In 2024, Turkey had the highest inflation-adjusted house price index out of the ** European countries under observation, making it the country where house prices have increased the most since 2010. In Turkey, the house price index exceeded *** index points in the fourth quarter of 2024, showing an increase in real terms of *** percent since 2010, the baseline year for the index. Iceland and Estonia completed the top three, with an index value of *** and *** index points. In the past year, however, many European countries saw house prices decline in real terms. Where can I find other metrics on different housing markets in Europe? To assess the valuation in different housing markets, one can compare the house-price-to-income ratios of different countries worldwide. These ratios are calculated by dividing nominal house prices by nominal disposable income per head. There are also ratios that look at how residential property prices relate to domestic rents, such as the house-price-to-rent ratio for the United Kingdom. Unfortunately, these numbers are not available in a European overview. An overview of the price per square meter of an apartment in the EU-28 countries is available, however. One region, different markets An important trait of the European housing market is that there is not one market, but multiple. Property policy in Europe lies with the domestic governments, not with the European Union. This leads to significant differences between European countries, which shows in, for example, the homeownership rate (the share of owner-occupied dwellings of all homes). These differences also lead to another problem: the availability of data. Non-Europeans might be surprised to see that house price statistics vary in depth, as every country has their own methodology and no European body exists that tracks this data for the whole continent.

The average monthly price for natural gas in the United States amounted to **** nominal U.S. dollars per million British thermal units (Btu) in May 2025. By contrast, natural gas prices in Europe were about three times higher than those in the U.S. Prices in Europe tend to be notably higher than those in the U.S. as the latter benefits from being a major hydrocarbon producer. Europe's import reliance European prices for natural gas rose most notable throughout the second half of 2021 and much of 2022, peaking at over ** U.S. dollars per million Btu in August 2022. The sharp rise was due to supply chain issues and economic strain following the COVID-19 pandemic, which was further exacerbated by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in early 2022. As a result of the war, many countries began looking for alternative sources, and Russian pipeline gas imports to the European Union declined as a result. Meanwhile, LNG was a great beneficiary, with LNG demand in Europe rising by more than ** percent between 2021 and 2023. How domestic natural gas production shapes prices As intimated, the United States’ position among the leaders of worldwide natural gas production is one of the main reasons for why prices for this commodity are so low across the country. In 2023, the U.S. produced more than ************ cubic meters of natural gas, which allays domestic demand and allows for far lower purchasing prices.

TTF Gas fell to 33.80 EUR/MWh on August 1, 2025, down 3.98% from the previous day. Over the past month, TTF Gas's price has risen 1.48%, but it is still 7.79% lower than a year ago, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. EU Natural Gas TTF - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on August of 2025.

Attitudes in the United Kingdom towards the EU. Topics: self-rated knowledge about the European Union, its policies and institutions; desire for additional information on the EU; knowledge test on the EU: number of member states, certain regions in the UK receive development funding from the EU, accession year of the UK, Turkey is a member of the EU, UK’s beaches are cleaner because of EU legislation, rate of British income rate must be approved by the European Commission, millions of jobs in the UK are linked to exports to the EU, European Commission employs fewer people than some UK city councils; responsible body to keep citizens informed about the EU and its decisions; desire for additional information on the following areas: role of EU institutions, Single Market, role of national governments within the EU, employment and social policy, general information; preferred sources of information; awareness and use of selected EU information sources: EUROPA website, Euro Info Centres (EICs), European Public Information Centres (EPICs), European Documentation Centres; responsible body for decisions about community law: national governments, European Commission and European Parliament; attitudes towards selected statements on the impact of the UK’s EU membership on the UK: increases business opportunities, exporters benefit from membership in European Single Market, consumers benefit from membership in European Single Market, improves working conditions, more opportunities to live and work abroad; own experience with: living for work or studies in another member state, buying goods (e.g. a car) from another EU country, buying property in another EU country; awareness of the following initiatives: European Health Insurance Card, EU car price survey, Bathing Water Report and Blue Flag Guide, right to vote in local and European elections in other member states, Europe Direct freephone call centre and drop-in relays, mobile phone roaming; preferred field of action to be prioritized by the EU next. Demography: sex; age; age at end of education; occupation; professional position; type of community. Additionally coded was: respondent ID; date of interview; time of the beginning of the interview; duration of the interview; region; interviewer ID; weighting factor. Einstellung zu einer EU-Mitgliedschaft des Vereinigten Königreiches. Vorteile einer EU-Mitgliedschaft. Meinung zur EU-Politik. Themen: Informiertheit über die Europäische Union; Wunsch nach mehr Informationen; faktisches Wissen über die EU (Wissenstest); verantwortliche Instanz für die Information der EU-Bürger: EU-Institutionen, Regierung, Lokalregierung, politische Parteien, Medien, EU-Informationszentren im Vereinigten Königreich; Themen, zu denen mehr Informationen gewünscht sind: Rolle der EU-Institutionen, europäischer Binnenmarkt, Rolle der Nationalregierung in der EU, Beschäftigung und Sozialpolitik sowie Tätigkeitsbereiche der EU; präferierte Informationskanäle; Kenntnis der Informationsquellen und Informationsanbieter über die EU; Nutzung dieser Stellen um Informationen zu erhalten; Institution, die am besten über das EU-Recht informiert; Vorteile einer Mitgliedschaft in der EU: Erhöhung der unternehmerischen Möglichkeiten, Exportsteigerung durch den europäischen Binnenmarkt, freier Warentransfer innerhalb der EU, Verbesserung der Arbeitsbedingungen sowie Leben, Arbeiten und Studieren im Ausland; EU-Auslandsaufenthalte zu Studien- oder Arbeitszwecken, getätigte Waren- oder Immobilienkäufe im EU-Ausland; Kenntnis von: Krankenversichertenkarte, Autopreis-Vergleichsstudie, Badegewässerbericht und ´Blue Flag Guide´, Wahlrecht für Lokal- und Europawahlen bei Aufenthalt in einem anderen EU-Land, ´Europe Direct freephone call centre´, Roaming-Verfahren bei der Mobiltelefonnutzung im EU-Ausland; wichtigste europaweite Maßnahmen zu den Themen: Umweltschutz, Energieressourcen, Arbeitsmarkt, Wirtschaftswachstum, Reform der EU-Institutionen. Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; Alter bei Beendigung der Ausbildung; Beruf; berufliche Stellung; Urbanisierungsgrad. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Befragten-ID; Interviewdatum; Interviewdauer (Interviewbeginn und Interviewende); Region; Interviewer-ID; Gewichtungsfaktor.

The house price to income index in Europe declined in almost all European countries in 2023, indicating that income grew faster than house prices. Portugal, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands led the house price to income index ranking in 2023, with values exceeding *** index points. Romania, Bulgaria, and Finland were on the other side of the spectrum, with less than 100 index points. The house price to income ratio is an indicator for the development of housing affordability across OECD countries and is calculated as the nominal house prices divided by nominal disposable income per head, with 2015 chosen as a base year. A ratio higher than 100 means that the nominal house price growth since 2015 has outpaced the nominal disposable income growth, and housing is therefore comparatively less affordable. In 2023, the OECD average stood at ***** index points.

Einstellung zu einer EU-Mitgliedschaft des Vereinigten Königreiches. Vorteile einer EU-Mitgliedschaft. Meinung zur EU-Politik. Themen: Informiertheit über die Europäische Union; Wunsch nach mehr Informationen; faktisches Wissen über die EU (Wissenstest); verantwortliche Instanz für die Information der EU-Bürger: EU-Institutionen, Regierung, Lokalregierung, politische Parteien, Medien, EU-Informationszentren im Vereinigten Königreich; Themen, zu denen mehr Informationen gewünscht sind: Rolle der EU-Institutionen, europäischer Binnenmarkt, Rolle der Nationalregierung in der EU, Beschäftigung und Sozialpolitik sowie Tätigkeitsbereiche der EU; präferierte Informationskanäle; Kenntnis der Informationsquellen und Informationsanbieter über die EU; Nutzung dieser Stellen um Informationen zu erhalten; Institution, die am besten über das EU-Recht informiert; Vorteile einer Mitgliedschaft in der EU: Erhöhung der unternehmerischen Möglichkeiten, Exportsteigerung durch den europäischen Binnenmarkt, freier Warentransfer innerhalb der EU, Verbesserung der Arbeitsbedingungen sowie Leben, Arbeiten und Studieren im Ausland; EU-Auslandsaufenthalte zu Studien- oder Arbeitszwecken, getätigte Waren- oder Immobilienkäufe im EU-Ausland; Kenntnis von: Krankenversichertenkarte, Autopreis-Vergleichsstudie, Badegewässerbericht und ´Blue Flag Guide´, Wahlrecht für Lokal- und Europawahlen bei Aufenthalt in einem anderen EU-Land, ´Europe Direct freephone call centre´, Roaming-Verfahren bei der Mobiltelefonnutzung im EU-Ausland; wichtigste europaweite Maßnahmen zu den Themen: Umweltschutz, Energieressourcen, Arbeitsmarkt, Wirtschaftswachstum, Reform der EU-Institutionen. Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; Alter bei Beendigung der Ausbildung; Beruf; berufliche Stellung; Urbanisierungsgrad. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Befragten-ID; Interviewdatum; Interviewdauer (Interviewbeginn und Interviewende); Region; Interviewer-ID; Gewichtungsfaktor. Attitudes in the United Kingdom towards the EU. Topics: self-rated knowledge about the European Union, its policies and institutions; desire for additional information on the EU; knowledge test on the EU: number of member states, certain regions in the UK receive development funding from the EU, accession year of the UK, Turkey is a member of the EU, UK’s beaches are cleaner because of EU legislation, rate of British income rate must be approved by the European Commission, millions of jobs in the UK are linked to exports to the EU, European Commission employs fewer people than some UK city councils; responsible body to keep citizens informed about the EU and its decisions; desire for additional information on the following areas: role of EU institutions, Single Market, role of national governments within the EU, employment and social policy, general information; preferred sources of information; awareness and use of selected EU information sources: EUROPA website, Euro Info Centres (EICs), European Public Information Centres (EPICs), European Documentation Centres; responsible body for decisions about community law: national governments, European Commission and European Parliament; attitudes towards selected statements on the impact of the UK’s EU membership on the UK: increases business opportunities, exporters benefit from membership in European Single Market, consumers benefit from membership in European Single Market, improves working conditions, more opportunities to live and work abroad; own experience with: living for work or studies in another member state, buying goods (e.g. a car) from another EU country, buying property in another EU country; awareness of the following initiatives: European Health Insurance Card, EU car price survey, Bathing Water Report and Blue Flag Guide, right to vote in local and European elections in other member states, Europe Direct freephone call centre and drop-in relays, mobile phone roaming; preferred field of action to be prioritized by the EU next. Demography: sex; age; age at end of education; occupation; professional position; type of community. Additionally coded was: respondent ID; date of interview; time of the beginning of the interview; duration of the interview; region; interviewer ID; weighting factor.

Fuel wholesalers have come up against hugely volatile markets in recent years. The COVID-19 outbreak and subsequent travel restrictions and lockdowns led to a standstill in global transport activity, driving a sharp drop in fuel prices and sales in 2020. Air passenger numbers tanked by 73% in the EU in 2020, according to the European Commission, driving a sharp drop off in demand for jet fuel. OPEC+ manipulates world crude oil prices by adjusting production quotas and collaborating with other producers. OPEC+ worked to cut production in early 2021 to raise prices back to their pre-pandemic level, which gave fuel wholesalers a big boost. Then, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine led to a string of sanctions being placed on Russia by the EU and other Western nations, including the UK. Bans on Russian fuel exports drove prices and wholesalers’ revenue through the roof. For example, according to vehicle insurer RAC, the average price of unleaded in the UK shot up by 23.8% between 2021 and 2022. Over the five years through 2024, fuel wholesalers’ revenue is forecast to fall at a compound annual rate of 3.8% to reach €1.1 trillion, including an expected 5.8% tumble in 2024 as supply cuts push prices up. Rising levels of environmental awareness will encourage fuel wholesalers to stock a growing range of low-carbon fuel options like biofuels and hydrogen (when they become more financially viable) in the future. In many European countries, the push to decarbonise transport is accelerating, with electric vehicles gaining ground on petrol vehicles, having already surpassed the market share of diesel vehicles in terms of new car registrations. The long-term fall in investment in oil and gas will also push up prices. Over the five years through 2029, revenue is anticipated to fall at a compound annual rate of 1.3% to reach €1.2 trillion.

This dataset provides values for INTEREST RATE reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Agricultural product wholesalers contend with volatile crop yields and global commodity prices, changing government agricultural policies and changing customer demands. Over the five years through 2024, wholesalers’ revenue is forecast to grow at a compound annual rate of 2.9% to reach €489 billion. The Russia-Ukraine conflict has introduced severe disruption to global commodity supply chains, driving huge price rises for wheat, other grains and fertilisers. In the EU, the average price of agricultural products soared by 24% between 2021 and 2022, according to Eurostat - cereal price inflation of over 40% was a key driver of this. Put off by sky-high prices, major buyers of cereal-based feedstuffs have sought out alternatives, contributing to a drop in demand and driving a sharp drop in prices (-18.4%) in the UK over the year through September 2023, as shown by data from the Office for National Statistics. In 2024, wholesalers’ sales will be dampened by low business sentiment, but high prices will keep revenue growing – it’s expected to climb by 0.8%. Wholesaling industries are typically characterised by a narrow profit margin, as they seek to ensure their prices are low enough to prevent wholesale bypass. To raise additional revenue and generate profit, wholesalers turn to providing value-added services like customised packaging and labelling solutions, rigorous quality control and traceability systems to provide assurance of the product journey. Over the five years through 2029, wholesalers’ revenue is anticipated to swell at a compound annual rate of 2.7% to €559 billion. Agricultural policies across many European countries are decoupling payments and output in favour for financial incentives for rewilding schemes and the creation of public goods, to the detriment of wholesalers. Consumer preferences for sustainable produce will intensify; wholesalers can capitalise on this by offering products aligned with these policies and preferences.

Europe’s libraries, museums and cultural activities are broad, vibrant and diverse, playing a significant role in the socio-economic development of the region. The industry helps to support thousands of jobs, fosters cultural exchange, promotes tourism and preserves the continent’s rich heritage. Heightened consumer interest in cultural experiences and sturdy tourism across Europe have supported industry demand. However, the COVID-19 outbreak severely disrupted operations, decimating revenue. The industry is still recovering from the repercussions of this. As a result, industry revenue is expected to contract at a compound annual rate of 6.8% to €52.8 billion over the five years through 2024, including an estimated 2.2% hike in the current year. European countries like France, the UK, Italy, Spain and Germany lead this industry because of their rich heritage. Mega-institutions like France’s Louvre and the UK’s British Museum bring hefty yearly visitor numbers. Thanks to valuable technology advancements, consumers can now experience European culture from anywhere, anytime. The COVID-19 pandemic kicked this trend into high gear, with digital offerings helping to limit the revenue decline from reduced physical visitor numbers. Nevertheless, revenue fell significantly due to prolonged COVID-19 restrictions, including temporary closures and travel bans. The removal of restrictions and rebound in tourism, alongside strong consumer demand for cultural experiences, has fuelled a rebound in revenue since 2021. However, economic headwinds, including severe inflation, have constrained revenue as consumers become more cautious with their spending. Meanwhile, intense competition and rising operating costs have squeezed profitability. The industry's future is geared towards a blend of digital and physical experiences, enhancing the accessibility of cultural resources. Advances in technology will revolutionise exhibits and engagement methods. Using tech like VR will attract a younger crowd, providing immersive experiences that enhance learning. Sustainability will be a major focus, with energy-efficient practices becoming standard industry-wide. There will also be a push for greater diversity and inclusivity, with exhibits exploring global cultures and minority histories and partnerships with global counterparts amplifying cultural exchange. Revenue is forecast to swell at a compound annual rate of 2.9% to €60.9 billion over the five years through 2029.

Market researchers investigate clients' target markets' behaviour, values and opinions, providing insights that allow them to tailor their products, services and marketing. Researchers rely on high European research and development expenditure to fuel demand for market research. Increased digitalisation has opened new doors for market research providers while intensifying competition. Artificial intelligence is increasingly important in analysing, identifying and generating research insights from social media posts using a flood of data. Meanwhile, digital surveys have allowed research companies to expand their outreach, save resources and costs and often attain more accurate and comprehensive insights for clients. Over the five years through 2024, industry revenue is expected to contract at a compound annual rate of 3.6% to €27.2 billion. The COVID-19 outbreak and ensuring low business sentiment took a toll on market research budgets. A sharp contraction in business sentiment squeezed corporate profit, discouraging companies from investing in research and development activities and negatively affecting professional research providers in 2022. A greater availability of data and alternative research methods means that researchers are competing more and more with in-house research departments. In 2024, industry revenue is expected to drop by 3.1% as consumers lower their private consumption expenditure, reducing consumer research activity. Over the five years through 2029, industry revenue is forecast to climb at a compound annual rate of 2.9% to reach €31.4 billion. Over the coming years, market research companies will face higher external competition from technology specialists leveraging insights internally, constraining revenue growth. Nonetheless, researchers will benefit from increasing online advertising activity. Those incorporating advanced data analytics systems and digital market research technology will remain competitive and benefit from greater digitalisation. Smart mobile surveys will also become an invaluable tool for consumer research companies.

The European single-axis solar tracker market is experiencing robust growth, fueled by the region's increasing commitment to renewable energy and the declining cost of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. With a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 8% from 2019 to 2024, and projected to continue this trajectory through 2033, the market presents significant opportunities for manufacturers, installers, and investors. Several key drivers contribute to this expansion. Firstly, supportive government policies and incentives, including feed-in tariffs and renewable energy mandates, are stimulating solar power adoption across Europe. Secondly, the decreasing cost of solar trackers themselves, alongside improvements in efficiency and durability, make them increasingly cost-effective compared to fixed-tilt systems. Thirdly, growing demand for larger-scale solar power plants, requiring efficient land utilization and optimal energy production, is driving adoption of single-axis trackers which maximize solar energy capture. However, the market faces challenges, including potential supply chain disruptions, fluctuations in raw material prices, and the ongoing need for grid infrastructure upgrades to handle the influx of renewable energy. Nevertheless, the long-term outlook for the European single-axis solar tracker market remains positive, with substantial growth expected across major economies such as Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Spain. These countries are leading the charge in renewable energy deployment, and their increased demand is further propelling the sector. Segment analysis reveals strong growth across production, consumption, and international trade. The manufacturing base is becoming more diversified, with both established players and new entrants vying for market share. Consumption is largely driven by utility-scale solar projects, with increasing contributions from commercial and residential installations. Import and export dynamics are shaped by manufacturing capabilities within Europe and the global supply chain. Price trends indicate a gradual decline in the cost of solar trackers, enhancing their affordability and competitiveness. While specific market size figures are not provided, based on the stated CAGR of >8% and a typical market size for similar regions, we can reasonably estimate a significant value, potentially reaching several billion euros by 2033. Competitive landscape analysis showcases prominent players such as Soltec Power Holdings SA, Arctech Solar Holding Co Ltd, and Nextracker Inc, amongst others, actively competing to provide innovative and cost-effective solutions. Recent developments include: August 2022: Arctech, a global provider of tracking, racking, and buildings-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), announced the launch of its latest solar tracking solution, SkyWings. The dual-row tracker is designed with bidirectional slew drives and a multi-point drive mechanism., March 2022: Nextracker launched the NX Horizon-XTR, a terrain-following, single-axis smart solar tracker that will broaden the addressable solar power market on sloped, uneven, and challenging terrain by expanding the addressable market. In the last three years, Nextracker has deployed and empirically tested the NX Horizon-XTR at a utility-scale, working closely with customers facing capital expense and construction challenges on hilly project sites. Using NX Horizon-XTR's terrain-following capabilities, grading can be reduced, steel costs can be minimized, and project risks can be decreased.. Notable trends are: Increasing Investments and Ambitious Solar Energy Targets.

The Crude Petroleum Extraction industry in Europe can be volatile. Its performance largely hinges on global oil demand and prices, which in turn are impacted by geopolitical conditions and global economic activity. Most of Europe relies on imports for its crude oil and refined fuels, often from geopolitically unstable regions. Only Russia can count itself among the world’s largest oil producers, while Norway and the UK are the main beneficiaries of oil reserves in the North Sea. The industry’s performance is heavily weighted towards oil production activities in these countries, with Russia’s invasion of Ukraine spurring a shift in Europe’s oil landscape. Revenue is forecast to decline at a compound annual rate of 5.6% to €236.1 billion over the five years through 2024. Revenue dropped during the pandemic, as tumbling oil prices were compounded by reduced global demand for oil. This was followed by a strong recovery in the following years, as a post-pandemic rebound in demand for oil led to a surge in prices. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine led to a further spike in prices in the following year, bolstering returns on investment. The lure of sky-high margins purred increased exploration activity in 2022, while Russia was able to redirect most of its oil exports to China and India in response to Western sanctions. Europe’s oil landscape continues to shift as nations seek to wean themselves off of Russian fossil fuels, with Norway looking like the main beneficiary of the change in dynamics. Revenue is forecast to drop by 21.7% in 2024. Over the five years through 2029, revenue is forecast to climb at a compound annual rate of 5.4% to reach €306.7 billion. As geopolitical tensions persist, the potential for significant fluctuation in prices remains. However, as Europe continues to wean itself off Russian fossil fuels, there's an expectation of easing oil prices. By 2027, the EU aims to be completely free from Russian fossil fuels – a move that would open up opportunities for other oil producing nations, while placing pressure on Russia to continue to find alternative buyers of its oil. Ambitious decarbonisation targets threaten to contribute to a downward trend in oil consumption, weighing on long-term growth prospects.

This dataset provides values for INFLATION RATE reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

The declining demand for print in major European markets like the UK, Germany and France means newspaper publishers face shrinking revenue from both sales and printed advertisements. Publishers are adjusting by developing their digital presence, introducing subscription paywalls, subscriber-only newsletters, digital advertising initiatives and strategic media partnerships to support revenue as traditional print readership continues to slump. In the five years through 2025, Book, Newspaper & Magazine Publishing revenue is projected to drop at a compound annual rate of 4.6%, to reach €102.5 billion, including an estimated drop of 3.9% in 2025 when the average industry profit margin is expected to reach 9%. Despite difficult conditions, the book publishing segment has had a strong growth in revenue since 2020, fuelled by consumers picking up more books during lockdown periods. However, the cost of print publishing has risen significantly in recent years, driven higher by global inflation with the overall producer price index for paper and paper products in the Euro area climbed 1.1% since January 2025. Publishers also face higher transport and wage costs, which are squeezing profit and limiting revenue growth. In 2024, Western European transport expenses rose by approximately 3%, according to the European Commission. Rising fuel prices and persistent driver shortages continue to push logistics costs up across the publishing sector. Looking to the future, publishers must adapt to the new digital world. The gradual slump in print media means publishers must develop their digital presence to supplement their print publications. Still, publishing companies face growing pressure as more people turn to self-publishing platforms and social-focused news channels, bypassing traditional publishers. This will prompt companies to expand into multimedia like podcasts, video journalism, and interactive graphics to diversify content formats and reach younger demographics. These trends increasingly erode established income sources like print sales and conventional advertising. As a result, the industry will likely see revenue remain strained for several years ahead. Industry revenue is forecast to grow at a compound annual rate of 0.1% over the five years through 2030, reaching €103 billion.

Major influences on the European Metal Forming Machinery and Machine Tool manufacturing industry include motor vehicle and aerospace manufacturers, major sheet metal purchasers and high-precision machinery. Over the five years through 2024, industry revenue is expected to contract at a compound annual rate of 6.5% to €43.1 billion, including a dip of 1.5% in 2024. Car production in the EU has remained below pre-pandemic levels. ACEA data reveals that 2022’s output was approximately 3.1 million units below 2019. The automotive industry requires large quantities of sheet metal; therefore, the dwindling production numbers indicate a shrinking sales pool for manufacturers to tap into. Commercial air traffic also remains down on pre-pandemic levels in many European countries, leading to a slowdown in order intake from aerospace manufacturers. Steel and aluminium are major inputs for many metal forming machines and machine tools. The volatility in the global price of these commodities has caused profit to fluctuate. Moreover, the increasing presence of Chinese, Japanese and South Korean imports of machinery in Europe is forcing European manufacturers to cut costs wherever possible to remain competitive. World steel and aluminium prices hit highs in 2022 due to COVID-19 lockdowns in China (the bulk producer), constricting the global supply. The end of pandemic restrictions and weak global economic prospects have dented demand for key raw materials, leading to a sustained drop in prices and reducing manufacturer’s purchase costs. Automobile and aerospace production is recovering from the lows of the pandemic and will continue to be a key buyer of metal forming machinery and machine tools. The global surge in conflict and geopolitical tensions has led to substantial hikes in defence spending, with related industries requiring equipment sold by the industry to make warships, weapons and aircraft, supporting revenue in the short term. Over the five years through 2029, industry revenue is forecast to swell at a compound annual rate of 1.9% to reach €47.4 billion.

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in European Union was worth 19423.32 billion US dollars in 2024, according to official data from the World Bank. The GDP value of European Union represents 18.29 percent of the world economy. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - European Union GDP - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

The COVID-19 pandemic has inflicted substantial financial hardships on physical bookstores in Europe due to store closures amid lockdown periods. As a result, brick-and-mortar outlets, particularly in France and Italy, have seen significant revenue drops. In contrast, online retailers like Amazon have enjoyed a hike in sales because of their attractive price deals and affordable delivery options. Physical bookshops are adopting modern strategies such as click-and-collect services and home delivery of books to keep up with competitors. Meanwhile, traditional print book sales are dwindling across Europe, with e-books and audiobooks gaining momentum. Industry revenue is forecast to slump at a compound annual rate of 7.7% to €30.6 billion over the five years through 2024, including a projected drop of 6.9% in 2024, when the average industry profit margin is expected to reach 8.4%.

To rival the convenience offered by digital competitors, large-scale bookstore chains are enhancing customer experiences within their stores. UK retailers, like Waterstones, customise their stock to mirror local tastes and host in-store coffee shops and book clubs. Additionally, several bookstores have introduced value-added services like post office facilities, thus transforming into a one-stop shop, driving up overall customer spending within their establishments.

Industry revenue is forecast to drop at a compound annual rate of 1.3% to €28.6 billion over the five years through 2029. In the face of ongoing inflationary pressures, European book and stationery retailers grapple with declining revenue. Consumers are cutting back on discretionary spending, avoiding splashing on things like books and subsequently straining these sectors. Yet, there are some silver linings for German retailers. These businesses are combatting declining revenue by diversifying product ranges to include gifts and non-book items like stationery to attract customers. For many European countries, however, reaching pre-pandemic performance levels is a long way off, creating a challenging five-year outlook for these industries.

European Union Exports of unmanufactured tobacco, tobacco refuse to United Kingdom was US$208.2 Thousand during 2024, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade. European Union Exports of unmanufactured tobacco, tobacco refuse to United Kingdom - data, historical chart and statistics - was last updated on August of 2025.

This dataset provides values for UNEMPLOYMENT RATE reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.