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TwitterIn 2024, agriculture contributed around 0.56 percent to the United Kingdom’s GDP, 16.74 percent came from the manufacturing industry, and 72.79 percent from the services sector. The UK is not a farmer’s marketThe vast majority of the UK’s GDP is generated by the services sector, and tourism in particular keeps the economy going. In 2017, almost 214 billion British Pounds were contributed to the GDP through travel and tourism – about 277 billion U.S. dollars – and the forecasts see an upwards trend. For comparison, only an estimated 10.3 billion GBP were generated by the agriculture sector in the same year. But is it a tourist’s destination still? Though forecasts are not in yet, it is unclear whether travel and tourism can keep the UK’s economy afloat in the future, especially after Brexit and all its consequences. Higher travel costs, having to wait for visas, and overall more complicated travel arrangements are just some of the concerns tourists have when considering vacationing in the UK after Brexit. Consequences of the referendum are already observable in the domestic travel industry: In 2017, about 37 percent of British travelers said Brexit caused them to cut their holidays short by a few days, and about 14 percent said they did not leave the UK for their holidays because of it.
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TwitterThe statistic shows the growth rate in the real GDP in the United Kingdom from 2020 to 2024, with projections up until 2030. In 2024, the rate of GDP growth in the United Kingdom was at around 1.1 percent compared to the previous year.The economy of the United KingdomGDP is used an indicator as to the shape of a national economy. It is one of the most regularly called upon measurements regarding the economic fitness of a country. GDP is the total market value of all final goods and services that have been produced in a country within a given period of time, usually a year. Inflation adjusted real GDP figures serve as an even more telling indication of a country’s economic state in that they act as a more reliable and clear tool as to a nation’s economic health. The gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate in the United Kingdom has started to level in recent years after taking a huge body blow in the financial collapse of 2008. The UK managed to rise from the state of dark desperation it was in between 2009 and 2010, from -3.97 to 1.8 percent. The country suffered acutely from the collapse of the banking industry, raising a number of questions within the UK with regards to the country’s heavy reliance on revenues coming from London's financial sector, arguably the most important in the world and one of the globe’s financial command centers. Since the collapse of the post-war consensus and the rise of Thatcherism, the United Kingdom has been swept along in a wave of individualism - collective ideals have been abandoned and the mass privatisation of the heavy industries was unveiled - opening them up to market competition and shifting the economic focus to that of service.The Big Bang policy, one of the cornerstones of the Thatcher government programs of reform, involved mass and sudden deregulation of financial markets. This led to huge changes in the way the financial markets in London work, and saw the many old firms being absorbed by big banks. This, one could argue, strengthened the UK financial sector greatly and while frivolous and dangerous practices brought the sector into great disrepute, the city of London alone brings in around one fifth of the countries national income making it a very prominent contributor to wealth in the UK.
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TwitterThe statistic shows the distribution of the workforce across economic sectors in the United Kingdom from 2013 to 2023. In 2023, 0.99 percent of the workforce were employed in agriculture, 17.77 percent in manufacturing and 81.25 percent in services. The same year, the total UK population amounted to about 81 million people.
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United Kingdom UK: GDP: Growth: Gross Value Added: Industry data was reported at 3.053 % in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.452 % for 2016. United Kingdom UK: GDP: Growth: Gross Value Added: Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 1.098 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2017, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.640 % in 2010 and a record low of -10.086 % in 2009. United Kingdom UK: GDP: Growth: Gross Value Added: Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United Kingdom – Table UK.World Bank.WDI: Gross Domestic Product: Annual Growth Rate. Annual growth rate for industrial value added based on constant local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2010 U.S. dollars. Industry corresponds to ISIC divisions 10-45 and includes manufacturing (ISIC divisions 15-37). It comprises value added in mining, manufacturing (also reported as a separate subgroup), construction, electricity, water, and gas. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3.; ; World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; Weighted average; Note: Data for OECD countries are based on ISIC, revision 4.
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TwitterThis Annual GVA series is our most accurate estimate of Digital Sector GVA. These Economic Estimates are Accredited Official Statistics used to provide an estimate of the contribution of the Digital Sector and its associated subsectors to the UK, measured by GVA (gross value added).
This is the first release of provisional annual estimates for 2023, and Blue Book 2024 inclusive revisions to 2019 to 2022 annual estimates. The provisional Annual GVA estimates for 2023 for the Digital Sector will be revised in our next release, upon updates to underlying ABS data, and further revised in the following statistical release to include Blue Book 2025 revisions. Our next release is planned to include a full analytical report providing additional analysis on our produced GVA estimates.
This release includes a methodology update to the deflators used to remove the effects of inflation in our chained volume measure estimates. A summary of the revisions to 2019 to 2022 estimates as part of this release can be found in the accompanying revisions report.
This is a continuation of the Digital Sector Economic Estimates: Annual GVA release series, previously produced by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). Responsibility for Digital and Telecommunications policy now sits with the Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (DSIT).
Findings in this release are calculated based on the published Office for National Statistics (ONS) https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/supplyandusetables/datasets/supplyanduseofproductsandindustrygvaukexperimental">Supply and Use Tables, ONS https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/ukgdpolowlevelaggregates">Gross Domestic Product (GDP) low-level aggregates and the ONS https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/methodologies/annualbusinesssurveyabs">Annual Business Survey (ABS).
The Supply and Use Tables (SUT) report balanced GVA at the 2-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code level up to 2022. SUT GVA is consistent with UK</a
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TwitterAll estimates in this release are presented in 2022 prices and in chained volume measures. Estimates are provisional and subject to planned revisions. The index of estimated monthly GVA shows the growth or decline of the Digital Sector and its subsectors relative to January 2019.
This current release contains new monthly figures for April 2024 to June 2024 and minor revisions for January 2024 to March 2024.
Estimates of monthly GVA (£ million) are used to determine percentage changes over the relevant time periods mentioned here.
DSIT have recently concluded a consultation on the planned future of the Digital Sector Economic Estimates series - the DSIT response to this consultation can be accessed using this link.
26 September 2024
This is a continuation of the Digital Economic Estimates: Monthly GVA series, previously produced by Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). Responsibility for Digital Sector policy now sits with the Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (DSIT).
These estimates are Official Statistics, used to provide an estimate of the economic contribution of the Digital Sector, in terms of Gross Value Added (GVA), for the period January 2019 to June 2024. This current release contains new monthly figures for April 2024 to June 2024 and minor revisions for January 2024 to March 2024.
Estimates are presented in chained volume measures (i.e. have been adjusted for inflation), at 2022 prices, and are seasonally adjusted. These latest monthly estimates should only be used to illustrate general trends, not used as definitive figures.
You can use these estimates to:
You should not use these estimates to:
These findings are calculated based on published Office for National Statistics (ONS) data sources including the Index of Services and Index of Production.
These data sources are available for industrial ‘divisions’, whereas the Digital Sector is defined using more detailed industrial ‘classes’. This represents a significant limitation to this statistical series; the implications of which are discussed further in the technical report .
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TwitterIn January 2025, the UK's gross value added (GVA) increased by *** percent when compared with the same period in 2023. During this time period, the fastest growth was in the transportation and storage sector, which grew by *** percent. By contrast, GVA in the sector of 'other service activities' shrank by *** percent.
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Employment by industry and sex, UK, published quarterly, non-seasonally adjusted. Labour Force Survey. These are official statistics in development.
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TwitterFor DCMS sector data, please see: Economic Estimates: Employment in DCMS sectors and digital sector, July 2022 to June 2023
For Digital sector data, please see: Economic Estimates: Employment in DCMS sectors and digital sector, July 2022 to June 2023
Last update: 22 December 2022
Next update: March 2023
Geographic coverage: UK
In the period July 2021 to June 2022, there were approximately 4,332,000 total filled jobs in the DCMS Sectors (excluding Tourism) - representing 12.9% of all UK filled jobs, up from 12.7% in July 2020 to June 2021 and 12.0% in 2019 (pre-pandemic). This reflects that, for DCMS Sectors (excluding Tourism), the number of filled jobs have grown faster than the UK overall since July 2020 to June 2021 (3.2% DCMS vs 1.7% UK) and also compared to pre-pandemic (7.9% DCMS vs 0.1% UK).
In percentage terms, within the included DCMS sectors, the Digital sector has seen the largest employment growth since 2019 (pre-pandemic). Over the same period, of the included DCMS sectors, only the Gambling sector and Sport sector have seen declines in employment. Please note, there is substantial overlap between the DCMS sectors.
Although there is wide variation between sectors in terms of demographic breakdowns, overall the proportion of filled jobs held by women was lower in the DCMS Sectors (excluding Tourism) (44.1%) than the UK overall (47.9%). DCMS Sectors (excluding Tourism) have a slightly smaller share of jobs filled by people from ethnic minority groups (excluding white minorities) or by people with disabilities compared to the UK workforce overall.
The DCMS Sectors Economic Estimates series for employment are National Statistics used to provide an estimate of employment (defined as number of filled jobs) in the DCMS Sectors. This release gives estimates for the period July 2021 to June 2022 and re-weighted estimates for July 2020 to June 2021. The findings are calculated based on the ONS Annual Population Survey (APS).
These statistics cover the contributions of the following DCMS sectors to the UK economy;
Estimates are not available for the Tourism sector for this release. A definition for each sector is available in the accompanying technical document along with details of methods and data limitations.
This release is published in accordance with the Code of Practice for Statistics (2018) produced by the UK Statistics Authority (UKSA). The UKSA has the overall objective of promoting and safeguarding the production and publication of official statistics that serve the public good. It monitors and reports on all official statistics, and promotes good practice in this area.
The accompanying pre-release access document lists ministers and officials who have received privileged early access to this release. In line with best practice, the list has been kept to a minimum and those given access for briefing purposes had a maximum of 24 hours.
Responsible analyst: George Ashford
For any queries or feedback, please contact evidence@dcms.gov.uk.
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Twitter24 September 2025: the DCMS Sector Economic Estimates R&D 2023 main report has been revised to correct a small error in the commentary in section 2.1, specifically the percentage change between 2022 and 2023 for sport sector R&D expenditure. No other data is affected.
These economic estimates are official statistics in development providing an estimate of expenditure on R&D by UK businesses in the DCMS sectors.
In 2023, expenditure on R&D by businesses in the included DCMS sectors was an estimated £8.4 billion, 17% of the R&D expenditure by UK businesses overall (£50.0 billion). This was an increase of £0.6 billion (7%) since 2022.
Expenditure on R&D by businesses in both DCMS sectors and the economy as a whole was higher in London than in any other region in 2023, with expenditure by businesses in the included DCMS sectors more concentrated in London than for UK businesses overall (41% compared to 22%).
Estimates of R&D expenditure by included DCMS sector (which overlap with each other) in 2023:
*Tourism industries estimates in this release are constructed on a different basis to the tourism sector estimates in our other economic estimates and will be larger as they take into account the entire industry rather than strictly tourism activity.
Estimates of R&D expenditure by businesses in the civil society sector are not available in this release because these organisations are not identifiable in the data source.
Due to sampling and methodology changes to the BERD survey in 2022, estimates in this release are not directly comparable to previous estimates produced using BERD data for years before 2022. This includes estimates published by the ONS on https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/researchanddevelopmentexpenditure/adhocs/14890expenditureonresearchanddevelopmentperformedinukbusinessesinthecreativeindustriessector2020">Expenditure on research and development performed in UK businesses in the Creative Industries sector, 2020. More information on these changes is available in the accompanying technical report.
These statistics cover the contributions of the following DCMS sectors to the UK economy;
Users should note that there is overlap between DCMS sector definitions. Estimates are not available for the civil society sector, because they are not identifiable in the data source used for this release.
Tourism industries estimates in this release are constructed on a different basis to the tourism sector estimates in our other economic estimates and will be larger as they take into account the entire industry rather than strictly tourism activity.
The release also includes separate estimates for the audio visual and computer games sectors.
A definition for each sector is available in the published data tables. Further information on all these sectors is available in the associated technical report along with details of methods and data limitations.
These statistics were first published on 18 September 2025.
These statistics are labelled as https://osr.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/policies/official-statistics-policies/official-statistics-in-development/">official statistics in development. Official statistics in development are official statistics that are undergoing development and will be tested with users, in line with the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the <a rel="e
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In March 2024, these early estimates show that GVA by DCMS sectors increased at a slower rate than the UK as a whole. GVA of the included DCMS sectors increased by around 0.1% compared to February 2024, while the UK as a whole is estimated to have increased by 0.4%.
Looking at the quarter as a whole, in the three months to March 2024, GVA for the included DCMS sectors is estimated to have grown by 0.3% compared with the three months to December 2023, compared to the UK economy as a whole which is estimated to have grown by 0.6%.
Since February 2020 (pre-pandemic), included DCMS sector GVA has grown at a faster rate than the UK as a whole at a 7% increase compared to 3% for the UK economy, though trends vary by sector.
15 May 2024
The DCMS Sector total reported here includes civil society, creative industries, cultural sector, gambling and sport. Tourism is not included as the data is not yet available (see note in data table).
These Economic Estimates are Official Statistics, used to provide an estimate of the economic contribution of DCMS sectors, in terms of gross value added (GVA), for the period January 2019 to March 2024. This current release contains new figures for January to March 2024.
Estimates are in chained volume measures (i.e. have been adjusted for inflation), at 2022 prices, and are seasonally adjusted. These latest monthly estimates should only be used to illustrate general trends, not used as definitive figures.
You can use these estimates to:
You should not use these estimates to:
The estimates are calculated based on published ONS data sources including the Index of Services and Index of Production.
These data sources provide an estimate of the monthly change in GVA for all UK industries. However, the data is only available for broader industry groups, whereas DCMS sectors are defined at a more detailed industrial level. For example, GVA for ‘cultural education’ (a sub-sector of the cultural sector within the DCMS sectors) is estimated based on the trend for all education. Sectors such as ‘cultural education’ may have been affected differently by COVID-19 compared to education in general. These estimates are also based on the composition of the economy in 2019. Overall, this means the accuracy of monthly GVA for DCMS sectors is likely to be lower for months in 2020 and 2021.
The technical guidance contains further information about data sources, methodology, and the validation and accuracy of these estimates. The latest version of this guidance was published in November 2023.
These statistics cover the contributions of the following sectors to the UK economy.
Users should note that there is overlap between DCMS sector definitions and that several cultural sector industries are simultaneously creative industries.
Timely estimates of tourism GVA are not available at present, due to a lack of suitable data.
We aim to continuously improve the quality of estimates and better meet user needs. We welcome feedback on this release. Feedback should be sent via email to evidence@dcms.gov.uk.
Our statistical practice is regulated by the OSR. OSR sets the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the https://code.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/the-code/">Code of Practice for Statistics that all producers of official statistics should adhere to.
You are welcome to contact us directly with any comments about how we meet these standards by emailing evidence@dcms.gov.uk. Alternatively, you can contact OSR by emailing "mailto:regulation@statistics.gov.uk">regulation@st
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TwitterWe removed estimates for employment broken down by highest level of education, as we have since discovered an error. The underlying data from January 2022 uses a new education variable, meaning it is not possible to accurately calculate aggregate estimates that straddle the 2021 and 2022 calendar years.
DCMS and Digital Sector Economic Estimates: Employment, April 2021 to March 2022 data tables have been revised and re-published due to the identification of a minor error.
Revised estimates for the digital sector are available here: Economic Estimates: Employment in DCMS sectors and digital sector, April 2022 to March 2023.
Revised estimates for DCMS sectors are available here: Economic Estimates: Employment in DCMS sectors, April 2023 to March 2024.
Last update: 29th September 2022
Next update: December 2022
Geographic Coverage: UK
In the period April 2021 to March 2022, there were approximately 4,328,000 total filled jobs in the DCMS Sectors (excluding Tourism) - representing 12.9% of all UK filled jobs, up from 11.1% in 2011 and 12.0% in 2019 (pre-pandemic). This reflects that, for DCMS Sectors (excluding Tourism), the number of filled jobs have grown faster than the UK overall since 2011 (29.1% DCMS vs 11.0% UK) and pre-pandemic (7.8% DCMS vs -0.3% UK).
In percentage terms, within the DCMS sectors, the Digital sector has seen the largest employment growth since 2019 (pre-pandemic). Over the same period, of the DCMS sectors, only the Gambling sector and Sport sector have seen declines in employment. Please note, there is substantial overlap between the DCMS sectors.
Although there is wide variation between sectors in terms of demographic breakdowns, overall the proportion of filled jobs held by women was lower in the DCMS Sectors (excluding Tourism) (43.7%) than the UK overall (48.0%). DCMS Sectors (excluding Tourism) have a similar share of jobs filled by people from ethnic minority groups (excluding white minorities) or by people with disabilities compared to the UK workforce overall.
In parallel to this set of employment estimates, we have published some experimental statistics on factors associated with joining or leaving the Digital sector workforce. This analysis uses data from the ONS longitudinal survey, from 2012 to 2019, to assess changes in employment status over a 12 month period relative to a baseline population. It shows that:
The factors examined did not explain the majority of movements into and out of the digital sector.
The Economic Estimates are National Statistics used to provide an estimate of employment (number of filled jobs) in the DCMS Sectors. This release gives estimates for the period April 2021 to March 2022 and re-weighted estimates for January 2021 to December 2021. It also includes experimental statistics on factors associated with joining or leaving the Digital sector workforce; and experimental statistics on joining and leaving the DCMS Sectors. The findings are calculated based on the ONS Annual Population Survey (APS).
These statistics cover the contributions of the following DCMS sectors to the UK economy;
A definition for each sector is available in the accompanying technical document along with details of methods and data limitations.
This release is published in accordance with the Code of Practice for Statistics (2018) produced by the UK Statistics Authority (UKSA). The UKSA has the over
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TwitterThese economic estimates are used to provide an estimate of the contribution of DCMS sectors to the UK economy, measured by employment (number of filled jobs). These estimates are calculated based on the Office for National Statistics (ONS) Annual Population Survey (APS).They have been independently reviewed by the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR) and are accredited official statistics.
The ONS has carried out analysis to assess the impact of falling sample sizes on the quality of Annual Population Survey (APS) estimates. Due to the ongoing challenges with response rates, response levels and weighting, the accreditation of ONS statistics based on Annual Population Survey (APS) was temporarily suspended on 9 October 2024. Because of the increased volatility of both Labour Force Survey (LFS) and APS estimates, the ONS advises that estimates produced using these datasets should be treated with additional caution.
ONS statistics based on both the APS and LFS will be considered official statistics in development until further review. We are reviewing the quality of our estimates and will update users about the accreditation of DCMS Employment Economic Estimates if this changes. In the interim, due to these smaller sample sizes, we have published data for this quarter with a slightly reduced set of demographic breakdowns for DCMS sectors and subsectors.
These statistics cover the contributions of the following DCMS sectors to the UK economy;
Tourism is not included as the data is not yet available. The release also includes estimates for the audio visual sector and computer games sector.
Users should note that there is overlap between DCMS sector definitions. In particular, several cultural sector industries are simultaneously creative industries.
A definition for each sector is available in the tables published alongside this release. Further information on all these sectors is available in the associated technical report along with details of methods and data limitations.
There were 4.0 million total filled jobs in the included DCMS sectors, representing 11.8% of UK total filled jobs. This is similar to the previous equivalent 12 month period of 11.9% and a 1.1 percentage point increase on pre-pandemic (2019), at 10.7%.
Growth in the included DCMS sectors was similar to all UK sectors when compared to the previous equivalent 12 month period (0.2% vs 0.6%).Growth in filled jobs within the included DCMS sectors has exceeded that of the UK overall compared to 2019 (11.6% vs 1.3%).
Within the included DCMS sectors, 24.1% of filled jobs were in London, a higher proportion compared to the UK economy overall, of which 15.9% were in London. However, this varies by sector.
First published on 12th December 2024.
A document is provided that contains a list of ministers and officials who have received privileged early access to this release. In line with best practice, the list has been kept to a minimum and those given access for briefing purposes had a maximum of 24 hours.
DCMS Economic Estimates Employment official statistics, calculated from the ONS Annual Population Survey (APS), were independently reviewed by the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR) in June 2019. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the https://code.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/">Code of Practice for Statistics and should be labelled accredited official statistics. Accredited official statistics are called National Statistics in the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007.
Our statistical practice is regulated by the OSR. OSR sets the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the https://code.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/the-code/">Code of Practice for Statistics that all producers of official statistics should adhere to.
You are welcome to contact us directly with any comments about how we meet these standards by emailing evidence@dcms.gov.uk. Alternatively, you can contact OSR by emailing regulation@statistics.gov.uk or via the https://osr.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/">OSR website.
The responsible analyst for this release is Nicholas Hamilton Wu.
For further details about the estimates, or to be added to a distribution l
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TwitterThese economic estimates are used to provide an estimate of the contribution of DCMS sectors to the UK economy, measured by employee median earnings. These estimates are calculated based on the Office for National Statistics (ONS) Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE).
These statistics cover the contributions of the following DCMS sectors to the UK economy;
Tourism is not included as the data is not available for the latest year (2024) of the publication but is available for the time series 2016-2023.
Users should note that there is overlap between DCMS sector definitions. In particular, several cultural sector industries are simultaneously creative industries. The release also includes estimates for the audio visual sector and computer games sector but they do not form part of the DCMS total.
A definition for each sector is available in the tables published alongside this release. Further information on all these sectors is available in the associated technical report along with details of methods and data limitations.
As of April 2024, median annual earnings for employees in the included DCMS sectors were £32,000; 1.3% greater than the UK overall (£31,602). Median annual earnings for included DCMS sectors have grown at a slightly slower rate than the UK overall compared to the previous year, 6.1% and 7.1% respectively (not adjusted for inflation). Compared to pre-pandemic (2019), median annual earnings have grown at a slightly slower rate in included DCMS sectors, an increase of 25.0%, than for the UK overall, which grew 26.7%.
Employees in the creative industries (£42,399) and overlapping cultural sector (£32,432) had higher median annual earnings than the UK overall but employees in the civil society (£29,434), gambling (£25,435), and sport sectors (£21,802) had lower median annual earnings.
As of April 2024, for every £1.00 earned by a man employed in the included DCMS sectors, a woman earns £0.80. This means that there is a gender pay gap of 18.3%, larger than the UK overall (13.1%). This has narrowed by 1.3 percentage points from last year (19.6%), and by 2.6 percentage points from 2019 (22.9%).
First published on 3rd April 2025.
A document is provided that contains a list of ministers and officials who have received privileged early access to this release. In line with best practice, the list has been kept to a minimum and those given access for briefing purposes had a maximum of 24 hours.
Our statistical practice is regulated by the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR). OSR sets the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the https://code.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/the-code/">Code of Practice for Statistics that all producers of official statistics should adhere to.
You are welcome to contact us directly with any comments about how we meet these standards by emailing evidence@dcms.gov.uk. Alternatively, you can contact OSR by emailing regulation@statistics.gov.uk or via the OSR website.
The responsible analyst for this release is Nicholas Hamilton Wu.
For further details about the estimates, or to be added to a distribution list for future updates, please email us at evidence@dcms.gov.uk.
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TwitterAs of July 2025, UK construction output as measured by gross value added was ****percent larger than it was in 2022, while agriculture output has grown by ****percent, and service output by *** percent. By comparison, production output has fallen by ****percent.
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The economic landscape of the United Kingdom has been significantly shaped by the intertwined issues of Brexit, COVID-19, and their interconnected impacts. Despite the country’s robust and diverse economy, the disruptions caused by Brexit and the COVID-19 pandemic have created uncertainty and upheaval for both businesses and individuals. Recognizing the magnitude of these challenges, academic literature has directed its attention toward conducting immediate research in this crucial area. This study sets out to investigate key economic factors that have influenced various sectors of the UK economy and have broader economic implications within the context of Brexit and COVID-19. The factors under scrutiny include the unemployment rate, GDP index, earnings, and trade. To accomplish this, a range of data analysis tools and techniques were employed, including the Box-Jenkins method, neural network modeling, Google Trend analysis, and Twitter-sentiment analysis. The analysis encompassed different periods: pre-Brexit (2011-2016), Brexit (2016-2020), the COVID-19 period, and post-Brexit (2020-2021). The findings of the analysis offer intriguing insights spanning the past decade. For instance, the unemployment rate displayed a downward trend until 2020 but experienced a spike in 2021, persisting for a six-month period. Meanwhile, total earnings per week exhibited a gradual increase over time, and the GDP index demonstrated an upward trajectory until 2020 but declined during the COVID-19 period. Notably, trade experienced the most significant decline following both Brexit and the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, the impact of these events exhibited variations across the UK’s four regions and twelve industries. Wales and Northern Ireland emerged as the regions most affected by Brexit and COVID-19, with industries such as accommodation, construction, and wholesale trade particularly impacted in terms of earnings and employment levels. Conversely, industries such as finance, science, and health demonstrated an increased contribution to the UK’s total GDP in the post-Brexit period, indicating some positive outcomes. It is worth highlighting that the impact of these economic factors was more pronounced on men than on women. Among all the variables analyzed, trade suffered the most severe consequences in the UK. By early 2021, the macroeconomic situation in the country was characterized by a simple dynamic: economic demand rebounded at a faster pace than supply, leading to shortages, bottlenecks, and inflation. The findings of this research carry significant value for the UK government and businesses, empowering them to adapt and innovate based on forecasts to navigate the challenges posed by Brexit and COVID-19. By doing so, they can promote long-term economic growth and effectively address the disruptions caused by these interrelated issues.
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GDP from Construction in the United Kingdom increased to 37981 GBP Million in the third quarter of 2025 from 37944 GBP Million in the second quarter of 2025. This dataset provides - United Kingdom Gdp From Construction- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.
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TwitterThese economic estimates are accredited official statistics providing an estimate of the contribution of DCMS Sectors to the UK economy, measured by the number of businesses.
In March 2024, there were 590,695 businesses in the included DCMS sectors (21.7% of all UK registered businesses), a slight increase of 1.0% from March 2023. In comparison, the number of UK businesses overall in March 2024 was similar to March 2023 (-0.1%).
Of the 590,695 businesses in the included DCMS sectors in March 2024:
72.4% of businesses had a turnover of less than £250,000, a higher proportion than for UK businesses in general (66.1%).
These statistics cover the contributions of the following DCMS sectors to the UK economy;
Users should note that there is overlap between DCMS sector definitions. Estimates are not available for the civil society sector, because they are not identifiable in the data source used for this release.
Tourism industries estimates in this release are constructed on a different basis to the tourism sector estimates in our other economic estimates and will be larger as they take into account the entire industry rather than strictly tourism activity.
The release also includes estimates for the audio visual sector.
A definition for each sector is available in the published data tables. Further information on all these sectors is available in the associated technical report along with details of methods and data limitations.
We have made a number of changes to DCMS sector economic estimates: business demographics in recent years:
Additional information about the change in data source from the ABS to the IDBR in 2022 can be found in the source data change summary note.
We welcome any views on these changes at evidence@dcms.gov.uk.
These statistics were first published on 5 December 2024.
These official statistics were independently reviewed by the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR) in June 2019. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the https://code.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/">Code of Practice for Statistics, and should be labelled accredited official statistics. Accredited official statistics are called National Statistics in the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007.
Our statistical practice is regulated by the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR). OSR sets the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the Code of Practice for Statistics that all producers of official statistics should adhere to.
You are welcome to contact us directly with any comments about how we meet these standards by emailing evidence@dcms.gov.uk. Alternatively, you can contact OSR by emailing regulation@statistics.gov.uk or via the OSR website.
The accompanying pre-release access document lists ministers and officials who have received privileged early access to this
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Government spending in the United Kingdom was last recorded at 44.0 percent of GDP in 2024 . This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United Kingdom Government Spending to GDP - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.
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TwitterAttribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Industrial Production in the United Kingdom decreased 2.50 percent in September of 2025 over the same month in the previous year. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United Kingdom Industrial Production - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.
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TwitterIn 2024, agriculture contributed around 0.56 percent to the United Kingdom’s GDP, 16.74 percent came from the manufacturing industry, and 72.79 percent from the services sector. The UK is not a farmer’s marketThe vast majority of the UK’s GDP is generated by the services sector, and tourism in particular keeps the economy going. In 2017, almost 214 billion British Pounds were contributed to the GDP through travel and tourism – about 277 billion U.S. dollars – and the forecasts see an upwards trend. For comparison, only an estimated 10.3 billion GBP were generated by the agriculture sector in the same year. But is it a tourist’s destination still? Though forecasts are not in yet, it is unclear whether travel and tourism can keep the UK’s economy afloat in the future, especially after Brexit and all its consequences. Higher travel costs, having to wait for visas, and overall more complicated travel arrangements are just some of the concerns tourists have when considering vacationing in the UK after Brexit. Consequences of the referendum are already observable in the domestic travel industry: In 2017, about 37 percent of British travelers said Brexit caused them to cut their holidays short by a few days, and about 14 percent said they did not leave the UK for their holidays because of it.