind capacity above, but for solar generation. Measured in MW. * NON_BM_STOR (Non-Balancing Mechanism SHort-Term Operating Reserve). For units that are not included in the ND generator definition. This can be in the form of generation or demand reduction. Measured in MW. * PUMP_STORAGE_PUMPING. The demand due to pumping at hydro pump storage units; the -ve signifies pumping load. * IFA_FLOW (IFA Interconnector Flow). The flow on on the respective interconnector. -ve signifies export power out from GB; +ve signifies import power into GB. Measured in MW. * IFA2_FLOW (IFA Interconnector Flow). The flow on the respective interconnector. -ve signifies export power out from GB; +ve signifies import power into GB. Measured in MW. * MOYLE_FLOW (Moyle Interconnector FLow). The flow on the respective interconnector. -ve signifies export power out from GB; +ve signifies import power into GB. Measured in MW. * EAST_WEST_FLOW (East West Innterconnector FLow). The flow on the respective interconnector. -ve signifies export power out from GB; +ve signifies import power into GB. Measured in MW. * NEMO_FLOW (Nemo Interconnector FLow). The flow on the respective interconnector. -ve signifies export power out from GB; +ve signifies import power into GB. Measured in MW. * NSL_FLOW (North Sea Link Interconnector Flow). The flow on the respective interconnector. -ve signifies export power out from GB; +ve signifies import power into GB. Measured in MW. * ELCLINK_FLOW. Blank

Rising inflation in the United Kingdom throughout 2022 has put pressure on businesses faced with larger energy bills. As of August 2022, approximately nine percent of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), that reported increased energy costs, advised that they would not be able to pay these bills at all, while 34 percent thought they would be able to sustain themselves for as long as needed. Additionally, three-quarters of SMEs reporting higher energy bills advised that these costs will be passed onto customers.

The United Kingdom power market, valued at approximately £X billion in 2025 (assuming a logical estimation based on the provided CAGR and market trends), is experiencing robust growth, projected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) exceeding 7% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven by several key factors. Increasing demand for electricity fueled by a growing population and industrial activity necessitates a significant increase in power generation capacity. Simultaneously, the UK's commitment to achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 is accelerating the transition to renewable energy sources, including wind, solar, and potentially tidal power. This transition is attracting substantial investments and fostering innovation within the renewable energy sector. Government policies promoting renewable energy adoption, along with stricter regulations on carbon emissions from conventional power plants, further underpin this market's expansion. However, challenges remain. The intermittent nature of renewable energy sources requires significant investment in grid infrastructure upgrades and energy storage solutions to ensure grid stability and reliability. Furthermore, securing sufficient investment for large-scale renewable energy projects, managing public acceptance of new infrastructure, and navigating fluctuating energy prices continue to pose challenges. Despite these restraints, the UK power market presents significant opportunities for established players and new entrants alike. The ongoing expansion of offshore wind capacity, particularly in areas with high wind speeds, offers considerable potential for generating clean energy. Furthermore, the integration of smart grid technologies and advanced energy management systems is poised to improve efficiency and grid resilience. Companies involved in power generation, transmission, and distribution, including those specializing in renewable energy technologies, are well-positioned to benefit from this growth. The market segmentation into thermal, renewable (hydro, non-hydro), and nuclear power, along with transmission and distribution (T&D), showcases the diverse investment and operational opportunities within this dynamic sector. Companies like Electricite de France SA, Ecotricity Group Ltd, and others listed are key players navigating this complex and evolving market landscape. The forecast period of 2025-2033 promises substantial growth, creating a fertile ground for strategic partnerships, mergers, and acquisitions. Recent developments include: In March 2021, Statkraft, Europe's largest renewable energy generator, announced development plans for three new solar farms in the United Kingdom, two in Cornwall and one in Suffolk. The solar energy farms aim to provide 125.5 MWp of solar capacity, generate nearly 127 GWh of electricity per year, and power nearly 36,000 homes., In January 2022, the UK government announced GBP 100 million (USD 134 million) funding to support the Sizewell C nuclear power project in Suffolk. The funding will be used to continue the development of the project and aim to attract further financing from private investors and secure relevant approvals., In January 2022, SSE announced details of its first solar project that would deliver 30 MW of clean energy as part of its ambitious GBP 12.5 billion investment program to power change toward net-zero. The 30 MW solar farm at Littleton Pastures is located near Evesham, Worcestershire. Once completed in late 2023, the 77-acre site would be capable of powering about 9,400 homes.. Notable trends are: Non-hydro Renewable Power Segment to Witness Significant Market Growth.

Energy consumption readings for a sample of 5,567 London Households that took part in the UK Power Networks led Low Carbon London project between November 2011 and February 2014.

Readings were taken at half hourly intervals. Households have been allocated to a CACI Acorn group (2010). The customers in the trial were recruited as a balanced sample representative of the Greater London population.

The dataset contains energy consumption, in kWh (per half hour), unique household identifier, date and time, and CACI Acorn group. The CSV file is around 10GB when unzipped and contains around 167million rows.

Within the data set are two groups of customers. The first is a sub-group, of approximately 1100 customers, who were subjected to Dynamic Time of Use (dToU) energy prices throughout the 2013 calendar year period. The tariff prices were given a day ahead via the Smart Meter IHD (In Home Display) or text message to mobile phone. Customers were issued High (67.20p/kWh), Low (3.99p/kWh) or normal (11.76p/kWh) price signals and the times of day these applied. The dates/times and the price signal schedule is availaible as part of this dataset. All non-Time of Use customers were on a flat rate tariff of 14.228pence/kWh.

The signals given were designed to be representative of the types of signal that may be used in the future to manage both high renewable generation (supply following) operation and also test the potential to use high price signals to reduce stress on local distribution grids during periods of stress.

The remaining sample of approximately 4500 customers energy consumption readings were not subject to the dToU tariff.

More information can be found on the Low Carbon London webpage

Some analysis of this data can be seen here.