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TwitterAt the Low Pay Commission, we analyse the low-paid labour market to monitor the impact of the National Minimum Wage. To this end, we want to identify the businesses and workers who are most affected by the minimum wage.
To help us identify these workers and businesses, we use two definitions: low-paying occupations relate to job roles that are often low-paid – for example, ‘sales assistants’; low-paying industries are based on the main activity of the employer – for example, ‘retail trade’.
The definitions were last updated in 2017, shortly after the introduction of the National Living Wage (NLW). A lot has changed since then: the level of the minimum wage has increased rapidly, potentially changing the types of workers and businesses affected by it. The ONS has also updated how it classifies occupations, moving to a new set of standard occupational codes (SOC 2020) in the datasets we use. This move was completed for the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) – our main data source for hourly pay – in autumn 2022.
To make sure our work keeps up with these changes – and remains relevant once the NLW meets its target in 2024 – we have reviewed and updated our definitions of low-paying occupations and industries. This page publishes tables with full details of the new occupation and industry groups. It also contains data tables related to https://minimumwage.blog.gov.uk/2023/09/11/the-lpc-has-updated-its-definitions-of-low-paying-sectors/">a blog we have recently published explaining these changes.
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TwitterIn 2023, the lowest-paid occupation in the United Kingdom was estimated to be retail cashiers, and check-out operators, at 382.7 pounds per week, followed by childminders at 385.4 pounds.
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TwitterIn 2025, the lowest-paid occupation in the United Kingdom was that of Market Research Interviewers, at 459.7 pounds per week, followed by Coffee Shop Workers at 462.5 pounds.
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TwitterFull-time workers in the finance and insurance sector had the highest average annual salaries in the United Kingdom in 2025, at approximately 58,488 British pounds, with those working in accommodation and food service professions having the lowest average salary, at 28,687 pounds per year.
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TwitterThe median annual earnings for full-time employees in the United Kingdom was just over 39,000 British pounds in 2025, compared with 37,400 pounds in the previous year. At the start of the provided time period, in 1999, the average full-time salary in the UK was 17,800 pounds per year, with median earnings exceeding 20,000 pounds per year in 2002, and 30,000 by 2019. Wages continue to grow faster than inflation in 2025 Between November 2021 and July 2023 inflation was higher than wage growth in the UK, with wages still outpacing inflation as of March 2025. At the peak of the recent wave of high inflation in October 2022, the CPI inflation rate reached a 41-year-high of 11.1 percent, wages were growing much slower at 6.1 percent. Since that peak, inflation remained persistently high for several months, only dropping below double figures in April 2023, when inflation was 8.7 percent, down from 10.1 percent in the previous month. For 2023 as a whole, the average annual rate of inflation was 7.3 percent but fell to 2.5 percent in 2024, but is forecast to increase to 3.2 percent in 2025. Highest and lowest-paid occupations As of 2023, the highest-paid occupation in the UK was that of Chief Executives and Senior Officials, who had an average weekly pay of approximately, 1,576 pounds. By contrast, the lowest-paid occupation that year was that of retail cashiers, and check-out operators, who earned approximately 383 pounds a week. For industry sectors as a whole, people who worked full-time in the electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply sector had the highest average earnings, at 955 pounds a week, compared with 505 pounds a week in the accommodation and food services sector, the lowest average earnings in 2023.
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Annual estimates of the number and proportion of UK jobs paying below various 10 pence thresholds and the National Minimum Wage and National Living Wage, by employee age group, from 1998 to 2023.
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Estimates of the number and proportion of UK employee jobs with hourly pay below the living wage, by region, work geography, local authority and parliamentary constituency, as defined by the Living Wage Foundation.
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Between 2019 and 2023, people living in households in the Asian and ‘Other’ ethnic groups were most likely to be in persistent low income before and after housing costs
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TwitterThe table only covers individuals who have some liability to Income Tax. The percentile points have been independently calculated on total income before tax and total income after tax.
These statistics are classified as accredited official statistics.
You can find more information about these statistics and collated tables for the latest and previous tax years on the Statistics about personal incomes page.
Supporting documentation on the methodology used to produce these statistics is available in the release for each tax year.
Note: comparisons over time may be affected by changes in methodology. Notably, there was a revision to the grossing factors in the 2018 to 2019 publication, which is discussed in the commentary and supporting documentation for that tax year. Further details, including a summary of significant methodological changes over time, data suitability and coverage, are included in the Background Quality Report.
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Wages in the United Kingdom increased 4.80 percent in September of 2025 over the same month in the previous year. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United Kingdom Average Weekly Earnings Growth - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.
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TwitterThe highest earning age group for full-time workers in the United Kingdom in 2024 were those aged between 40 and 49, with an average hourly salary of 22.52 British pounds an hour. By contrast, workers that were 16 to 17 earned an average of nine pounds an hour, and were the lowest earning age group.
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TwitterOn 16 March 2017, a new Income Dynamics (experimental) report was published based on Understanding Society data. This supersedes the publication on this page.
The last Low Income Dynamics National Statistics produced by the Department for Work and Pensions were released on 23 September 2010 according to the arrangements approved by the UK Statistics Authority. The last release updates the statistics previously released on 24 September 2009.
This publication is based on results from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) for the period 1991 to 2008. It analyses the movements around the income distribution by individuals between 1991 and 2008 and examines the extent to which individuals persistently experience low income, on both before housing costs (BHC) and after housing costs (AHC) bases. The report also contains tables showing the likelihood for individuals, of making a transition either into or out of low income, and identifies events and characteristics which are associated with the transitions.
Tables on persistent low income (defined as 3 or 4 years out of any 4-year period in a household with below 60% of median income) show that:
The British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) was subsumed into the larger http://www.understandingsociety.org.uk/">Understanding Society survey from the start of 2009. This means that this edition of low income dynamics will be the final one in the current form.
The following technical note outlined the future publications planning and details of the data source change, it also sought to capture user’s views on the content of future reports: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130513214236/http://statistics.dwp.gov.uk/asd/hbai/low_income/future_note.pdf">Low-income dynamics – moving to using the Understanding Society survey
http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130513214236/http://statistics.dwp.gov.uk/asd/index.php?page=hbai_arc#low_income">Historical series
Coverage: Great Britain
Geographic breakdown: Great Britain
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As a result of a data issue that emerged during quality assurance, it will not be possible to release revised 2012 and provisional 2013 Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings results and Low Pay Estimates tomorrow as scheduled. The revised publication date for these figures is 12 December 2013. ONS apologises for any inconvenience this may cause users. Source agency: Office for National Statistics Designation: National Statistics Language: English Alternative title: Low pay estimates
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TwitterThis statistical release has been affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. We advise users to consult our technical report which provides further detail on how the statistics have been impacted and changes made to published material.
This Households Below Average Income (HBAI) report presents information on living standards in the United Kingdom year on year from financial year ending (FYE) 1995 to FYE 2021.
It provides estimates on the number and percentage of people living in low-income households based on disposable income. Figures are also provided for children, pensioners and working-age adults.
Use our infographic to find out how low income is measured in HBAI.
Most of the figures in this report come from the Family Resources Survey, a representative survey of around 10,000 households in the UK.
Summary data tables and publication charts are available on this page.
The directory of tables is a guide to the information in the summary data tables and publication charts file.
UK-level HBAI data is available from FYE 1995 to FYE 2020 on https://stat-xplore.dwp.gov.uk/webapi/jsf/login.xhtml">Stat-Xplore online tool. You can use Stat-Xplore to create your own HBAI analysis. Data for FYE 2021 is not available on Stat-Xplore.
HBAI information is available at:
Read the user guide to HBAI data on Stat-Xplore.
We are seeking feedback from users on this development release of HBAI data on Stat-Xplore: email team.hbai@dwp.gov.uk with your comments.
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Average weekly earnings at industry level including manufacturing, construction and energy, Great Britain, monthly, non-seasonally adjusted. Monthly Wages and Salaries Survey.
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39.8% of workers from the Indian ethnic group were in 'professional' jobs in 2021 – the highest percentage out of all ethnic groups in this role.
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TwitterThis Households below average income (HBAI) report presents information on living standards in the United Kingdom year on year from 1994/1995 to 2013/2014.
It provides estimates on the number and percentage of people living in low-income households based on disposable income. Figures are also provided for children, pensioners, working-age adults and individuals living in a family where someone is disabled.
Use our infographic to find out how low income is measured in HBAI.
Most of the figures in this report come from the Family Resources Survey, a representative survey of around 20,000 households in the UK.
We have also published all of the publication tables (in Microsoft Excel format), as well as a number of trend data files (in CSV format). These are available to download above as ‘zip’ files. Other publication tables in CSV format are available on request.
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United Kingdom UK: Wage And Salary Workers: Modeled ILO Estimate: Male: % of Male Employment data was reported at 80.506 % in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 80.497 % for 2016. United Kingdom UK: Wage And Salary Workers: Modeled ILO Estimate: Male: % of Male Employment data is updated yearly, averaging 82.171 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2017, with 27 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 83.941 % in 2000 and a record low of 80.497 % in 2016. United Kingdom UK: Wage And Salary Workers: Modeled ILO Estimate: Male: % of Male Employment data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s UK – Table UK.World Bank: Employment and Unemployment. Wage and salaried workers (employees) are those workers who hold the type of jobs defined as 'paid employment jobs,' where the incumbents hold explicit (written or oral) or implicit employment contracts that give them a basic remuneration that is not directly dependent upon the revenue of the unit for which they work.; ; International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in November 2017.; Weighted average; Data up to 2016 are estimates while data from 2017 are projections.
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Wages in the United Kingdom remained unchanged at 733 GBP/Week in September. This dataset provides - United Kingdom Average Weekly Wages - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.
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TwitterAt the Low Pay Commission, we analyse the low-paid labour market to monitor the impact of the National Minimum Wage. To this end, we want to identify the businesses and workers who are most affected by the minimum wage.
To help us identify these workers and businesses, we use two definitions: low-paying occupations relate to job roles that are often low-paid – for example, ‘sales assistants’; low-paying industries are based on the main activity of the employer – for example, ‘retail trade’.
The definitions were last updated in 2017, shortly after the introduction of the National Living Wage (NLW). A lot has changed since then: the level of the minimum wage has increased rapidly, potentially changing the types of workers and businesses affected by it. The ONS has also updated how it classifies occupations, moving to a new set of standard occupational codes (SOC 2020) in the datasets we use. This move was completed for the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) – our main data source for hourly pay – in autumn 2022.
To make sure our work keeps up with these changes – and remains relevant once the NLW meets its target in 2024 – we have reviewed and updated our definitions of low-paying occupations and industries. This page publishes tables with full details of the new occupation and industry groups. It also contains data tables related to https://minimumwage.blog.gov.uk/2023/09/11/the-lpc-has-updated-its-definitions-of-low-paying-sectors/">a blog we have recently published explaining these changes.